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Pages 233-248

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From page 233... ... See Research agenda Air traffic control (ATC) system, 149 modernizing, 105, 213 Airport Surface Detection Equipment, 105 Akamai Technologies, Inc., 92 233 Alto computer, 21, 97 Always-up systems, goal for information technology research, 24 Amazon.com, 83-84, 86, 97,117 America Online Inc., 81 AMRIS, 104 Andersen Consulting, 8, 79-80, 97 Apple Computer, 30,179 Macintosh, 21 Appliances, information, 107 Applications, 32. Read the entire page →
From page 234... ... , 77 Bell Laboratories, 72, 76-77 Benchmarks, 139 Berkeley Wireless Research Center, 182 Billing fraud, detecting, 76 Boeing Company, 66, 80, 83, 97 Brahe, Tycho, 26 Broad agency announcements (BAAS) , 62-63 Brooks, Fred, 139 Brooks-Sutherland report, 121 Bugs, 116 testing for, 112 Bureau of Land Management, troubled systems at, 102 Bureau of the Census, 49, 64, 66, 96 need for the National Science Foundation to work with, 13, 205-206 Business process challenges, 154 Business research, related to information technology, 169 Business system context, embedding largescale systems within larger, 6 Business Week Online, 35 C C programming language, 23 CAD. Read the entire page →
From page 235... ... , 183,185, 194 Committee to Assess the Scope and Direction of Computer Science and Technology, 3940 Communications, influx from researchers, 62-63 Communications equipment industry sector, 64-65, 68 Communications services industry sector, 64-65, 68 expenditures on R&D, 67 Communities, electronic, 7 Community challenges, 153 Companies. See Information technology companies; individual companies Compaq Computer, 70, 81 Competitiveness, 43 maximizing effectiveness of, 218 Complexity challenges associated with large-scale systems, 5, 108-110 in social applications research, 7 Component software, 129-130 Component vendors, expenditures on R&D, 65 Components, 32 dealing with large numbers of, 5 deep interactions among, 5 independently designed, 5 235 untrustworthy, 110 Components industry sector, 64-65, 68 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, complying with, 61 Computation and Social Systems (CSS) Read the entire page →
From page 236... ... See Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Decision making, group dynamics and, 170 Decision support systems, 169 Decomposition, hierarchical, 112 Deconstructing wireless, 217-221 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) , 31, 56, 58-59, 6263,164,166 historical perspective on, 21 Information Assurance and Survivability program, 122 involvement in Next Generation Internet program, 123, 201 recommendations for new programs at, 11, 198-201 Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit Program, 21, 96 Defense contractors, 79-80 Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) Read the entire page →
From page 237... ... See Department of Energy E E-checks, 181 E-commerce applications, 119,191 redefining the business process, 152 E-coupons, 181 E-Lab, 193 E-mail, 150 237 Early-stage financing, 87 eBay, 86, 117 Ecological systems, as models for the design of research programs, 128 Economic growth, information technology companies' contribution to, 18 Economic implications of computing and communications, research in, 62 Economic structures, novel activities and shifts in, 7 Economic systems, as models for the design of research programs, 128 Economics of investment, in information technology research, 75 Economics research, contributing to information technology development, 170 EDI (electronic data interchange) , Internet, 181 Edison, Thomas Alva, 26 EDS. Read the entire page →
From page 238... ... Trade Securities, 83, 117 Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure, 121 Expanded systems, difficulties with, 113 Expanding the scale and scope of information technology research, 195-213 recommendations for government, 197206 recommendations for industry, 209-211 recommendations for universities, 206209 Expanding the systems research agenda, 124-126 Expansion financing, 87 Expeditions into the 21st Century, 63, 96 Extensions of existing approaches, in the design of research programs, 129-130 F FAA. See Federal Aviation Administration Faculty encouraging participation of in interdisciplinary research, 13-14, 206-208 needing to pioneer information technology research, 14-15, 208-209 Failures complexity of, 112 hardware, 116 Farrell, Joseph, 223 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Read the entire page →
From page 239... ... , 79 Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, 46, 56 Government research need for Bureau of the Census to work with the NSF on classifying data about, 13, 205-206 need for increased federal support for, 9-11, 197-198 need for increased support for interdisciplinary, 12-13, 201-205 need for NSA and DARPA to establish fundamental research programs, 11, 198-201 recommendations for expanding the scale and scope of, 9-13, 197-206 Government services, delivery of, 149 Graphical User Interfaces, historical perspective on, 21 Gray, Jim, 24 Group applications, of information technology, 149-150 Group dynamics, and decision making, 170 Gupta, Anoop, 98 H Hackers, damage done by, 115 Hardware failure, 116 Harvard Business School, 169 Hershey Foods, Inc., 102-103 Heterogeneity issues, 139 challenges associated with large-scale systems, 110-111 Hewlett-Packard reliability claims by, 138 systems integration services from, 79 Hidden Markov Models, 21 Hierarchical decomposition, 112 Hierarchies, status, 190 High-level programming languages, 23 High Performance Computing and Communications Act of 1991, xii High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) program, 19, 39, 45, 51, 62, 121 239 Historical perspective on information technology research, 21 Horn, Paul, 72 HPCC program. Read the entire page →
From page 240... ... business research related to, and strategic advantage, 169 expanding applications of, ix, 33-37 focus on, 20-23 future of, 1-2, 50 national debate about, ix need for leadership in, x progress in, 20, 25-26 retrospective assessments of, 28 social applications of, 144-148 Information technology companies contribution to economic growth, 18 contribution to employment, 18 expenditures on R&D, 69, 71 need to involve end-users in their research, 15-16, 211 Information technology developments implications for the research enterprise, 4243 INDEX implications of information technology research for, 37-42 Information technology education and workforce, research in, 62 Information Technology for the Twentyfirst Century (IT2) initiative, xii, 19, 61-63, 121, 186 Information technology industries, 64-65 supply chains in, 67 Information technology research, 23-37 changing environment for, 29-37 and changing industrial structure, 30-32 classification of, 26-29 constituencies supporting, 20 embedding in other disciplines, 185-187 and expanding applications of information technology, 33-37 expanding the scale and scope of, 187, 195-213 facets of, 23-29 federal support for, 12-13, 30-31, 51-63, 201-205 goals for, 24-25 historical perspective on, 21 implications of information technology developments for, 3742 Importance of, ix industry support for, 64-87 mechanisms for strengthening, xi mechanisms for supporting, 20 national debate about, ix research goals for, 24 resources for, 48-98 scope of, x-xi, 20 trends in, x varieties of, 23-26 Information Technology Research (ITR) Read the entire page →
From page 241... ... See also Corporate investment in research and development; Federal support for information technology research; Private-industry sector support for research economics of, 75 inadequacy of current, 4 IPv4 protocol, 74 IPv6 protocol, high cost of implementing, 74 IRS. See Internal Revenue Service ISPs. Read the entire page →
From page 242... ... , 17, 90, 92, 211 educational venture with Microsoft, 179-180, 211, 213 Media Lab, 182 "professors of the practice" at, 167-168 Project Oxygen, 62, 96 Sloan School of Management, 84 MCC. See Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation MCI Corporation, expenditures on R&D 64, 78 Mechanisms for social applications research, 160-187 embedding information technology research in other disciplines, 185-187 industry internships and sabbaticals, 166-168 interdisciplinary research in academia, 168-179 interdisciplinary research in industry, 179-180 multidisciplinary research centers, 180185 participation of end-user organizations, 160-166 Mechanisms for strengthening information technology research, xi Mechanisms for supporting information technology research, 20 Media Lab, 182 Medical informatics, 163,168 lessons from, 163,171 Memex capability, goal for information technology research, 24 MEMS. Read the entire page →
From page 243... ... initiative, xii, 60, 62,121,178-179, 193, 201-202 Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence initiative, 177-178 need for Bureau of the Census to work with, 13, 205-206 programs in sociotechnical aspects of information technology promoted by, 173-174 recommendations for new programs at, 11, 198-201 Scalable Enterprise Systems, 122-123 science and technology centers, 183, 185, 193 National Weather Service, troubled systems at, 102 Natural systems, inspiration for the design of research programs, 127 NEC Corporation, recent trends in research by, 30 Network Control Protocol, 140 Network effect, 74 Network externalities, 170 Network security, 221-223 Network systems academic, 133 "large-enough"-scale, 131 very high speed, 132 New York Stock Exchange, 102 Next Generation Internet (NGI) initiative, 59, 61-62, 108, 123, 201, 213 NGI. Read the entire page →
From page 244... ... See Federal information technology research programs; Research programs Project Oxygen, 62, 96 Project Whirlwind, 21 Public goods, 75 Q Quantum mechanics, computers based on, 76 R R&D. See Research and development RBOCs. Read the entire page →
From page 245... ... , 1, 3, 6162, 64-71, 80-83, 85 disincentives to corporate investment in, 70-76 245 need for companies to involve end users in, 15-16, 211 need for NSF and Bureau of the Census to classify data on investments in, 13, 205-206 Research base degree of consensus regarding, xii diversity in, 49-51 gaps in, 79-81 Research challenges in social applications of information technology, 148-155 commerce, 151-152 common, 153-154 coordination and control, 152-153 group applications, 149-150 knowledge management, 150-151 in system-specific research, 154-155 Research Division (IBM) , 81, 180 Research motivated by social applications of information technology, 142-194 challenges in, 148-155 conducting, 155-160 defining, 144-148 expanding the scope of, 187 mechanisms for, 160-187 Research on large-scale systems, 99-141 improving the design and implementation of, 118-133 moving forward, 133-134 problems with, 100-107 technical challenges associated with, 107-118 Research programs design of, 126-133 designing, 126-133 Research teams, for conducting research on social applications, 157-160 Research topics involving social applications, 217-223 Researchers, influx of communications from, 62-63 Resources for information technology research, 48-98. Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... See also Middleware component, 129-130 development of prepackaged, 65, 81 research in, 62 Software bugs, 116 testing for, 112 Software developers, expenditures on R&D, 65 Software development methodologies for, 169 processes in the design of research programs, 127, 129 Software Engineering Institute, 158-159 Software engineering research, 157, 162 Software safety, 90 Speech-recognition, 72 historical perspective on, 21 Speech-to-text capability, goal for information technology research, 24 "Spin-ins" and "spin-outs," 73 Sprint Corporation, expenditures on R&D, 64, 78 SRC. See Semiconductor Research Corporation Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... See Science and technology centers Stokes, Donald, 26 Stokes' quadrant model of research, 27 Strategic advantage, information technology and, 169 Strengthening information technology research, mechanisms for, xi Students, encouraging participation of in interdisciplinary research, 13-14, 206-208 Styles of federal support, 58-60 Sun Microsystems, 92 Supplies industry sector, 64, 68 "Supply-chain" management, 106 Support for research infrastructure. See also Investment in information technology research computer, 65 in the design of research programs, 131133 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne, Reconstructing wireless, 217 Sybase, relational database research by, 21 Syracuse University, programs in sociotechnical aspects of information technology, 174 System-specific research challenges, in social applications of information technology, 154-155 Systems, 32 always-up, 24 consequences of changes or additions to, 5 Reconstructing, 220 difficulties with upgrades, 113 emergent behaviors of, 5 secure, 24 sociotechnical, 138 247 trouble-free, 24 Systems integration, 65 challenge of, 79-81 expenditures on R&D in, 80 Systems research agenda, expanding, 124126 3Com Inc., 97 Tablet computer, efforts to develop, 79 Tacoma Narrows bridge collapse, 34, 47 Targeted research, 65-66, 70 TCP/IP standard, 74 Technical challenges associated with largescale systems, 107-118 complexity, 108-110 distributed operation and administration, 118 flexibility, 111-114 heterogeneity, 110-111 large scale challenges, 108 trustworthiness, 114-118 Telecommunications research, changes in, 77-78 Telepresence, 24 Testbed networks, 131 Testbeds, linking to multidisciplinary research centers, 182 Testing large-scale systems, 112 Text-to-speech capability, goal for information technology research, 24 Theoretical approaches, to the design of research programs, 126 Transaction processing, 139 Transforming applications, 146 Trends in federal funding, 52-56 in industrial support, 66-70 in support for university research, 88-90 Trouble-free systems, goal for information technology research, 24 Trusted Global Advisor system, 97 Trustworthiness challenges associated with large-scale systems, 110, 114-118, 153 availability issues, 116-118 reliability issues, 116-118 security issues, 115-116 Turing Award, 24 Turing test, 24 Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... See Venture capital Venture capital (VC) , support for innovation, 31, 85-87 Venture One Corporation, 98 Veridical, Inc., 73 Very high speed network systems, 132 Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit Program, 21, 96 ViaVoice product, 72 Visual Insights, 72 Visualization, 96 von Hippel, Eric, 84 W Washington, DC, Metrorail, 117 Willamette microprocessor, 137 Wireless, Reconstructing, 217-221 Work, changing nature of, 146 Workscape, 62 World memex capability, goal for information technology research, 24 World Wide Web, 150 capturing information from, 106 needs of, 25 recent growth of, 22 X Xerox Corporation, 17, 179. Read the entire page →

From page 233...

... See Research agenda Air traffic control (ATC) system, 149 modernizing, 105, 213 Airport Surface Detection Equipment, 105 Akamai Technologies, Inc., 92 233 Alto computer, 21, 97 Always-up systems, goal for information technology research, 24 Amazon.com, 83-84, 86, 97,117 America Online Inc., 81 AMRIS, 104 Andersen Consulting, 8, 79-80, 97 Apple Computer, 30,179 Macintosh, 21 Appliances, information, 107 Applications, 32.

Index Pages 233-248

Index
Pages 233-248