Clean Coastal Waters Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C Programmatic Approaches and Results of a Local Managers Questionnaire
Appendix C Programmatic Approaches and Results of a Local Managers Questionnaire
Pages 356-375
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From page 356... ...
The Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, and Coastal Zone Management Act have been described in Chapter 2 are and not repeated in this appendix; 2) Representative federal monitoring and assessment programs which address coastal conditions, including eutrophication; 3)
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From page 357... ...
identify and list waterbodies where State water quality standards are not being met following the application of technology-based point source pollution controls; and (2) establish TMDLs for these waters.
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From page 358... ...
Mechanisms for ensuring implementation of management measures include permit programs, zoning, enforceable water quality standards, or voluntary approaches like economic incentives if they are backed by appropriate legislation. The Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP)
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From page 360... ...
This program was specifically designed to address air pollution and its impacts on water quality in the Great Lakes, the Chesapeake Bay, Lake Champlain, and other specified coastal waters. Specific elements of the Great Waters Program include a monitoring program of facilities on each of the five Great Lakes, Lake Champlain, Chesapeake Bay, National Estuary Program waters, and National Estuarine Research Reserves, and a research program which seeks to determine sources and deposition rates for air pollutants.
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From page 361... ...
To address nutrient enrichment and its effects on hypoxia and harmful algal blooms, GOMP has initiated a Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force. It is anticipated that the Task Force will work closely with the federally mandated "HAB and Hypoxia Task Force" (called for by the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998)
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From page 362... ...
States lend money to municipalities, communities, citizen groups, Non-Profit Organizations, and private citizens implementing nonpoint source pollution and estuary management activities (Clean Water Act Section 319 and 320~. Twenty percent state match is required.
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From page 363... ...
Data collected in each Study Unit include discharge, concentrations of suspended sediment, major ions, nutrients, trace elements, synthetic organic chemicals, and biological conditions. Understanding derived from individual Study Units and regional and national syntheses of information is being compiled with the objective of describing relationships between natural factors, human activities, and water quality conditions and to define those factors that most affect water quality in different parts of the nation.
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From page 364... ...
To implement the proposed National Coastal Monitoring Program, SWMP recommends that the Environmental Quality Network sites include: a. all estuarine regions in the National Estuarine Research Reserves and the National Estuary Program; and b.
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From page 365... ...
element are to: · integrate existing federal, state, local and private sector monitoring activities into a statistically-based sampling design that will provide data to support a regional assessment; · support implementation of the monitoring requirements in the Federal Clean Water Action Plan for gulf coastal watersheds; · support Gulf state monitoring and modeling assessments in Gulf coastal watersheds and contiguous near coastal waters; · develop and implement a statistically-based sampling design for monitoring near coastal waters; and · provide public access to Gulf coastal monitoring data and information. A proposal to establish a coastal element to the existing Coastal Componenets of the Global Ocean Observing System (C-GODS)
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From page 366... ...
The network promotes synthesis and comparative research across sites and ecosystems, and now consists of 21 sites. Of these current sites, two focus on coastal areas: the Virginia Coast Reserve is a coastal barrier island with a focus on salt marsh ecology; the Plum Island Ecosystem project focuses on linkages between land and coastal waters involving organic carbon and organic nitrogen inputs to estuarine ecosystems from watersheds with various land covers and uses.
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From page 367... ...
As part of the Clean Water Action Plan, which calls for expanded efforts to reduce nutrient over-enrichment of waterways, the EPA has begun an effort to accelerate the development of scientific information concerning the levels of nutrients that cause water quality problems and to organize this information by different types of waterbodies (e.g., streams, lakes, coastal waters, wetlands)
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From page 368... ...
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ADDRESSING COASTAL EUTROPHICATION National Estuary Program Strategies In 1997, 27 of the 28 EPA National Estuary Programs met in an American Assembly format to define key management issues. Eighteen of the 27 NEPs, from every region of the United States, identified the impacts of nutrient overloading as either a high or medium program priority (ANEP 1997~.
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From page 369... ...
Develop a nitrogen loading strategy amending local zoning to reduce future development so as not to exceed critical loading limits. Require all domestic wastewater discharges to cease by 1995, develop and implement pollutant loading goals, and implement pollution reduction programs through education and BMPs.
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Managers from the following coastal areas responded to the questionnaire: Casco Bay, Maine Boston Harbor, Massachusetts Long Island Sound, New York and Connecticut Chesapeake Bay Mainstem, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia Delaware Inland Bays, Delaware Albemarle-Pamlico Sound, Neuse River, North Carolina St. Johns River, Florida Florida Bay, Florida Charlotte Harbor, Florida Sarasota Bay, Florida Tampa Bay, Florida Apalachicola, Florida Upper Laguna Madre, Texas Galveston Bay, Texas Corpus Christi Bay, Texas Newport Bay, California San Francisco Bay, California Puget Sound, Washington Program Coordination The local and state managers interviewed by the committee were asked which federal programs have been useful in developing their management strategy, and why.
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From page 371... ...
report that federal USGS stream flow data have been a critical element to their loading estimates. Point source permit monitoring data are noted as important in eight of the 17 local programs (Boston Harbor, Long Island Sound, Chesapeake Bay, Charlotte Harbor, Tampa Bay, Newport Bay, San Francisco Bay, and Puget Sound)
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From page 372... ...
To develop nutrient loading estimates, planners working on Long Island Sound, Chesapeake Bay, St. Tohn's River, Charlotte Harbor, Sarasota Bay, Tampa Bay, Galveston, San Francisco Bay, Newport Bay, and Puget Sound all use land use-based spreadsheet models, with empirical loadings where available.
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From page 373... ...
· Seven of the seventeen local programs (Long Island Sound, Delaware Inland Bays, St. Tohn's River, Charlotte Harbor, Laguna Madre, Newport Bay, and Puget Sound)
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From page 374... ...
are considered by their managers to be most effective for Casco Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Inland Bays, and Tampa Bay. · Newport Bay notes that the regulatory component is essential in that bay because it is "too late for a voluntary approach." In contrast, the state Coastal Management Program in Florida notes that, for nonpoint sources, probably a non-regulatory approach will be more effective due to the weakness of agricultural regulations.
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From page 375... ...
When asked which elements of their management strategy were most difficult to develop and implement, the managers offered a wide variety of responses, including: · building trust among the management participants; · source identification, particularly atmospheric deposition; · nonpoint source controls, primarily due to lack of regulatory control on these sources; · agricultural community difficult to engage (several programs mentioned this element) ; · data on sediment flux and recycling; · interagency cooperation; · scientific basis a time-consuming process; and · changing public attitudes about residential lawn maintenance.
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