Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000) / Chapter Skim
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9 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes
9 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes
Pages 383-400
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From page 383... ...
For example, the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
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From page 384... ...
Details on how the DRIs are set with reference to specific life stages and genders and the primary criteria used to define adequacy or adverse effects for each of these groups are given in Chapters ~ through 8 of this report. ASSESSING NUTRIENT INTAKES OF INDIVIDUALS Using the Estimated Average Requirement for Individuals The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIB)
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From page 385... ...
As a result, substantial caution must be used when interpreting nutrient assessments baseci on self-reporteci clietary ciata covering relatively few clays of intake. Given the difficulties in accurately estimating usual intake, as well as the variance in requirements, a qualitative interpretation is recommencleci as clescribeci below: · If usual intake of an incliviclual is greater than or equal to the Recommencleci Dietary Allowance (RDA)
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From page 386... ...
In the case where an infant formula contains a lower level of these nutrients than human milk, the likelihood of nutrient acloquacy for infants consuming this formula cannot be cletermineci as ciata on infants at lower concentrations of intake are not available for review. Using the To11erab11e Upper Intake I~eve11 for Individuals The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
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From page 387... ...
In most situations, a cutpoint approach may be used to estimate the prevalence of inacloquate intakes within the population group uncler stucly; this approach is a simplification of the full probability method of calculating the prevalence of inaclequacy clescribeci by the National Research Council (NRC, 1986~. The cutpoint approach allows the prevalence of inacloquate nutrient intakes in a population to be approximated by determining the percentage of the inclivicluals in the group whose usual intakes are less than the EAR for the nutrient of interest.
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From page 388... ...
for Men and Women Who Don't Smoke (Food and Supplements) FIGURE 9-2 Distribution of reported vitamin C intake from all sources for men and women aged 19 years and older who don't smoke, from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
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From page 389... ...
for Men and Women Who Smoke (Food and Supplements) FIGURE 9-3 Distribution of reported vitamin C intake from all sources for men and women who smoke aged 19 years and older, from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
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From page 390... ...
These ciata include intake from both food and supplements. Although the NHANES food intake ciata are baseci on a single 24-hour recall for all incliviciuals, replicate 24-hour recalls were conclucteci on a subset of the participants, and these estimates of ciay-to-ciay variation cleriveci from this subset have been used to adjust the intake distributions (see Appendix Tables C-1 and C-2.
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From page 391... ...
Using the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Groups The proportion of the population with usual intakes below the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is likely to be at no risk of adverse effects clue to overconsumption, while the proportion above the UL may be at some risk.
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From page 392... ...
Using the EAR and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) in planning intakes of groups involves a number of key decisions and the analysis of issues such as the following: · determination of the current nutrient intake distribution of the group of interest; · an evaluation of interventions to shift the current distribution, if necessary, so there is an acceptably low prevalence of intakes below the EAR, as well as an acceptably low prevalence of intakes above the UL (some interventions may increase the intake of those most at risk of inadequacy usually by individual interventionwhereas others may increase the intake of the entire group E.g., fortification of the food supply]
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From page 393... ...
Sensitive inclivicluals who regularly consume more than 2,000 mg/ciay may be at risk of osmotic diarrhea and gastrointestinal disturbances. Vitamin E The Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)
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From page 394... ...
The UL applies to all eight stereoisomeric forms of oc-tocopherol that occur in fortified foocis and supplements. Conversion Factor for Vitamin E in Food and Supplements The reported meclian vitamin E intake in the United States of all inclivicluals surveyoci in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
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From page 395... ...
Thus, this person would have an effective total intake of 32 mg/ciay of octocopherol (12 + 20~. If the ciaily multivitamin supplement containeci 30 IU of all rac-oc-tocopherol, it would be equivalent to 13.5 mg/ciay of oc-tocopherol (30 x 0.45 = 13.~)
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From page 396... ...
Furthermore, there are uncertainties in the amount of oc-tocopherol in fats and oils consumed, particularly when food labels do not provide the specific fat or oil used (e.g., "this product may contain partially hydrogenated soybean anci/or cottonseed oil or vegetable oiled in aciclition, because of the small number of samples, the vitamin E content of the foocis in the Continuing Survey of Food Intake of Inclivicluals (CSFII) and NHANES III databases are very variable 0.
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From page 397... ...
Providing Adult UL Synthetic Vitamin E and Esters dl oc-Tocopheryl acetate 1 ,000 1 ,100 dl oc-Tocopheryl succinate 1 ,000 1 ,100 dl-oc-Tocopherol 1.000 1,100 Natural Vitamin E and Esters d-oc-Tocopheryl acetate 1 ,000 1 ,500 d-oc-Tocopheryl succinate 1 ,000 1 ,500 d-oc-Tocopherol 1,000 1,500 a All forms of supplemental oc-tocopherol include all eight stereoisomers of octocopherol. The UL was based on animal studies feeding either all racemic- or RRR-octocopherol, both of which resulted in equivalent adverse effects.
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From page 398... ...
may vary considerably from the mean values in food composition databases. However, the variation in selenium content of food sources floes not appear to exceed that for many other nutrients.
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From page 399... ...
Inclivicluals who regularly consume more than 400 ~g/day may be at risk of adverse effects that include brittle nails and hair loss. SUMMARY With careful consideration to the points mentioned above, the various Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIB)
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From page 400... ...
1996. A semiparametric transformation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions.
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