From Neurons to Neighborhoods The Science of Early Childhood Development (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 220-225
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From page 220... ...
Do these beyond-the-family contexts matter, and if so, how much do they matter in shaping the early direction of children's lives? We also learn about contextual influences from studies of efforts to change these environments, ranging from providing infants and toddlers with enriched child care to moving families out of dangerous neighborhoods.
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From page 221... ...
Efforts to understand the effects on development of economic influences, and notably of poverty, have brought together the full spectrum of social and behavioral scientists. Child care has been studied primarily by developmental psychologists, but also by sociologists and economists.
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From page 222... ...
Although this argument has merit, we discuss research that places genetic factors in the context of substantially larger SES-based environmental influences on children's development. With these challenges in mind, our synthesis of research on familybased caregiving influences, socioeconomic influences, child care, and neighborhood influences on early development focuses on the role of experience in early development.
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From page 223... ...
Similarly, enrichment remains an elusive construct, particularly insofar as it is conceptually linked to contemporary interest in accelerating or improving the development of children who are relatively risk free and on track. · While there is no evidence that critical or sensitive periods characterize parenting, socioeconomic, child care, or neighborhood influences, there is suggestive evidence that young children compared with older children may be particularly vulnerable to very detrimental experiences that derive from aberrant caregiving and serious economic hardship.
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From page 225... ...
Although we address young children's relationships with their child care providers given their pervasive and significant role in the earliest years of life, we reserve the fuller discussion of child care for Chapter 11. We start the discussion of parenting with a focused synthesis of the extensive literature on parent-infant attachment, followed by a discussion of other aspects of parenting that extend beyond the provision of emotional security.
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