The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

Summary
Pages 1-20

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 1... ... The report includes current concepts about the roles vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and ,3carotene and the other carotenoicis play in long-term health, going beyond a review of the roles they are known to play in traditional deficiency diseases. A major impetus for the expansion of this review is the growing recognition of the many uses to which RDAs and RNIs have been applied, and a growing awareness that many of these uses require the application of statistically valid methods that clepenci on reference values other than recommencleci nutrient intakes. Read the entire page →
From page 2... ... WHAT ARE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES? Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIsJ are reference values that are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for apparently healthy people. Read the entire page →
From page 3... ... SUMMARY 3 cific criterion of acloquacy is selected, baseci on a careful review of the literature. When selecting the criterion, reduction of disease risk is consiclereci along with many other health parameters. Read the entire page →
From page 4... ... To11erab11e Upper Intake I~eve11s The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of ciaily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all inclivicluals in the general population. Read the entire page →
From page 5... ... There is no established benefit for apparently healthy inclivicluals if they consume nutrient intakes above the RDA or AI. ULs are useful because of the increased interest in and availability of fortified foocis and the increased use of clietary supplements. Read the entire page →
From page 6... ... APPROACH FOR SETTING DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES The scientific ciata used to develop Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIB) have come from observational and experimental studies. Read the entire page →
From page 7... ... Life stage and gentler were consiclereci to the extent possible, but the ciata clici not provide a basis for proposing different requirements for men and for nonpregnant and nonlactating women in different age groups for any of the nutrients except vitamin C Three of the categories of reference values (Estimated Average Requirement tEAR] Read the entire page →
From page 8... ... c EAR = Estimated Average Requirement. The intake that meets the estimated nutrient needs of half of the individuals in a group, men and women combined. Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... eAI = Adequate Intake. The observed average or experimentally set intake by a def~ned population or subgroup that appears to sustain a defined nutritional status, such as growth rate, normal circulating nutrient values, or other functional indicators of health. Read the entire page →
From page 10... ... The intake that meets the estimated nutrient needs of half of the individuals in a group, men and women combined. c RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance. Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... Thus, for vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium, EARs and RDAs are basest on criteria specifically related to their general functions. For all of these nutrients, the EAR is higher than the amount needled to prevent overt deficiency diseases in essentially all inclivicluals in the life stage group and is based on limited ciata indicating laboratory evidence of sufficiency. Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... This intake should maintain near maximal neutrophil ascorbate concentrations with little urinary excretion. Because smokers suffer increased oxiciative stress and metabolic turnover of vitamin C, their recommencleci intake is increased by 35 mg/day. Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... A subsequent report will provide this analysis of the potential contributions of the carotenoicis to the requirement for vitamin A CRITERIA AND PROPOSED VALUES FOR TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS A risk assessment model is used to derive Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... The transition from using previously published Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDAs) and Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... SUMMARY 15 nutrient intake of groups; the RDA is not appropriate. The prevalence of inacloquacy may be estimated by determining the percentage of the population below the EAR as follows: � Baseci on the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... . In aciclition, the EARs for vitamin E are baseci on oc-tocopherol only and do not include amounts obtained from the other seven naturally occurring forms of vitamin E (,3-, By-, ~tocopherol and the four tocotrienols) Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... The other food components covered in this report, ,3-carotene and the other carotenoicis, do not meet the clefinition but influence biochemical reactions that involve the oxiciative process. EVIDENCE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND THE RISK OF CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASE There is a considerable body of biological evidence that, at high levels, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can be damaging to cells and thus may contribute to cellular dysfunction and disease. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... Ongoing ranclomizeci trials among high-risk, apparently healthy inclivicluals and among patients with cardiovascular disease are expected to provide evidence useful in resolving this issue. Cataracts A number of observational epiclemiological studies have examineci the relationship between intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoicis and the presence of cataracts in humans. Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... Research Five major types of information gaps were noted: (1) a dearth of studies clesigneci specifically to estimate average requirements in apparently healthy humans; (2) Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... � Studies to validate methods and possible models for estimating Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIB) in the absence of ciata for some life stage groups, such as children, pregnant and lactating women, and older adults. Read the entire page →

From page 1...

... The report includes current concepts about the roles vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and ,3carotene and the other carotenoicis play in long-term health, going beyond a review of the roles they are known to play in traditional deficiency diseases. A major impetus for the expansion of this review is the growing recognition of the many uses to which RDAs and RNIs have been applied, and a growing awareness that many of these uses require the application of statistically valid methods that clepenci on reference values other than recommencleci nutrient intakes.

Summary Pages 1-20

Summary
Pages 1-20