Experiments in International Benchmarking of US Research Fields (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Attachment II: International Benchmarking of US Materials Science and Engineering Research
Attachment II: International Benchmarking of US Materials Science and Engineering Research
Pages 127-248
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From page 127... ...
ATTACHMENT 2 INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF U S MATE RIALS S CI E N CE AN D ENGINEERING RESEARCH Pane! on international Benchmarking of US Materials Science and Engineering Research Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy
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EVANS, Gordon McKay Professor of Materials Engineering, Harvard University, Physics Department, Cambridge, MA PAUL HAGENMULLER, Professor, Universite de Bordeaux I, Laboratoire de Chimie du Solide du CNRS, France JAMES W MITCHELL, Director, Materials, Reliability and Ecology Research, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ DONALD R
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LAUDISE, Adjunct Chemical Director, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ JAMES C WILLIAMS, General Manager, Engineering Materials Technology Laboratories, GE Aircraft Engines, Cincinnati, OH ALBERT NARATH, President, Energy and Environment Sector, Lockheed-Martin Corporation, Albuquerque, NM ~ ~-IV
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In that report, COSEPUP suggested that the United States adopt the principle of being among the world leaders in all major fields of science so that it can quickly apply and extend advances in science wherever they occur. In addition, the report recommended that the United States maintain clear leadership in fields that are tied to national objectives, that capture the imagination of society, or that have multiplicative effect on other scientific advances.
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But, the ability of the United States to capitalize on its leadership opportunities could be curtailed because of shifting federal and industry priorities, a potential reduction in access to foreign talent, and deteriorating facilities of natural materials characterization. Of particular concern is the lack of adequate funding to modernize major research facilities in the United States when facilities here are much older than in other countries.
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Auhll Professor and Dean of Engineering, University of Californa-Santa Barbara William Nix, Lee Osterson Professor of Engineering and Professor of Materals Science and Engineering, Stanford University William Spencer, CEO and Chairman, SEMATECH Matthew Tirrell, Professor and Head, Department of Chemical Engineer ing and Materials Science and Director, Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Minnesota Jerry Woodall, Charles William Harrison Distinguished Professor of Microelectronics, Purdue University While the individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and COSEPUP. Finally, the project was aided by the invaluable help of COSEPUP professional staff Deborah D
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2-11 2.5 What are Some Caveats? 2-11 2.6 Panel Charge and Rationale, 2-12 DETERMINANTS OF SCIENTIFIC LEADERSHIP 3.1 National Imperatives, 2-15 3.2 Innovation, 2-16 3.2.1 Pluralism, 2-16 3.2.2 Partnerships, 2-16 3.2.3 Regulation, 2-17 3.2.4 Professional Societies, 2-18 3.3 Major Facilities, 2-19 3.3.1 Neutron Scattering Facilities, 2-21 3.3.2 Synchrotron Sources, 2-21 3.3.3 Nanofabrication, 2-23 3.3.4 Computing, 2-24 3.3.5 Smaller Scale Facilities, 2-26 2-1 2-3 2-5 e 2-14 ~ ~-IX
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH 3.4 Centers, 2-28 3.5 Human Resources, 2-29 3.6 Funding, 2-33 BENCHMARKING RESULTS 4.1 Approach, 2-40 4.2 Assessment of Current Leadership, 2-41 4.2.1 Biomaterials, 2-42 4.2.2 Ceramics, 2-42 4.2.3 Composites, 2-44 4.2.4 Magnetic Materials, 2-45 4.2.5 Metals, 2-48 4.2.6 Electronic and Optical-Photonic Materials, 2-49 4.2.7 Superconducting Materials, 2-51 4.2.8 Polymers, 2-53 4.2.9 Catalysts, 2-54 6 2-40 PROJECTION OF LEADERSHIP DETERMINANTS 2-56 5.1 Overview, 2-56 5.2 Recruitment of Talented Researchers, 2-57 5.3 Funding, 2-61 5.4 Infrastructure, 2-61 5.5 Cooperative Government-Industrial-Academic Research, 2-64 LIKELY FUTURE POSITIONS 6.1 Introduction, 2-66 6.2 Biomaterials, 2-66 6.3 Ceramics, 2-67 6.4 Composites, 2-67 6.5 Magnetic Materials, 2-67 6.6 Metals, 2-67 6.7 Electronic and Optical-Photonic Materials, 2-68 6.8 Superconducting Materials, 2-69 6.9 Polymers, 2-70 6.10 Catalysts, 2-70 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7.1 The United States is among the world's leaders in all subfields, and it is the leader in some., 2-72 7.2 The flexibility of the enterprise is as much a key indicator of leadership as is the amount of funding., 2-73 7.3 The innovation system is a major determinant to US leadership., 2-73 2-66 2-72 2-x
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Contents 7.4 The United States enjoys strength through intellectual and human diversity., 2-73 Shifting federal and industry funding priorities, a potential reduction in access to foreign talent, and deteriorating materials research facilities could curtail US ability to capitalize on leadership opportunities., 2-74 8 REFERENCES 2-75 9 APPENDIX A: PANELAND STAFF BIOGRAPHICAL 2-77 INFORMATION 0 APPENDIX B: BENCHMARKING RESULTS TABLES 1l APPENDIX C: HOT TOPICS LIST Figures, Tables, ant! Boxes Figure 2.1: Inter-relationships among materials categories, 2-9 Figure 3.1: Materials science and engineering PhDs awarded, 1986-1995, 2-29 Figure 3.2: Employment status of PhD materials scientists, 1985, 2-33 Figure 3.3: Metallurgical-materials engineering graduate students in all institutions, by race-ethnicity and citizenship, 1993, 2-35 Figure 3.4: All engineering graduate students in all institutions, by raceethnicity and citizenship, 1993, 2-35 Figure 3.5: All science graduate students in all institutions, by raceethnicity and citizenship, 1993, 2-36 Figure 3.6: Federal R&D budget by materials class, in millions of US dollars, 2-36 Figure 3.7: National Science Foundation Division of Materials Research Budget, 1990-1998, in millions of US dollars, 2-38 Figure 3.8: National Science Foundation Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences, average annualized award size, competitive research grants, 1992-1996, in thousands of US dollars, 2-38 Figure 3.9: National Science Foundation Division of Materials Research, permanent equipment budget, 1990-1996, in millions of US dollars, 2-39 2-84 2-106 Figure 4.1: Papers submitted and accepted for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Annual Conferences, 1989-1996, 2-47 Figure 5.1: Scientists and engineers admitted to the US on permanent visas by labor certification, 1990-1994, 2-58 Figure 5.2: Foreign citizen graduate enrollment in US science and engineering universities, 1983-1993, 2-59 ~-Xl
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH Table 2.1: Materials Subfields, 2-8, 2-9 Table 3.1: Major Scientific Awards for, or Strongly Influenced by, Neutron-Scattering Research, 2-22 Table 3.2: Research Reactors, US, 2-23 Table 3.3: Research Reactors, Abroad, 2-23 Table 3.4: US Spallation Sources, 2-24 Table 3.5: Spallation Sources Abroad, 2-24 Table 3.6: Synchrotron Light Source Operations in G7 Countries, 2-25 Table 3.7: US Employment Status of PhDs, Materials Science and Engineering, 1985-1995, 2-31 Table 3.8: US Occupation Status of PhDs, Materials Science and Engineering, 1985-1995, 2-32 Table 3.9: Number of Doctorate Recipients by Gender and Subfield, 2-34 Table 3.10: Percentage of First Degrees in Science and Engineering to Women, G-6 Nations, 2-34 Table 3.11: Federal R&D Budget for Materials Research by Agency, in millions of US dollars, 2-37 Table 5.1: Decline in US Admissions of Immigrant Scientists and Engineers, FY 1993-FY 1994, 2-59 Box 3.1: The Federation of Materials Societies, 2-19 Box 3.2: International Union of Materials Research Societies, 2-20 Box 3.3: The MOSIS Service, 2-26 Box 3.4: A Cure for Composites, 2-27 ~ ·.
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Panel on International Benchmarking of US Materials Science and Engineering Research examined the leadership status of the United States in materials science and engineering research. Its members determined that the United States is among the world leaders in all subfields of materials science and engineering research and is the leader is some subfields, although not in the field as a whole.
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· The nation enjoys strength in materials science and engineering through intellectual diversity its ability to draw intellectually from all of the science and engineering research infrastructure. · The ability of the United States to capitalize on its leadership opportunities could be curtailed because of shifting federal and industry priorities, a potential reduction in access to foreign talent, and deteriorating facilities for natural materials characterization.
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This report recommended that the United States be among the world leaders in all major fields of science to rapidly exploit exciting new concepts discovered elsewhere in the world. The report also says the country should maintain clear leadership in selected fields where achieving national objectives is critical or where public interest is acute.
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· What key factors influence relative US performance in the field? · On the basis of current trends in the United States and abroad, what will be the relative US position in the near term and in the longer term?
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Maintaining world leadership in materials essential to the design and manufacture of weapons will have high national priority.
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But if the United States is to exploit these possibilities, strong national research capabilities by single investigators and multidisciplinary teams are required. Equipment large-scale research instrumentation willbe required to characterize new materials from their smallest constituents at all scales of assembly.
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For the purposes of this report, the Panel divided materials science and engineering into 9 major subfields: · Biomaterials · Ceramics · Composites Magnetic materials Metals Electronic and optical-photonic materials Superconducting materials Polymers Catalysts These fields are described in Table 2.1 (modified from OSTP, 1993~. The Panel has added the subfield of catalysts to OSTP's original list and combined two of the subfields electronic and optical-photonic materials.
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Advanced materials are made from metals, ceramics, fibers, polymers, and natural biomolecules. Widespread applications are possible: artificial hearts, ultra-tough ceramic tank armor modeled on the molecular structure of abalone shells, biodegradable plastics for packaging, and nanofabricated circuit patterns on silicon for living neurons.
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Magnetic materials can be metallic, such as iron and iron-rare earth alloys, or nonmetallic, such as oxides. Catalysts: Materials that accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH Biomaterials Composite Materials Superconducting Materials ~ :: Electronic Materials Magnetic Materials I\ l FIGURE 2.1 Inter-relationships among materials categories. I< Metals of \\ \ // ~ Optical/Photonic | ~ Materials Polymers Catalysts Ceramics strategies are emerging to provide physical descriptions of materials over a range of sizes important to a given process.
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Because of the increasing severity of the environments in which many advanced materials are used, the time from first synthesis to practical, reliable application can be long, often fifteen years or more. Long-term research is expensive, so sustained public-sector investment in precompetitive research and development is critical for realizing the economic potential of new materials discoveries.
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National Science and Technology Council in its 1993 and 1995 reports, The Federal Research and Development Program in Materials Science and Technology. The reports list biomaterials, ceramics, composites, electronic materials, magnetic materials, metals, opticalphotonic materials, polymers, and superconducting materials.
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The panel next attempted to predict based on near-term and longer term trends in the determinants of leadership and in corresponding developments around the world leadership positions of the United States in the subfields of materials science and engineering. That is, would the United States gain, maintain, or lose position with respect to its current state?
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Does this infrastructure provide a tiered community of leaders for technology research and development? · Funding: Are sources of support balanced and adequate to sustain leadership in the areas of research that support the national imperatives?
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3.1 National Imperatives Several forces coalesced after World War II to bring about what, during the 1950s, was known in the United States as the National Materials Program. The global spread of nuclear weapons capabilities, the growing intensity of intercontinental ballistic missile development, and the space race placed demands on the materials science and engineering communities for advanced materials that would give the United States a strategic edge.
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The major contracts government provides to industry are also, to a large degree, in response to national imperatives. Federally funded programs have contributed to industrial leadership in the semiconductor, civilian aircraft, computer, and optical-electronic industries, among others.
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Direct involvement of materials producer and user communities in the early stages of research and development at universities and national laboratories can be essential to the use of new materials technology in the design and manufacture of new products. 3.2.3 Regulation Government regulations are another factor in the innovation process.
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The US materials science and engineering community has benefited from the diversity of professional societies, which facilitate communication, organize and focus attention on new topics via symposia, produce world-class journals and publications, and sponsor international conferences and workshops that bring researchers together (Box 3.1~. Prominent professional societies in many disciplines also have materials-related divisions (the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEEi, the American Physical Society [APSi, the American Chemical Society [ACSi, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers [AIChEi, the American Agricultural Economics Association [AAEAi, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers [ASKED.
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Determinants of Scientific Leadership ship in learned societies around the world. Such associations and collaborations greatly facilitate awareness and global exchange of fastbreaking developments in the field.
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In the case of materials research, these facilities include sources of neutrons, synchrotron radiation, highenergy electrons, and high magnetic fields. Major facilities serve as an intellectual focus, and science develops as the interplay between experiment and theory.
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Such diverse problems as magnetic phenomena in thin films, the chain structure in polymer blends, and the electronic and bond structure of catalysts are being examined by synchrotron sources. There is some concern within the synchrotron radiation source community that the development of third-generation sources in Europe (such as ESFR and Elettra)
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3.3.3 Nanofabr~cation Of particular interest to those involved in electronic materials is fabrication of nanostructures. For many years, university microelectronic designs have been tested by having MOSIS (the Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service)
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Considerable progress has been made in developing models and simulations of complex materials phenomena based on first principles. Models and simulations are finding increasing use in supercomputer performance simulations of large-scale systems.
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at Argonne National Lab, National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Lab, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL)
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There continues to be concern among top university researchers that facilities and equipment for materials research in several foreign universities now outclass those at most universities in the United States. Of particular concern is the need for modern equipment for materials synthesis and processing, where the United States is lagging behind Europe and Japan.
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Determinants of Scientific Leadership
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· Surfaces (dynamics, reactions, catalysis) ; Structural materials, interfaces, grain boundaries, nano mechanics; Polymeric materials, polymer science; Electronic and optical-photonic materials: Superconductivity, low temperature phenomena; Magnetic materials and structures; Nanophase and nanostructured materials, mesoscopic systems; Phases, phase transformations, order-disorder; Biomolecular materials, self-assembly, colloids; Advanced computation, modeling, materials theory; and · Materials design synthesis and processing.
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However, as noted earlier, although materials science and engineering has grown as a distinct academic discipline, many researchers in the field have degrees in other areas. The chart shows the number of doctorates awarded overall and those awarded to 700 600 400 300 200 100 ~ O 1 986 ~US Citizens Year 1 995 FIGURE 3.1 Materials science and engineering PhDs awarded, 1986-1995.
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This is particularly true for polymers, biomaterials, composites, catalysts, and electronic materials, among others. For example, there are 16 programs in polymer science in the United States, but most graduate students in polymers study in departments of chemistry and chemical engineering.
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Fed & Other Gvt Positions 1.8% 2.2% 4.4% 4.7% 5.5% 5.8 Self Employed & Others 9.0% 0.6% 1.1% 3.8% 3.0% 4.7 Postdoc Appointments Other 5.3% 0.5% 0.6% 0.0% 2.8% 2.0 Unemployed & Seeking 0.0% 0.2% 1.4% 1.3% 1.1% 2.2 Elementary and High School Teachers 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0 Source: Analysis conducted by the National Research Council's Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel of data from Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR) for this study.
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· France ranks first for percentage of first degrees to women in engineering; · The United States ranks third for percentage of first degrees to women in the natural sciences as well as in the percentage of first degrees to women in engineering; and · Japan ranks last in percentage of first degrees to women in the natural sciences and engineering.
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Source: Analysis conducted by the National Research Council's Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel. As shown in Figure 3.3, metallurgical-materials engineering has a significantly lower representation of black, non-Hispanic graduate students than do all-engineering (Figure 3.4)
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The average annualized award size for that division compared with others within NSF's mathematics and physical sciences directorate is shown in Figure 3.8. At TABLE 3.10 Percentage of First Degrees in Science and Engineering to Women, G-6 Nations Country Natural Sciences Engineering Italy 54 United Kingdom 44 United States 42 Germany 40 France Japan 35 19 8 26 16 11 19 4 Source: Table derived from S&E Indicators, Appendix Table 2-5.
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Approximately 20% of the fiscal year 1998 request from NSF was for facilities. Materials research and development is defined broadly here to include scientific and engineering research on substances in any form and at any stage of preparation, fabrication, manufacture, recycle, or Noncitizens 33.6% Other or unknown 4.9% Black, non-Hispanic / 2.2% / Asian-American Hispanic 7 7% 2.3% American Indian 0.0% White, non-Hispanic 49.2% FIGURE 3.4 All engineering graduate students in all institutions, by raceethnicity and citizenship, 1993.
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Funding to Bio-biomolecular materials Ceramics Composites Electronic materials Magnetic materials (a (a ct Metals Optical-photonic materials Polymers Superconducting materials Other-Non materials specific Subtotal National user facilities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ° ° ° ° ° O O O 0 0 ~ Cal co ~ us ~ ~ a:)
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Excludes classified research and development and most development activities funded under DOD's specific systems R&D programs. disposal.
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Mathematics (DMS) ~ 1992 ~ 1993 [1 1994 ~ 1995 ~ 1996 Physics FIGURE 3.8 National Science Foundation Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences, average annualized award size, competitive research grants, 1992-1996, in thousands of US dollars.
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The percentage of research and development investment for materials and industrial technology within the European Union increased from 11% in 1984 to 16% in 1987 and has stayed constant. Materials technologies constituted 9.1% of Eureka projects in 1992.
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The information was used to construct tables that characterize the relative position of the United States in each of 9 subfields now and in the future (Appendix B)
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Across subfields, US researchers are among the world leaders. Within subfields there are a few topical areas in which the United States is at the forefront and a few topical areas where the US has little presence or is behind the world leaders.
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If US universities were to focus research more on "green" processing for sustainable development, US industry could benefit.) For most subfields and topics, however, the United States ranks among world leaders.
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Although US research in ceramics is in a world leadership position, the companies that capitalize on that research are Japanese-owned.
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These include the development of low-temperature-curing polymers with greater toughness and higher glass transition temperatures and design-and-testing protocols explicitly relevant to large integral components along with included subelements. Ceramic matrix composites are important for the aerospace and energy sectors.
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In this last area, there is an opportunity to extend the crack-arresting concepts that have been applied to metal matrix composites to other materials, particularly titanium alloys, and to elucidate at a fundamental level how improved fatigue performance can be achieved by reinforcement. 4.2.4 Magnetic Materials Research on magnetism and magnetic materials, which in the US has been strongly influenced by applications, has declined since the 1970s.
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They already appear superior to the rare-earthcontaining materials such as Terfenol. The current forefront topics in magnetic materials are nanostructures, colossal magnetoresistance, magnetic multilayers including magnetic properties of thin layers (first-principles calculations and micromagnetics)
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* Complex processing methods include net shape processes such as isothermalsuperplastic forming and computer-aided precision casting and machining, where laser and electron beams often are used as cutting tools.
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The topical areas of current activity in theory and modeling include atomic bonding, crystal structure, microstructure evolution phase diagrams, and phase transformations. Good work is going on in Europe, Japan, and the United States on quantitative explanations and modeling of the plastic deformation of metals.
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Examining optical phenomena, such as imaging, holographic storage, electro-optic and photorefractive effects, optical fiber nonlinearities, and complete modeling of optical-electronic integrated circuits are subjects of great interest. Just as past exploratory materials research uncovered soliton and other phenomena, the current basic research being devoted around the globe to the fabrication and theoretical modeling of photonic bandgap materials should yield exciting and unexpected results.
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4.2. 7 Superconducting Materials US scientists are in a strong leadership position in nearly all subtopical areas of superconducting materials, but they do not dominate in any.
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Leadership in this area could shift rapidly when the next important compound is discovered. The United States has enjoyed leadership in the development of magnetic phase diagrams of HTSCs and in the modeling flux pinning and critical phenomena.
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The activity is global, but the United States is in a strong leadership position. There is strong research in multicomponent polymer systems around the world, and the United States is a leader.
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Catalysis work at industrial laboratories remains strong and significant, although somewhat reduced. The area most affected is basic catalysis research at corporate research centers.
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In some cases, meaningful catalysis research is difficult to conduct in universities because of the laboratory requirements. The United States is, and will likely continue to be, among the world leaders in industrial practice particularly in the area of selective alkane oxidation.
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5 PROJECTION OF LEADERSHIP DETERMI NANTS This section addresses the questions: "What are the current trends in materials science research in the _ _ United States and abroad, and what will the US position be in the near- and long-term future?
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With the decline in federal funding, particularly from DOD, for instrumentation and facilities, complex university laboratories, such as those required for next-generation electronic materials and device structures are having difficulty. · The elimination of central research laboratories and longer term innovation research by many high-tech companies has made technology transition from universities more difficult.
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Although the attraction of talented scientists from less well developed countries will continue, foreign nationals working as materials scientists within the United States are now being heavily recruited by their native countries. Europe, Korea, and Taiwan are enticing scientists working in the United States to return home, and these countries also have begun to attract American researchers.
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First, there is a continuing need to recruit students from other engineering or science fields. For example, science and engineering research in electronic and optical materials has benefited greatly from interdisciplinary work.
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Japan has been encouraging its universities to accept postdoctoral fellows and PhD students from other Asian countries. The same is true for Europe, where there are programs among European Community countries at the postdoctoral and professional levels.
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The areas in which industrial research collaborations can be most valuable are materials synthesis and processing, where special equipment not generally found in universities is required to achieve process control and to evaluate sequencing protocols and scaling parameters. 5.4 Infrastructure The quality of the basic research infrastructure and the development of new technology from research strongly influence the long-term health of materials research.
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Also, an increasing number of high-quality commercial laboratories are becoming accessible to academic and industrial researchers. · Small-scale equipment for materials synthesis and processing in most US universities is not keeping pace with similar equipment at some universities abroad.
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In other instances, flexible foundries, such as the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Metal-Oxide Semiconductor implementation Service, have been made available to top researchers around the country.
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5.5 Cooperative Government-lnciustrial-Acaciemic Research Maintaining a competitive advantage in materials science depends on strong collaborations between government, industry, and academia. As industrial research focuses even more on materials technologies with short-term (2-3 year)
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Projection of Leadership Determinants that allow complex, high-risk, long-term basic research in areas with tremendous technological potential to be attacked synergystically. Establishment of new private-public sector partnerships to fund virtual centers would be helpful.
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The combination of global threats and economic opportunities can be expected to continue to drive US materials science and technology. Therefore, the panel finds that US leadership position in materials science and engineering should continue.
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More basic research on magnetic materials and magnetism is needed to increase the prospects for advances by the United States in this area. The vitality of magnetic recording and the phenomenon of colossal magnetoresistance are starting to produce a renaissance in fundamental magnetism research in the United States.
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New processing, characterization, and metrology methods will be required to achieve surface smoothness of +2 A RMS, gate dielectrics of 10 A, and unprecedented cleanliness control. The United States should continue its leadership position in compound semiconductors (GaAs, GaAlAs)
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From page 207... ...
Also, there is still less industrial research here than there is in Japan. Still, some small US companies maintain world leadership in the design, manufacture, and characterization of long-length conductors, although the shift in US corporate research away from longer term basic studies presents a question for the future: "Will the private sector benefit commercially from new concepts and advances occurring at universities and national laboratories?
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Sustaining this balance will require the United States to maintain world leadership in polymer research. Environmental and life cycle responsibility is a driver for polymer research and development in Europe and is becoming more so in the United States.
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For example, the concept of "a plant on an IC chip" could some day allow attractive investments by US companies in local bulk chemical and polymer facilities in developing regions of the world. These points simply argue for continued investment in catalysis research in a way that encourages innovation and allows US industry the flexibility to participate in the growth of emerging markets.
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However, the lead in electronic-photonic materials is endangered because of cutbacks in exploratory research. Our earlier preeminence in magnetic materials is now shared with Europe and Japan.
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The mobility of graduate and postdoctoral entrepreneurs from the academic world to the private sector is stimulated by the availability of venture capital for small start-up companies. Federal programs that encourage research consortia and partnerships in the private sector and that fund precompetitive research at small and medium-size companies provide additional impetus to the development of innovative materials technology.
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, potential decreases in the supply of foreign graduate students, elimination of central research laboratories by major high-tech companies, and lack of attention to research into methods for shortening the implementation cycle for advanced materials. The US education system undergraduate and graduate has achieved excellence that is acknowledged throughout the world, and we continue to attract top talent from other countries, especially those that lack adequate graduate research systems for training research leaders.
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From page 213... ...
. Neutron Sourcesfor America's Future: Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Panel on Neutron Sources, DOE/ER-0576P, 1993.
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From page 214... ...
. Catalyst Technology Roadmap Report.
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Bement, Jr., is the Basil S Turner Distinguished Professor of Engineering and director of the Midwest Superconductivity Consortium at Purdue University.
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ChemIa has been director of the Materials Science Division at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and professor in the Department of Physics at the University of California, Berkeley, since 1991. He was with AT&T Bell Laboratories as head of the Quantum Physics and Electronics Research Department from 1983 to 1990; from 1981 to 1983 he was a member of the technical staff, both in the Elec tronic Research Laboratory.
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From page 217... ...
James W Mitchell is director of materials, reliability and ecology research at Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies (1995-present)
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from the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers; the US Black Engineer of the Year Award (1993) from the Council of Engineering Deans of Historically Black Colleges and Universities; the Iowa State University, George Washington Carver Visiting Professorship Award (1994~; and the AT&T Bell Laboratories Research Fellow Award (1985)
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From page 219... ...
She is responsible for management of research and development in materials science with primary responsibility for 85 PhD, MS, and BS engineers and scientists involved in research programs in exhaust emission control, catalysis, surface chemistry, air pollution control, advanced batteries, fuel cells, corrosion, protective and wear-resistant coatings, light metals, magnetic and optical materials, and chemical and magnetic field sensors.
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH lurgy.
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. During that time, he also held concurrent positions in several SlovakAmerican organizations.
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From page 241... ...
co o u an 0 ~· · co · - to o ~ c)
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From page 242... ...
co o u u)
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From page 243... ...
co o u an 0 ~· · - o o ~ c)
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From page 244... ...
· Carbon Nanotubes Composites · Polymer matrix composites · Large integrated structures · Ambient temperature curing (electron beams)
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From page 245... ...
· Theory and modeling of atomic bonding, crystal structure interfaces, phase diagrams, phase transformations, and properties · Giant Magnetoresistance and related materials · Hydrogen-absorbing materials applications for batteries and hydrogen storage · Advanced processing of materials to net shape (metallic alloys) · Quantitative understanding and modeling of plastic deformation (polycrystalline materials)
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From page 246... ...
· Development of fluxoid imaging technology · Thin-film deposition processes · Epitaxial and patterning techniques Polymers · Controlled polymerization · Metallocene polymerization of olefins · Living free-radical polymerization · Atom transfer radical polymerization · Dendrimer polymerization · Biologic synthesis · Supercritical CO2 as a polymerization medium · Multicomponent systems · Blends or alloys · Block and graft copolymers · Nanocomposites · Macrocomposites · Thin-film laminates · Interfaces · Biomedical polymers · Implants · Drug delivery · Electronic-Photonic · Conducting polymers · Polymers for display devices 2-108
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From page 247... ...
Appendix C · Resist materials · Electroluminescent · Separation media · Membranes · Molecular recognition · Barrier materials · Modified-atmosphere packaging · Coatings · Theory and modeling · Molecular simulation · Monte Carlo techniques · Conformations · Scaling theory · Processing · Rheology · Flow instabilities · Computer modeling · New processes Catalysts · Selective oxidation · Solid acid-base catalysis · Environmental catalysis · Catalyst characterization · Combinatorial catalysis · Asymmetric catalysts 2-109
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Key Terms
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