From Neurons to Neighborhoods The Science of Early Childhood Development (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 329-337
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From page 329... ...
of child development portrays nested layers of influence on children emanating from the family out to the more amorphous realms of neighborhoods, policies, and social values. More recently,
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Others argue further that practices of family management are key to understanding how neighborhood and community conditions may affect children's development (Furstenberg et al., 1998~. They point out that families formulate different strategies for raising children in high-risk neighborhoods, ranging from extreme protection and insulation to assuming an active role in developing community-based networks of "social capital" that can help children at key points in their academic or labor market careers.
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From page 331... ...
, then studies of neighborhood effects based on broad population samples may miss an important part of the story. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN NEIGHBORHOOD CONDITIONS AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT Most broad-based neighborhood studies rely on data gathered in the decennial census.
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Neighborhood factors also do not account for much of the variation in parental mental health and family management practices. Using data from the Infant Health and Development Program, Klebanov et al.
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NEIGHB ORHO OD AND COMMUNITY 333 potentially important component of a neighborhood's social organization was measured by conducting a survey of adult residents in sampled neighborhoods rather than relying exclusively on demographic census-based measures. Collective efficacy combines social cohesion (the extent to which neighbors trust each other and share common values)
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334 FR OM NE UR ONS TO NEIGHB ORHO ODS having elevated levels of leaci were nearly 9 times above average in communities in which 20 percent of the chilciren uncler age 5 were living in poverty, 5.5 times higher if the community was clensely populated, and 8 times higher than average if more than 10 percent of the community received public assistance. Similarly, studies in Minnesota (Norclin et al., 1998)
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NEIGHB ORHO OD AND COMMUNITY 335 volunteered for the program reported that escaping from gangs and drugs was their most important reason for participating in the program.
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Yet for children living in dangerous environments, neighborhood conditions may matter a great deal. Such neighborhood conditions as crime, violence, and environmental health hazards constitute potent risk factors for children.
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From page 337... ...
These range from the universal to the particularistic from primary health care for all and nonparental child care for a majority, to specialized services for a variety of vulnerable subgroups. Over the past four decades, a wide range of public policies and programs have been designed to address these specialized needs in order to promote healthy 337
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