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From page 483... ... See also Life-stage groups; Puberty, pubertal development; individual nutrients EARs, 65-66 growth factors, 66 Kashin-Beck disease, 287 lactation, 151-152, 163-164, 240-241, 258-259, 307-308, 315 pregnancy, 149-150, 163-164, 239-240, 258-259, 306-307, 315 RDAs, 66 reference weights and heights, 32-33 special considerations, 358 ULs, 14 Adults, 19 through 50 years. See also Lifestage groups; individual nutrients circulating lipid levels, 234-235 depletion/repletion studies, 143-145, 233-234, 236 EARs, 31 peak bone mass, 30-31 PUFA intake, 235 reference weights and heights, 32 supplement use, 70 ULs, 14 Adults, 51+ years. Read the entire page →
From page 484... ... , 228-229, 231-237, 239-241, 255-257, 258, 259, 397 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES adults (51+ years) , 220, 238-239, 241242, 249, 259-260 adverse effects, 249, 251-255, 396 AIs, 8-9, 65, 226-230, 393, 394, 507 animal studies, 197, 203, 212, 216, 221, 252, 254, 255 antioxidant activity, 195, 224-225 and ataxia, 199, 202-203, 204-209 bioavailability, 224, 238, 243, 251 body pool, 209-210, 225 body size and composition and, 242 and cancer, 196, 213-214, 218-220, 241 and cardiovascular disease, 36-41, 203, 206-207, 211-217, 225, 238, 241-242, 248, 252, 261 and cataracts, 221 and central nervous system disorders, 221-223, 252 children, 202, 230-231, 258, 260-261 and cholestatic hepatobiliary disease, 202, 203 and circulating lipoproteins, 193, 197, 199, 216, 234-235, 261 critical endpoint, 254 deficiency, 186, 199, 202-203, 204-209, 210-211, 220, 221, 231, 235, 239, 240 defined, 187, 192, 468 depletion/repletion studies, 203, 232, 233-234, 236 and diabetes mellitus, 217-218 and DNA damage and repair, 208 dose-response assessment for ULs, 255259 EARs, 2, 8-9, 10-11, 194, 230-237, 238, 239, 240, 393, 394 excretion, 200, 208-209 exposure assessment, 259-260 factors affecting requirements, 224-226 fetal, 239, 243, 394 food sources, 224, 243, 244, 245, 248, 250, 396 in fortified foods, 190-191, 194, 243, 394 functions, 12, 43, 186, 195-196 gender and, 2, 231, 237, 245, 249 hazard identification, 249, 251-255 hemorrhagic toxicity, 13, 252, 253-254, 255-256 in human milk, 226, 227, 228-229, 240 and hydrogen peroxide-induced hemolysis, 12, 43, 203, 210-211, 231, 232-233, 234, 235, 402 Read the entire page →
From page 485... ... See also individual amino acids biosynthesis, 96 Aminotransferases, 163 Amyloid beta-peptide, 222 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 19, 50 Anemia, hemolytic, 239, 259, 355 Angina, 47, 341, 347 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, 38-39 Animal studies alpha-tocopherol, 51, 59, 91, 197, 203, 212, 216, 251, 252, 254, 255, 396 of cardiovascular disease, 4849,212,216 carotenoids, 59 Read the entire page →
From page 486... ... See also Carotenoids absorption, 326-328, 355 adolescents, 358 adverse effects, 366-368, 405, 406 and alcohol consumption, 360, 361, 368 antioxidant activity, 36-37, 43-45, 98-99, 102, 109, 110-111, 325, 331-333, 334-337 bioavailability, 328, 331, 354-355, 356, 357, 369-371 blood concentrations, 330, 332-333, 353, 369, 372, 448-449 body stores, 329-330 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES and cancer, 36-41, 213-214, 290, 330, 339, 343, 344, 345-346, 366-368, 369-371, 405, 406 and cardiovascular disease, 36-41, 336337, 346-347 carotenodermia, 366, 368, 369 and cystic fibrosis, 331, 336-337 depletion/repletion studies, 331, 332, 334-337, 371, 403 and DNA damage and repair, 109, 110111, 331-332 erythropoietic protoporphyria, 366, 371 excretion, 328-329 and eye diseases, 49, 348, 349, 350-351 food sources, 331, 332, 334, 353, 355356, 360-363, 398-399 and immune function, 338 infants, 361, 362-365 intakes, 361, 364-366, 369 interaction with drugs, 357 interaction with other nutrients, 36-41, 102, 109, 110-111, 290, 357-358 international comparisons, 334-337 intervention trials, 36-41, 213-214, 216217, 219, 221, 238, 241, 242, 252, 254, 345, 366-368, 369, 372, 405 by life-stage group and, 358-360, 448449 and lipid peroxidation, 332, 334-337 and oxidative stress, 332 provitamin A activity, 12-14, 36-37, 325, 356, 366, 367 research recommendations, 2, 20, 371372 smokers, 36-39, 330, 331, 334-337, 345, 347, 359, 366-368, 372, 405, 406 supplement use, 325-326, 355, 357, 366 transport, 329 ULs, 5-6, 13-14, 27, 368-369 vitamin C and, 102, 109, 110-111 Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial, 36-37 Beta-cryptoxanthin, 13, 44, 325, 330, 332333, 345, 348, 349, 350-351, 358, 360-365, 366, 452-453 Beta-glucuronidase, 106-107, 116 Bioavailability of nutrients alpha-tocopherol, 224, 243, 251, 394 carotenoids, 328, 331, 344, 354-357, 369-371, 403 defined, 463 dietary fat and, 68, 224, 248, 356 Read the entire page →
From page 487... ... See Human milk; Lactation Breath ethane, 132, 150-151, 203, 211, 231 Breath pentane, 334-337 487 C Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study, 3637, 214-215, 241 Canada antioxidant intervention trials, 38-39 cancer, 124 cardiovascular disease, 38-39 dietary intakes, 16, 154, 284, 309, 438439 Food Guide for Healthy Eating, 351-352 Recommended Nutrient Intakes, 28, 383, 410 reference weights and heights, 32, 33 selenium, 284, 293 vitamin C, 69, 124, 154 Canadian Pacdiatric Society, 28, 29, 63-65 Cancer. See also individual sites alpha-tocopherol and, 36-37, 196, 213214, 218-220, 241, 290, 366, 367 antioxidant intervention trials, 36-41, 218-219, 339, 357-358 biomarkers, 113-116 carotenoids, 14, 36-41, 213-214, 290, 326, 330, 333, 339, 340-341, 342346, 351, 352, 357, 360, 366-372, 405, 406 DNA damage and, 218-219 gap junctional communication and, 333, 338 mortality, 14, 339 oxidative stress and, 17, 46-47, 218-219 selenium and, 36-41, 290-291, 319, 367 vitamin C and, 36-37, 40-41, 106-107, 113-116, 123-125, 127, 128, 160 Cardiomyopathy, 159, 206-207, 287, 288 Cardiovascular disease. Read the entire page →
From page 488... ... , 336-337, 338, 340341, 347, 348-351 adverse effects, 366-368, 405, 406 and age-related macular degeneration, 18-19, 49, 326, 340-341, 348-350, 371, 403 aging and, 330 alcohol consumption and, 330, 360, 361, 368 allergic reactions, 368 antioxidant activity, 36-37, 43-45, 98-99, 102, 109, 110-111, 325, 326, 331333, 334-337 bioavailability, 328, 331, 344, 354-357, 369-371 blood concentrations, 329-330, 332333, 338, 346, 351-353, 358, 368, 448-457 body mass index and, 330 body stores, 329-330, 351-353 and cancer, 36-41, 213-214, 290, 326, 330, 333, 339, 340-341, 342-346, 351, 352, 357, 360, 366-372, 405, 406 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES and cardiovascular disease, 18, 36-41, 326, 331, 336-337, 340-341, 346-348, 351, 371 and cataracts, 18, 326, 340-341, 350-351 children, 338, 355, 356, 358, 368 cholesterol and, 330 and cystic fibrosis, 331, 336-337 depletion/repletion studies, 331, 332, 334-337, 371, 403 dietary fat and, 356 and DNA damage and repair, 109, 110111, 331-332, 336-337 dose-response assessment for ULs, 368369 DRIB, 12-13, 16, 325 excretion, 328-329 exposure assessment, 369 fat substitutes and, 357 food sources, 325, 331, 332, 334, 342, 344-345, 346, 349-350, 351-352, 353, 354, 355-356, 360-363, 368, 371, 398-399 functions, 12, 43, 325, 326 and gap junctional communication, 333, 338 gender and, 330, 351, 364-365 hazard identification, 366-368 health effects, 326, 338-351, 403-404 in human milk, 361, 362-366 and immune function, 326, 338 indicators of adequacy, 325, 331-353 infants, 361, 362-366, 368 intakes, 361, 364-366, 369 interactions with drugs, 357 interactions with other nutrients, 3641, 102, 109, 110-111, 290, 325, 326, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 338, 343, 352, 355, 356, 357-358, 366, 367 international comparisons, 334-337 intervention trials, 2, 14, 36-41, 213214, 216-217, 219, 221, 238, 241, 242, 252, 254, 345-346, 353, 366368, 369, 372, 405 lactation, 355, 362, 363 by life-stage group and, 358-360, 448457 and lipid peroxidation, 332, 334-337 lipoproteins and, 329, 330, 332, 334-337 Read the entire page →
From page 489... ... , 197 Conjugated dienes, 104-105, 203 Connective tissue synthesis, 98, 101 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) alpha-tocopherol, 68, 240, 245, 247, 248, 396, 436-437 carotenoids, 361, 364 design, 69 vitamin C, 135, 138, 432-435 Copper infants, 129, 159-160 and LDL oxidation, 211 metabolism, 129 and oxidative stress, 203 vitamin C and, 96, 97-98, 128, 129, 156, 159-160, 161 Coronary artery disease, 106-107, 121, 122, 241, 248, 336-337 Read the entire page →
From page 490... ... See Osmotic diarrhea Dietary antioxidants alpha-tocopherol activity, 43, 44-45, 9899, 102, 109, 110-113, 186, 195, 224-225 carotenoid activity, 36-37, 43-45, 98-99, 325, 326, 331-333, 334-337 criteria for, 43-44 defined, 17, 42 and immune function, 407 interaction among, 195, 224-225, 290, 332, 367, 404 intervention trials, 36-41, 50, 219-220, 339, 348-350, 357-358 mechanisms of action, 44-46 selenoprotein activity, 43, 44-45, 284, 285 supplement efficacy, 45, 48, 49 vitamin C activity, 43, 44-45, 96, 98-99, 101-109, 116, 124-125, 139-143, 146, 154, 166 Dietary intakes. See also Canada; Food sources of nutrients; Nutrient intakes; Supplements; individual nutrients data and database issues, 16, 68, 69-70, 194-195, 243, 309, 385 day-to-day variation, 69, 385 infants, 28, 65, 135, 138, 230, 307 measurement errors, 68, 69, 313, 359, 385-386 research recommendations, 165-166, 406 self-reported, 60, 68, 385, 396 smokers, 130, 359, 360 survey data, 245-247 underreporting of, 16, 60, 68, 69, 186, 232, 240, 247-248, 385, 390, 393, 395-396 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIB) Read the entire page →
From page 491... ... See Adults, 51+ years Embryogenesis, 285 Emotional stress, 153 Endothelial cells dysfunction, 103, 106-107, 131 monocyte adhesion to, 103 Endothelium-dependentvasodilation, 106107, 131 Endothelium-derived relaxing factor, 103 Energy expenditures, 24-25 Energy intakes, 60, 68, 69, 247, 396 Energy status and antioxidant interactions, 224-225 and PUFA metabolism, 226 Epinephrine, 96 Erythrocyte glutathione, 128 hydrogen peroxide-induced lysis, 210211, 231 vitamin C, 140 Erythropoietic protoporphyria, 366, 371 Esophageal cancer, 367 Established Populations for Epidemiological Studies of the Elderly, 122, 213 Read the entire page →
From page 492... ... . See also individual nutrients children, 30, 33, 65-66 coefficient of variation, 3, 24-25 criteria used to derive, 6-7, 8-11 defined, 3, 5, 23, 24 evidence considered, 10-11, 25 extrapolation to/from other age groups, 65-66 group applications, 15, 387-390, 392 knowledge gaps, 402-404 methods used to set, 25, 43, 65-66, 402404 and RDA, 2-4, 23-25 reference weight and height and, 3133 risk of inadequacy, 24 standard deviation, 3, 23-24 uses, 15, 23, 25, 383, 384-386, 387-390, 392-393 Ethane, 132, 150-151, 203, 211, 231 Ethical considerations, 84 European Commission Concerted Action on Fundamental Food, 42 Exposure duration of, 86 route of, 86, 256 Exposure assessment alpha-tocopherol, 259-260 carotenoids, 369 defined, 77, 78 process, 92 selenium, 317 supplements, 92 vitamin C, 165 Extrapolation of data from animal studies, 91, 257 body weight basis, 65-66, 138-139, 163164, 230-231, 258-259, 299-300, 315316 from one gender group to another 146-147, 235, 237 from other age groups, 25, 26, 65-66, 138-139, 163-164, 166, 230, 231, 258-259, 299-300, 315-316 NOAEL from LOAEL, 162, 256-257 from subchronic to chronic intake, 257 Eye Disease Case-Control Study, 348 Eye diseases. Read the entire page →
From page 493... ... See also Men; Women; individual nutrients and cataracts, 351 dietary intakes, 15-16, 154, 165, 245247, 259-260, 364-365 extrapolation of data on basis of, 146147, 235, 237 and Keshan disease, 299, 304 and lean body mass, 2, 65, 146-147 and metabolism, 20, 133, 403, 407 reference weights and heights, 32 and relative body weight, 65-66, 138 and supplement use, 70, 260 Genetic defects, in alpha-TTP, 199, 202, 204-209 Genetic markers of disease susceptibility, 60 493 Geographic differences in nutrient intakes, 309, 311-312, 315, 316, 317, 318-319 Gingivitis, 120 GISSI Prevention Trial, 38-39, 215, 216, 217, 238, 241, 242, 252 Glial cells, 98 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 160-161, 164 Glutathione and asthma, 126 deficiency, 128 and DNA damage, 109-110 erythrocyte, 128 and oxidative stress, 128, 129, 224 reduced, 104-105, 128, 225 vitamin C and, 43, 96, 98, 99, 103, 105, 109-110, 126, 128, 129 Glutathione peroxidase activity, 12, 45, 284, 285, 286, 289-290, 293, 299, 301-302, 303, 304, 318 Growth factors, 66 Growth velocity, 28, 64 Gulonolactone oxidase, 95-96 Gun blue, 312, 465 H Hazard identification adverse effects, 85, 155-161, 249, 251255, 311-313, 366-368 alpha-tocopherol, 249, 251-255 animal studies, 84-85, 86 carotenoids, 366-368 causality, 85-86 components of, 85-88 data quality and completeness and, 87 data sources, 84-85 defined, 77, 465 experimental data on nutrient toxicity and, 86 mechanisms of toxicity and, 87 pharmacokinetic and metabolic data and, 86-87 selenium, 311-313 sensitive subpopulations, 87-88 vitamin C, 155-161 Health Canada, 410, 438-439 Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study, 38-39, 216, 217, 241, 242, 252 Read the entire page →
From page 494... ... See also Formulas, infant; Human milk ages 0 through 6 months, 29, 64, 66 ages 7 through 12 months, 29, 64-65, 66 AI derivation for, 4, 28-29, 63-65, 391, 392 cretinism, 287 dietary intakes, 28, 65, 135, 138, 227, 230, 298, 307, 391 growth velocity, 28, 64 hemolysis, 162, 163-164, 166 methodological considerations, 63-65, 66 oxidant damage, 162, 166 recommended food sources, 28-29 reference weight, 32 scurvy, 135, 159, 161, 162, 163-164, 166 solid foods, 29, 64, 151, 293, 298-299 special considerations, 160, 259 ULs, 14 Infectious and inflammatory suresses, 103, 108, 130 Intake assessment to derive ULs. See Exposure assessment Interactions. Read the entire page →
From page 495... ... See also Adolescents; Adults; Children; Infants; Lactation; Pregnancy; individual nutrients Body Mass Index by categories, 27-31 and derivation of DRls, 27-31 intakes of nutrients by, 416-439 serum nutrient values by, 440-457 supplement use by, 70 ULs by, 14 Linoleic acid, 235, 248 Linxian Cancer Prevention Study, 36-37 Lipid-lowering drugs, 357 Lipid peroxidation alpha-tocopherol and, 12, 43, 45, 186, 195, 203, 211, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 243, 261, 405 biomarkers/measures of, 45, 104-105, 116, 132, 151, 203, 211 and cardiovascular disease, 225 carotenoids and, 332, 334-337 iron and, 159, 221 and neurodegenerative diseases, 221222 in passive smokers, 153 pregnancy and, 150-151 selenium and, 287 Read the entire page →
From page 496... ... alpha-tocopherols and, 211, 217, 226 and cardiovascular disease, 47-48, 50, 211-212 carotenoids and, 329, 332, 334-337 copper and, 211 defined, 79, 466 and diabetes mellitus, 50 oxidation, 18, 47-48, 50, 211, 226, 405 smoking and, 130, 132, 153 vitamin C and, 98, 101-102, 104-105, 109, 132, 153 Low-fat diets, 226, 248, 356 Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (LOAEL) alpha-tocopherol, 255-257 extrapolation of NOAEL from, 162, 256-257 identification of, 89-90, 161-162, 255256, 314 instead of NOAEL, 91 selenium, 314, 318 sensitive subpopulations and, 92 vitamin C, 161-162, 163 Lung cancer beta-carotene and, 13-14, 340-341, 342343, 345-346 smoking and, 36-39, 124, 213-214, 219, 360, 366-371, 372, 405, 406 Lung lesions, 254 oxidant scavengers, 95, 108 Lutein, 18, 44, 49, 329, 330, 332-333, 343, 348, 349, 350-351, 353, 355, 357, 358, 360-365, 366, 371, 454-455 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Lycopene, 44, 329, 332-333, 344-345, 347, 349, 350, 353, 356, 357, 358, 360365, 366, 368, 371, 456-457 Lycopenodermia, 368, 466 Lymphatic leukemia, 196 Lymphocytes DNA damage, 110-111, 112, 114-115 vitamin C in, 99-100 Lysine, 98, 118-119 M Macular Pigment Optical Density (MOPD) Read the entire page →
From page 497... ... anthropometric data, 31, 32-33 carotenoids, 330, 358, 361, 364, 369, 448-457 defined, 466 design, 69 energy intakes, 68, 69 fat intakes, 68, 69, 247, 396 selenium, 16, 69-70, 309, 310, 399, 428431, 446-447 serum values of nutrients, 440-457 supplement data, 70 total intakes, 388, 389, 420-421, 426427, 430-431 vitamin C, 15-16, 69-70, 133, 155, 165, 387-390, 391, 416-421, 440-443 vitamin E (all forms) , 16, 68, 69-70, 210, 230, 233, 244, 245-246, 247, 248, 259-260, 394, 422-427, 444-445 National Health Interview Survey, 70, 249, 260, 310-311, 364-365 National Health Interview Survey Epidemiological Supplement, 249 National Nutrition Monitoring System, 383 Necrotizing enterocolitis, 253 Nervous system, 19,50, 96, 98, 131, 153, 202 Neurodegenerative diseases alpha-tocopherol and, 19, 50, 186, 202, 204-207, 218, 220, 221, 222, 231, 232 iron and, 221 lipid peroxidation and, 221-223 Read the entire page →
From page 498... ... See also Dietary intakes; Exposure assessment; individual nutrients Canadian, 69, 154, 309, 438-439 cooking losses, 154, 356 day-to-day variation adjustments, 69, 385, 387, 390 extrapolation from subchronic to chronic, 257 form of, 83 geographic differences in, 284, 288, 309, 311-312, 315, 316, 317, 318-319 interpretation of, 385-359 methodological considerations, 67-69, 247, 339, 385, 404-405 public health implications, 404-405 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES quality of data, 385, 390 from supplements, 70, 155, 244-245, 249, 366 total calculated, 388, 389 U.S., 70, 416-431, 432-437 Nutrient-nutrient interactions. See also specific entries under individual nutrients adverse, 74 and bioavailability of nutrients, 83, 357-358 energy status and, 224-225 research recommendations, 20, 407 risk assessment, 83 Nutrition Canada Survey, 32 Nutrition During Lactation report, 28, 29 Nutrition labels, 16, 68, 194, 243, 393-394, 396 Nutritional Factors in Eye Disease Study, 365 Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study, 38-39 o O6-alkyltransferase, 106-107, 116 Obese individuals, 60, 385 Observational studies alpha-tocopherol, 212-213, 219, 221 cancer, 219 of cardiovascular disease, 212-213 carotenoids, 338-339, 342-345, 346-347 hazard identification, 84 methodological issues, 59-61, 127-128 Oils, edible, 16, 68, 245, 246, 250, 396 Olestra, 357 Ophthalmoplegia, 202 Oropharyngeal cancers, 17, 341, 344, 346 Osmotic diarrhea, 13, 95, 100, 154, 161162, 163, 166, 386, 393 Oxalate excretion, 156 Oxidant damage, 44-51 Oxidant scavengers, 95, 102, 108, 116, 124 Oxidative stress in adults (51+ years) Read the entire page →
From page 499... ... assay, 46 Ozone, 108 p Pancreatic cancer, 124 Parkinson's disease, 19, 50, 221-222 Passive smokers, 132, 146, 153 Pauling, Linus, 126-127 Pectin, 357 Pentane, 203, 231, 334-337 Peptide hormones, amidation of, 96, 98 Peptidyl-glycine monoxygenase, 96 Periodontal health, 120, 156, 160, 161, 166 Peripheral artery disease, 216 Peroxynitrate, 45 Phospholipase As, 196, 212, 223 Phospholipid transfer protein, 197 Photosensitivity disorders, 366 Physical exams, 164 Physical exercise, 153, 242 Physicians' Health Study I, 38-39, 345-346, 367 499 Physicians' Health Study II, 40-41, 252 Plant phenolic compounds, 225 Plasma concentration of nutrients. See individual nutrients Platelet effects, 196, 211, 212, 218, 253 Polyp Prevention Study, 36-37 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) Read the entire page →
From page 500... ... , 21 Reference body weight ratio method, 65-66 alpha-tocopherol, 231 selenium, 299 vitamin C, 138 Reference weights and heights, 31-32 Renal disease/failure, 31, 50, 312 vitamin C and, 157, 160, 164 Reproductive disorders, 368 Requirement, defined, 21 Research recommendations adverse effects, 21, 406 alpha-tocopherol,2, 20, 260-262, 406407 approach to setting, 19-20, 401-402 carotenoids, 2, 20, 371-372, 403-404, 406-407 dietary intakes, 165-166, 406 kinetic modeling of body pools, 403 priorities, 20, 140, 406-407 selenium, 2, 20, 318-319, 406-407 vitamin C, 2, 20, 140, 165-166, 406-407 Respiratory burst, 108 Respiratory distress syndrome, 108, 312 Retinaldehyde binding protein, 197 Retinol/retinoic acid, 36-37, 328, 332, 355, 356, 367 Retinopathy, 50, 202, 208-209, 259, 368 Rheumatoid arthritis, 108 Riboflavin, 225 Risk assessment, defined, 75, 467 Risk assessment models. See also Doseresponse assessment; Exposure assessment; Hazard identification; Risk characterization application to nutrients, 80-83 basic concepts, 13, 75-76 bioavailability considerations, 82-83 default options, 460 defined, 75, 467 and food safety, 75-80 inference options, 460 methodological considerations, 458-461 nutrient interactions, 83 process, 76-78 sensitivity of individuals, 82 special problems with nutrients, 80-81 thresholds, 78-80 uncertainties, 76, 79-80, 458-461 Risk characterization, 92-94 alpha-tocopherol, 260 carotenoids, 369-371 defined, 75, 77, 78, 467 process, 92-93 selenium, 13, 317-318 vitamin C, 165 Risk management, 76, 467 S Scurvy infants, 135, 159, 161, 162, 163-164, 166 rebound, 156, 158-159, 162, 163, 166 vitamin C deficiency and, 98, 100, 101, 119, 120, 135, 139, 145, 150, 156, 158-159, 162, 163, 166 Read the entire page →
From page 501... ... , 70, 305-306 adverse effects, 284, 311-313, 399, 407 AIs, 10-11, 65, 292-299, 507 animal studies, 287, 290, 301, 302 bioavailability, 284, 291-292, 306, 307, 399 in blood, 288-289, 301-302, 310, 312, 313, 314, 318, 446-447 body stores, 286, 313 breath excretion, 313 and cancer, 36-41, 290-291, 319, 367 and cardiovascular disease, 40-41, 287, 288 children, 25, 65, 287, 288, 292, 299300, 301-302, 315-316, 318, 403 critical endpoint, 313 deficiency, 43, 287, 298 dose-response assessment, 313-316 in drinking water, 309-310, 311, 317, 399 EARs, 10-11, 25, 299-304, 305, 306, 307 excretion, 285, 286-287, 291, 313 exposure assessment, 317 factors affecting requirements, 291-292 fetal, 67, 306 food sources, 286, 292, 298-299, 308, 309, 397 forms of, 285-286, 308, 312, 314, 468 in fortified foods, 286, 310, 399 functions, 43, 284, 285, 302 gender and, 292, 299, 403 geographic differences, 284, 309, 311312, 315, 316, 317, 318-319 in hair and nails, 288, 313, 399 hazard identification, 311-313 in human milk, 292-298, 307, 315, 316, 386 indicators of adequacy, 10-11, 12, 43, 287-291, 301-302, 312-313, 318 infants, 65, 287, 292-299, 307, 315-316, 386, 392, 399 intakes, 16, 284, 308-311, 317, 397-399, 428-431 interaction with other nutrients, 36-37, 40-41, 285, 290, 367 501 intervention studies, 2, 36-41, 290, 303304, 311, 318, 319, 367, 405 and Kashin-Beck disease, 12, 43, 287, 465 and Keshan disease, 12, 43, 287, 288, 292, 299-300, 301-302, 304, 403, 465 lactation, 67, 293, 294-297, 307-308, 315 by life-stage group, 10-11, 14, 292-308, 313-316, 428-431, 446-447 and lipid peroxidation, 287 metabolism, 285, 286, 299, 308 method used to set AI, 65, 292-298 NOAEL/LOAEL, 314, 316, 318 and oxidative stress, 41, 43, 44-45, 52, 285 pregnancy, 67, 287, 306-307, 315 radiolabeled, 291 RDAs, 2, 10-11, 12, 284, 300, 304-307, 308, 318, 507 research recommendations, 20, 318319 smokers, 367 soil content, 16, 293, 298, 308, 397 supplements, 286, 292, 310-311, 312, 317, 399 and thyroid disorders, 287 ULs, 13, 14, 26-27, 284, 311-318, 391, 399 uncertainty assessment, 314, 315, 316 Selenocysteine, 284, 285, 286, 289, 291292, 308, 399, 468 Selenomethionine, 284-285, 286, 289, 291, 303, 307, 308, 312, 313, 314, 399, 468 Selenophosphate synthetase, 285 Selenoprotein P 289, 290, 301-302 Selenoproteins absorption, 285 antioxidant role, 41, 44-45, 284, 285 in blood, 288, 289-290, 303, 304, 310 defined, 285 functions, 12, 43, 285, 318 as indices of selenium status, 12, 43, 301-302, 312-313 sources, 284-285 synthesis, 286, 289, 291, 301 Selenosis, 284 acute, 312 biochemical indicators of, 312-313, 315 Read the entire page →
From page 502... ... See Gastric cancer Stroke, 36-41, 121, 214, 216, 252, 254, 346347, 406 Superoxide, 103, 140-141, 211, 223 Superoxide dismutase, 45, 222 Read the entire page →
From page 503... ... See also Dose-response assessment; Hazard identification; Risk assessment models; individual nutrients appropropriateness of intakes above, 13,27,74, 155, 165,249,260,311, 317-318, 369-371 children, 33 critical endpoints, 88-89 defined, 3, 4, 5, 7-8, 26, 73, 91-92, 468 derivation of, 7-8, 13, 26, 75, 80-83, 9192, 162, 257, 315, 316 development steps, 84-92 fortification of foods and, 5, 26, 74 503 by life-stage groups, 14 supplement use and, 5, 26-27, 80-81 uses, 5-6, 15, 74, 383, 386, 391, 392393, 398 Total Antioxidant Capacity, 104-105 Total radical-trapping antioxidant capability (TRAP) assay, 45 Toxicity experimental data, 86 mechanism of action, 87 Triiodothyronine, 315 Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) Read the entire page →
From page 504... ... , 12, 95, 121-122, 126, 139-147, 149-151, 154, 157, 161-162, 386, 387-390, 391, 392, 393, 438-439 adults (55+ years) , 101, 118-119, 121, 133, 147-149, 154, 155, 157, 438-439 adverse effects, 13, 95, 100, 155-161, 386, 407 AIs, 6-7, 134-138, 507 and alcohol/drug abuse, 101, 150 allergic response, 160, 161 animal studies, 59, 103, 120, 131, 140 antioxidant role, 43, 44-45, 52, 95, 96, 98-99, 101-109, 116, 124-125, 139143, 146, 154, 166 and asthma, 126 and attention-deficit disorder, 163 and beta-carotene, 102, 109, 110-111 bioavailability, 99, 128 and blood coagulation, 99, 101 body pool, 100, 103, 132, 140, 142, 145, 152-153, 166, 225, 403 and bone growth, 101 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES and cancer, 36-37, 40-41, 106-107, 113116, 123-125, 127, 128, 160 and cardiovascular disease, 18, 38-41, 101-102, 103, 106-107, 109, 121-122, 127, 128, 131, 346-347 and carnitine biosynthesis, 95, 96, 99, 120, 153, 166 and cataracts, 18, 98, 125-126, 127 chemistry, 95-96, 97 children, 25, 65, 138-139, 161, 162-163, 166 and cholesterol, 99 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 126, 127 and cognitive function, 19, 50, 127 and collagen metabolism, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 118-119, 166 and common cold, 117, 126-127, 163 and connective tissue synthesis, 98, 101 and copper, 96, 97-98, 128, 129, 156, 159-160, 161 data selection, 161 deficiency effects, 98, 99, 101, 108, 119, 120, 145, 148, 149 and dental enamel erosion, 156, 160, 161 dependence, 156, 158-159, 162, 163, 166 depletion/repletion studies, 108, 117, 140, 143-145, 148, 402-403 and DNA damage and repair, 98, 106107, 109-115, 116, 130-131, 160 dose-response assessment for ULs, 161165 EARs, 6-7, 23, 45, 65, 139, 146-151, 390 emotional stress and, 153 and endothelial dysfunction, 103, 106107, 131 erythrocyte, 140 excretion, 12, 43, 95, 100, 140, 142, 144, 147, 148, 151, 157, 158, 164 exposure assessment, 165 and factors affecting requirement, 128133 fetal, 67, 149, 150, 163, 166 and flavonoids, 98-99, 102, 128, 129 food sources, 101, 130, 154, 392 functions, 12, 43, 95, 96-99, 165-166 gastrointestinal effects, 95, 100, 102, 106-107, 124-125, 156, 161-162, 163, 166, 386, 393 Read the entire page →
From page 505... ... INDEX gender and, 2, 12, 65, 95, 101, 121, 122, 124, 126, 133, 146-147, 154, 387-390 and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 160-161, 164 and glutathione, 43, 96, 98, 99, 103, 105, 109-110, 126, 128, 129 hazard identification, 155-161 and hemostatic dysfunction, 131 and high-altitude resistance, 160 in human milk, 101, 132, 134-138, 151, 164, 386 andimmunefunction,108,117-119,127 indicators of adequacy, 6-7, 11, 101-128 infants, 65, 101, 129, 134-138, 159-160, 161, 162, 163-164, 386, 392 and inflammatory stress, 103, 108, 130 intakes, 15-16, 95, 135, 138, 154-155, 165-166, 387-390, 393, 416-421, 432435, 438-439 interaction with drugs, 99, 150 interaction with other nutrients, 38-41, 96, 97-99, 102, 109, 110-113, 118119, 120, 128-129, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 166, 224-225, 285, 332 international comparisons, 121, 123, 124, 127, 135, 153 intervention trials, 38-39, 405 intracellular recycling, 108 and iron, 96, 97-98, 99, 109, 118-119, 120, 128, 129, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 166 and kidney stone formation, 156, 157, 160, 161 laboratory values, 67 and lactation, 67, 134-135, 136-137, 151-152, 164 and LDLs, 98, 101-102, 104-105, 109, 132, 153 in leukocytes, 43, 95, 103, 108-109, 110-111, 130, 133, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150 by life-stage group, 6-7, 14, 134- 153, 161-164, 416-421, 432-435, 440-443 and lipid peroxidation, 45, 95, 98, 102, 104-105, 109, 116, 130, 131, 132, 146, 150-151, 153, 159 in lymphocytes, 99-100 metabolism, 12, 43, 95, 100, 108, 130, 133, 148, 152-153, 157, 158 505 method used to set AIs, 134-138 method used to set EARs, 139-145, 147-148, 149-151 methodological issues, 67, 68-69, 127128, 402-403 and nervous system, 19, 50, 96, 98, 131, 153 in neutrophils, 12, 43, 95, 98, 99-100, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146, 150, 385 NOAEL/LOAEL, 161-162, 163 and osmotic diarrhea, 13, 95, 100, 154, 161-162, 163, 166, 386, 393 and oxalate excretion, 156 and oxidative stress, 12, 43, 95, 101102, 109, 126, 128, 130, 131, 132, 148, 152, 162, 166 and oxygen demand, 156, 161 passive smokers, 132, 146, 153 and periodontal health, 120, 156, 160, 161, 166 and physical exams, 164 and physical exercise, 153 plasma concentrations, 100, 101, 121, 123, 126, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134-135, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 155, 158 and pregnancy, 67, 82, 132, 149-151, 159, 161, 163-164, 166 pro-oxidant effects, 129, 156, 159-160, 161, 166 race/ethnicity and, 132 RDAs, 2, 6-7, 12, 43, 95, 138, 139, 147, 149, 150, 151-152, 386, 392, 507 and renal disease, 157, 160, 164 research recommendations, 2, 20, 140, 165-166 and respiratory distress syndrome, 108 and rheumatoid arthritis, 108 risk characterization, 165 RNS/ROS and, 98, 102, 103, 106-107, 109, 116, 124, 131, 140 and scurvy, 98, 100, 101, 119, 120, 135, 139, 145, 150, 156, 158-159, 162, 163, 166 serum concentrations, 121, 132, 133, 152, 153, 156, 440-443 smokers, 12, 43, 95, 102, 103, 104-105, 108, 110-113, 124, 130-132, 146, 149, 150-151, 152-153, 242, 390, 393 Read the entire page →
From page 506... ... See Body weight; Reference weights and heights DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Western Electric cohort study, 121-122, 341 Women. See also Gender; Lactation; Pregnancy alpha-tocopherol, 40-41, 212, 219, 226, 237, 245, 246-247, 249, 259-260 aspirin, 40-41 breast cancer, 123, 219 cardiovascular disease, 38-41, 121, 122, 212, 347 carotenoids, 38-41, 330-331, 349, 351 cataracts, 126, 351 cervical cancer, 17, 123, 340-341, 345, 346 dietary intakes, 154, 165, 245 fish oil supplements, 226 Keshan disease, 292, 304 kidney stone formation, 157 MOPD values, 349 postmenopausal, 122, 123, 212, 219, 226, 259-260, 330-331, 347 selenium, 292 supplement use, 249, 260 vitamin C, 40-41, 95, 118-119, 122, 123, 126, 133, 146-147, 149, 154, 157, 165, 386 Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study, 40-41, 252 Women's Health Study, 40-41, 252 World Health Organization definition of adverse effect, 73 Monitoring Cardiovascular Project, Vitamin Substudy, 346 uncertainty factors, 79 X Xanthophylls, 329, 330 z Zeaxanthin, 18, 44, 49, 329, 330, 348, 349, 350, 351, 358, 360-361, 364, 366, 371, 454-455 Zinc, 40-41 Read the entire page →

From page 483...

... See also Life-stage groups; Puberty, pubertal development; individual nutrients EARs, 65-66 growth factors, 66 Kashin-Beck disease, 287 lactation, 151-152, 163-164, 240-241, 258-259, 307-308, 315 pregnancy, 149-150, 163-164, 239-240, 258-259, 306-307, 315 RDAs, 66 reference weights and heights, 32-33 special considerations, 358 ULs, 14 Adults, 19 through 50 years. See also Lifestage groups; individual nutrients circulating lipid levels, 234-235 depletion/repletion studies, 143-145, 233-234, 236 EARs, 31 peak bone mass, 30-31 PUFA intake, 235 reference weights and heights, 32 supplement use, 70 ULs, 14 Adults, 51+ years.

Index Pages 483-506

Index
Pages 483-506