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From page 357... ... , 265 Assessment to expand the pool of immediately available workers, 910, 201-212 accounting for unintended bias, 204-205 effectiveness of assessment techniques and the role of job analysis, 205-209 future trends in assessment of IT workers, 211-212 legal dimensions of assessment, 209-211 research needed into, 302 structured methods for, 10, 206-207, 287-288 Associate's degrees, awarded in computer science, 82 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Read the entire page →
From page 358... ... IT firms Business models, for third-party use of nonimmigrant foreign labor, 166-167 Business supply firms (BSFs) , model for third-party use of nonimmigrant foreign labor, 167 locating IT work abroad, 179-184 B Baccalaureate level, formal education at, 10-11, 228-240 Bachelor's degrees awarded in computer science, xi, 82 Category 1 IT workforce majority holding, 67-68 two-year turnover rates for IT and non-IT workers with, 95 Barriers to employers providing enough training, 297-298 Basic concepts supporting IT, understanding of needed for IT work, 56 Being Fluent with Information Technology, 292 Biotechnology, 317-330 and bioinformatics, 319-321, 328 global nature of sector, 321 impact on the economy, 321-324 number of companies and their valuation, 322-323 relationship to the pharmaceutical industry, 322-323 short history of, 317-318 similarities to and differences from IT industries, 329-330 Biotechnology Industry Organization, 318 Biotechnology workforce, 324-329 foreign worker participation in, 327 growth in, 324 trends in, 327-329 Black colleges and universities differences in the number of science, engineering, and IT-related graduates, from majority institutions, 238-239 lessons from, in promoting IT-related study, 238-239 job projections from, 110, 120-122 C C++ programmers, 142, 262, 264 Carnegie Technology Education (CTE) Read the entire page →
From page 359... ... Council, 18, 116-118, 310-311 Clearing of the IT labor markets, factors impeding, 108 359 COBOL programmers, 94,142 COCOMO model, for productivity, 59 Cognitive theory, 57, 270 Collaboration, remote, 184 Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology Development, recommendations from the report of, 216-218 Communications networks, 26-27, 53 jobs opening in, 110,120 Community college level formal education at, 11, 245-251 programs in biotechnology, 326 Compensation issues. See also Salaries; Wages in the Category 1 IT workforce, 68-79 in inferring a worker shortage, 102-107 ranking of by workers, 4 Competition for foreign workers, 178-179 in the IT sector, 29 with the private sector for the federal government IT workforce, 113-114 Computer Industry Salary Survey, 72 Computer programmers annual increases in mean income for, 76 number of hours worked per week, 190 Computer Science Accreditation Board (CSAB) Read the entire page →
From page 360... ... See also Black colleges and universities; Computer science education; Degrees; Formal IT education; Training IT workers alignment of educational programs in IT with employer needs, 16, 292-294 faculty recruitment pools, 294-295 formal IT education for students who concentrate in non-IT-related disciplines, 16, 295-296 funding formulas for state-supported, 301 IT fluency in K-12 and in colleges, 292 secondary mathematics education, 291292 training capacity of, 108 EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Efficient use of IT workers, improving, 188-201 improved recruitment and retention, 194-199 increased use of overtime, 189-194 making clearer distinctions between essential and optional attributes, 199-201 Electrical and electronic technicians, numbers growing, 85 Empirical evidence on the labor market experiences of older and younger IT workers, 139-147 AARP audit study, 146-147 data from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 139-140 labor market survey data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 140-146 Employees. Read the entire page →
From page 361... ... See Financial Accounting Standards Board Federal Cyber Corps, 18, 116, 118 Federal government IT workforce issues, 113-119 competition with the private sector, 113-114 concerns expressed by government contractors, 118-119 coping with tightness, 18, 116-117 flexibility for contractors, 310 incentives, 114-116 recruitment and retention issues, 116 remuneration and recruiting methods, 308-309 resources for training, 309 security, 117-118 working conditions, 309 Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Read the entire page →
From page 362... ... See Occupational groups; Underrepresented groups Growth in mean wages for the Category 2 IT workforce, 90 in the biotechnology workforce, 324 in the Category 1 IT workforce, 61-65 in total compensation for IT workers, 106 H H-1B visa holders characteristics of U.S., 164 numbers of temporary nonimmigrant workers in foreign worker programs, 161-168 plausible scenario for dilemma of, 174 H-1B visa program, 17-18,171-177. See also Green-card process employer perspective on, 172 investigations of alleged violations of, 175-176n worker perspective on, 172-173, 175 H-1B visas making more "portable," 18, 304 numbers granted to IT workers, 164n pros and cons of changes to levels of, 8-9, 178 Read the entire page →
From page 363... ... , 159-160, 165, 169, 300 Incentives for employers to increase training, 17, 297-299 direct grants to employers for training, 298-299 and the federal government IT workforce, 114-116 levy/grant or mandatory training IT careers programs, 298-299 subsidized loans, 298 tax credits, 298 Incentives for IT workers, nonmonetary, 115-116 Incremental change, vs. paradigmatic, 259 Incumbent workers, 99 India, IT education policy in, 242 363 Industrial sector. Read the entire page →
From page 364... ... See also IT workforce AARP audit study on, 146-147 applicants "testing," 99-100 data from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 139-140 data on job loss, Category 1 IT workers, 142 data on job replacement, Category 1 IT workers, 143-146 data on the relative youthfulness of Category 1 IT workforce, 141-142 elasticity of demand within, 103n empirical evidence on, 139-147 factors impeding the clearing of, 108 integrating work and learning, 12, 268270 overall, in inferring a worker shortage, 99 role of formal education, 10-11 survey data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 140-146 training IT workers, 254-267 IT sector, 23-132 as a policy driver, 3840 attention captured by, 28-40 character of, 23-43 characterizing the workforce problem within, 92-132 competition in, 29 definitions, 25-26 flourishing of, 29-32 future of, 23-24 global nature of, 39, 152 hardware subsector within, 25, 84-87 influence on the IT workforce, 24-28 investment abroad by, 181-183 jobs in, 194-198 role in present assessment of IT workforce issues, 40-42 understanding the IT workforce, 44-91 unemployment in, 93 access in the secondary classroom, 225226 combining with knowledge of a specific business, 122-123 concerns of government contractors, 118 future projections, 122-123 standards from the Northwest Center for Emerging Technologies, 248-249 IT users, 45n IT work, 90-91 Category 1 vs. Category 2 IT workers, 51-54 Category 1 work, 47-48 Category 2 work, 49 core knowledge and abilities needed for, 55-56 formal education, by type of, 54-55 fulfillment that comes from responsible positions serving the nation, 308 in Category 1 IT occupations by occupational category, 64 integrating with learning, 12, 268-270 interaction between Category 1 and Category 2 work, 49-51 locating abroad, 179-184 nature of, 4, 47-54 organizing for productivity, 291 role of experience and situated learning and knowledge in, 56-60 IT workers attracting and using more efficiently, 188-201 average change in median annual salary for, by region, 73 defining, 44-47 defining shortage of, 109 displaced, 145-146 educational background of, 79-82 expanding the pool of immediately available, 201-216 federal government in competition with private sector for, 113-114 future trends in assessment of, 211-212 growth in total compensation for, 106 improving quality of life for, 288-289 improving working conditions for, 309 intellectual and knowledge requirements for, 54-60 numbers of H-1B visas granted to, 164n Read the entire page →
From page 365... ... See Computer science education; Degrees; Formal IT education; Organizational learning; Situated learning; Training IT workers Legal dimensions of age discrimination, 136-138 definition of age discrimination, 136 legal theories for showing age discrimination, 137-138 Supreme Court rulings on, 138-138 Legal dimensions of assessment, 209-211 Levy/grant training programs, 298-299 Lifelong learning, need for, 254-255 Loans for training programs, subsidized, 298 M Male workers, Category 1 IT workforce predominance of, 66 Management for greater productivity, 127-130 for software engineering, 130 micromanagement, 130 of organizational learning, 49n Mandatory training programs, 298-299 Market disequilibrium models, of an occupational labor shortage, 98 Marketplace. See IT labor market Read the entire page →
From page 366... ... citizens, in the Category 1 IT workforce, 67 Nonimmigrant foreign workers. See Temporary nonimmigrant workers in foreign worker programs Northwest Center for Emerging Technologies (NWCET) Read the entire page →
From page 367... ... , 286n Priority workers, among permanent residents in foreign worker programs, 157-158 Private sector IT workforce, federal government in competition with, 113-114 Problem solving for IT workforce issues, 135-272 foreign workers in the IT workforce, 152-187 increasing the supply of qualified labor by training and education, 220-272 making more effective use of the existing IT workforce, 188-219 older IT workers and possible agerelated discrimination, 135-151 Productivity of the IT workforce COCOMO model for, 59 defining, 126n illustrative tools for, 127 impact of experience on, 59 increasing, 126-131 likely impact of improvements in, 129, 131 management and organization, 127-130 organizing work for, 291 367 research needed into, 302 tools, 126-127 variations among software developers, 52 Professional development, release time for, 16 Professional societies and groups, using to support educational efforts, 16, 296 Professional specialty workers, 66n age distribution of, 141 Project-based employment forms taken by, 123-124 future projections for, 123-126 Proprietary information issues, 125 PSFs. See Personnel supply firms Q Quality of life, improving for IT workers, 15, 288-289 Quantitative outlook for the IT workforce, future projections, 120-122 Quotas, per-country, 160 R Recruitment and retention of IT workers, 194-199 being more flexible in, 308-309 changing practices in, 287 for the federal government IT workforce, 116 improving internal human resources policies, 198-199 improving job attractiveness, 194-196 increasing awareness of jobs among potential workers, 196-198 Reduction-in-force (RIF) Read the entire page →
From page 368... ... worker shortages, in inferring a worker shortage, 102 Social abilities, needed for IT work, 56 Social change, broad-scale, 37 Social demand model, of an occupational labor shortage, 97-98 Software engineering, 25-26 elements of managing, 130 evaluating, 52 international aspect of, 152-153 research needed in, 302 Software reuse, 127 Software systems, industry and enterprise-wide, 127 Standish Group, 128 STAR program, 116 State-supported educational institutions, changing funding formulas for, 301 Strategic alliances, investment in by the IT industry, 181-182 Strategic Tactical Advocates for Results. See STAR program Strategies for increasing the supply of qualified labor, 220-272 integrating work and learning, 268-270 role of formal education, 220-254 training IT workers, 254-267 Structured assessment methods, 10, 206207 making more use of, 287-288 validated, 15 Structured interviews, 207 Students. Read the entire page →
From page 369... ... See also H-1B visas numbers of H-1B visas and workers, 161-168 obtaining an H-1B visa, 165-170 Tenure-track faculty, complements to regular, 236 Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) , 222-223 Tightness in the IT labor market, 109 coping with, 5, 13-14, 17 federal government coping with, 116-117 impact of age-related discrimination on, 150 worldwide, 100 Titles of IT workers, sample, 46, 88 Tools for greater productivity, 126-127 Training IT workers, 11-12, 15, 254-267 and firm size, 262-264 approaches to shared training, 266-267 costs of, 119 disincentives for employer-provided formal training, 255-257, 297-298 extent of, 261-262 factors affecting, 257-258 historical experiences in, 264-265 in ASTD firms, 265 incentives for employers to increase, 297-299 making more resources available for, 18,309 need for lifelong learning, 254-255 opportunities in the economy and in high technology, 260-261 promoting, 289-291 release time for, 16 support and infrastructure for, 258-260 369 supporting regional consortia for, 299300 time needed for, 108 training realities, 261-264 Tuition reimbursement, 116 Turnover rates, 95 U Underrepresented groups and concerns of government contractors, 118-119 joint action needed to expand opportunities for, 15, 312-313 targeting for IT careers, 16, 212-216 Unemployment, in the IT sector, 93 Unintended bias, accounting for, 204-205 Universities. Read the entire page →
From page 370... ... See also Displaced workers; Female workers; Foreign workers; IT workers; Male workers; Older workers; Skilled workers; Younger workers Worker shortages. See also IT workforce problem inference of, 97-108 perspective on the H-1B visa program, 172-173, 175 vs. Read the entire page →

From page 357...

... , 265 Assessment to expand the pool of immediately available workers, 910, 201-212 accounting for unintended bias, 204-205 effectiveness of assessment techniques and the role of job analysis, 205-209 future trends in assessment of IT workers, 211-212 legal dimensions of assessment, 209-211 research needed into, 302 structured methods for, 10, 206-207, 287-288 Associate's degrees, awarded in computer science, 82 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

Read the entire page →

From page 358...

... IT firms Business models, for third-party use of nonimmigrant foreign labor, 166-167 Business supply firms (BSFs) , model for third-party use of nonimmigrant foreign labor, 167 locating IT work abroad, 179-184 B Baccalaureate level, formal education at, 10-11, 228-240 Bachelor's degrees awarded in computer science, xi, 82 Category 1 IT workforce majority holding, 67-68 two-year turnover rates for IT and non-IT workers with, 95 Barriers to employers providing enough training, 297-298 Basic concepts supporting IT, understanding of needed for IT work, 56 Being Fluent with Information Technology, 292 Biotechnology, 317-330 and bioinformatics, 319-321, 328 global nature of sector, 321 impact on the economy, 321-324 number of companies and their valuation, 322-323 relationship to the pharmaceutical industry, 322-323 short history of, 317-318 similarities to and differences from IT industries, 329-330 Biotechnology Industry Organization, 318 Biotechnology workforce, 324-329 foreign worker participation in, 327 growth in, 324 trends in, 327-329 Black colleges and universities differences in the number of science, engineering, and IT-related graduates, from majority institutions, 238-239 lessons from, in promoting IT-related study, 238-239 job projections from, 110, 120-122 C C++ programmers, 142, 262, 264 Carnegie Technology Education (CTE)

Read the entire page →

From page 359...

... Council, 18, 116-118, 310-311 Clearing of the IT labor markets, factors impeding, 108 359 COBOL programmers, 94,142 COCOMO model, for productivity, 59 Cognitive theory, 57, 270 Collaboration, remote, 184 Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology Development, recommendations from the report of, 216-218 Communications networks, 26-27, 53 jobs opening in, 110,120 Community college level formal education at, 11, 245-251 programs in biotechnology, 326 Compensation issues. See also Salaries; Wages in the Category 1 IT workforce, 68-79 in inferring a worker shortage, 102-107 ranking of by workers, 4 Competition for foreign workers, 178-179 in the IT sector, 29 with the private sector for the federal government IT workforce, 113-114 Computer Industry Salary Survey, 72 Computer programmers annual increases in mean income for, 76 number of hours worked per week, 190 Computer Science Accreditation Board (CSAB)

Read the entire page →

From page 360...

... See also Black colleges and universities; Computer science education; Degrees; Formal IT education; Training IT workers alignment of educational programs in IT with employer needs, 16, 292-294 faculty recruitment pools, 294-295 formal IT education for students who concentrate in non-IT-related disciplines, 16, 295-296 funding formulas for state-supported, 301 IT fluency in K-12 and in colleges, 292 secondary mathematics education, 291292 training capacity of, 108 EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Efficient use of IT workers, improving, 188-201 improved recruitment and retention, 194-199 increased use of overtime, 189-194 making clearer distinctions between essential and optional attributes, 199-201 Electrical and electronic technicians, numbers growing, 85 Empirical evidence on the labor market experiences of older and younger IT workers, 139-147 AARP audit study, 146-147 data from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 139-140 labor market survey data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 140-146 Employees.

Read the entire page →

From page 361...

... See Financial Accounting Standards Board Federal Cyber Corps, 18, 116, 118 Federal government IT workforce issues, 113-119 competition with the private sector, 113-114 concerns expressed by government contractors, 118-119 coping with tightness, 18, 116-117 flexibility for contractors, 310 incentives, 114-116 recruitment and retention issues, 116 remuneration and recruiting methods, 308-309 resources for training, 309 security, 117-118 working conditions, 309 Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)

Read the entire page →

From page 362...

... See Occupational groups; Underrepresented groups Growth in mean wages for the Category 2 IT workforce, 90 in the biotechnology workforce, 324 in the Category 1 IT workforce, 61-65 in total compensation for IT workers, 106 H H-1B visa holders characteristics of U.S., 164 numbers of temporary nonimmigrant workers in foreign worker programs, 161-168 plausible scenario for dilemma of, 174 H-1B visa program, 17-18,171-177. See also Green-card process employer perspective on, 172 investigations of alleged violations of, 175-176n worker perspective on, 172-173, 175 H-1B visas making more "portable," 18, 304 numbers granted to IT workers, 164n pros and cons of changes to levels of, 8-9, 178

Read the entire page →

From page 363...

... , 159-160, 165, 169, 300 Incentives for employers to increase training, 17, 297-299 direct grants to employers for training, 298-299 and the federal government IT workforce, 114-116 levy/grant or mandatory training IT careers programs, 298-299 subsidized loans, 298 tax credits, 298 Incentives for IT workers, nonmonetary, 115-116 Incremental change, vs. paradigmatic, 259 Incumbent workers, 99 India, IT education policy in, 242 363 Industrial sector.

Read the entire page →

From page 364...

... See also IT workforce AARP audit study on, 146-147 applicants "testing," 99-100 data from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 139-140 data on job loss, Category 1 IT workers, 142 data on job replacement, Category 1 IT workers, 143-146 data on the relative youthfulness of Category 1 IT workforce, 141-142 elasticity of demand within, 103n empirical evidence on, 139-147 factors impeding the clearing of, 108 integrating work and learning, 12, 268270 overall, in inferring a worker shortage, 99 role of formal education, 10-11 survey data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 140-146 training IT workers, 254-267 IT sector, 23-132 as a policy driver, 3840 attention captured by, 28-40 character of, 23-43 characterizing the workforce problem within, 92-132 competition in, 29 definitions, 25-26 flourishing of, 29-32 future of, 23-24 global nature of, 39, 152 hardware subsector within, 25, 84-87 influence on the IT workforce, 24-28 investment abroad by, 181-183 jobs in, 194-198 role in present assessment of IT workforce issues, 40-42 understanding the IT workforce, 44-91 unemployment in, 93 access in the secondary classroom, 225226 combining with knowledge of a specific business, 122-123 concerns of government contractors, 118 future projections, 122-123 standards from the Northwest Center for Emerging Technologies, 248-249 IT users, 45n IT work, 90-91 Category 1 vs. Category 2 IT workers, 51-54 Category 1 work, 47-48 Category 2 work, 49 core knowledge and abilities needed for, 55-56 formal education, by type of, 54-55 fulfillment that comes from responsible positions serving the nation, 308 in Category 1 IT occupations by occupational category, 64 integrating with learning, 12, 268-270 interaction between Category 1 and Category 2 work, 49-51 locating abroad, 179-184 nature of, 4, 47-54 organizing for productivity, 291 role of experience and situated learning and knowledge in, 56-60 IT workers attracting and using more efficiently, 188-201 average change in median annual salary for, by region, 73 defining, 44-47 defining shortage of, 109 displaced, 145-146 educational background of, 79-82 expanding the pool of immediately available, 201-216 federal government in competition with private sector for, 113-114 future trends in assessment of, 211-212 growth in total compensation for, 106 improving quality of life for, 288-289 improving working conditions for, 309 intellectual and knowledge requirements for, 54-60 numbers of H-1B visas granted to, 164n

Read the entire page →

From page 365...

... See Computer science education; Degrees; Formal IT education; Organizational learning; Situated learning; Training IT workers Legal dimensions of age discrimination, 136-138 definition of age discrimination, 136 legal theories for showing age discrimination, 137-138 Supreme Court rulings on, 138-138 Legal dimensions of assessment, 209-211 Levy/grant training programs, 298-299 Lifelong learning, need for, 254-255 Loans for training programs, subsidized, 298 M Male workers, Category 1 IT workforce predominance of, 66 Management for greater productivity, 127-130 for software engineering, 130 micromanagement, 130 of organizational learning, 49n Mandatory training programs, 298-299 Market disequilibrium models, of an occupational labor shortage, 98 Marketplace. See IT labor market

Read the entire page →

From page 366...

... citizens, in the Category 1 IT workforce, 67 Nonimmigrant foreign workers. See Temporary nonimmigrant workers in foreign worker programs Northwest Center for Emerging Technologies (NWCET)

Read the entire page →

From page 367...

... , 286n Priority workers, among permanent residents in foreign worker programs, 157-158 Private sector IT workforce, federal government in competition with, 113-114 Problem solving for IT workforce issues, 135-272 foreign workers in the IT workforce, 152-187 increasing the supply of qualified labor by training and education, 220-272 making more effective use of the existing IT workforce, 188-219 older IT workers and possible agerelated discrimination, 135-151 Productivity of the IT workforce COCOMO model for, 59 defining, 126n illustrative tools for, 127 impact of experience on, 59 increasing, 126-131 likely impact of improvements in, 129, 131 management and organization, 127-130 organizing work for, 291 367 research needed into, 302 tools, 126-127 variations among software developers, 52 Professional development, release time for, 16 Professional societies and groups, using to support educational efforts, 16, 296 Professional specialty workers, 66n age distribution of, 141 Project-based employment forms taken by, 123-124 future projections for, 123-126 Proprietary information issues, 125 PSFs. See Personnel supply firms Q Quality of life, improving for IT workers, 15, 288-289 Quantitative outlook for the IT workforce, future projections, 120-122 Quotas, per-country, 160 R Recruitment and retention of IT workers, 194-199 being more flexible in, 308-309 changing practices in, 287 for the federal government IT workforce, 116 improving internal human resources policies, 198-199 improving job attractiveness, 194-196 increasing awareness of jobs among potential workers, 196-198 Reduction-in-force (RIF)

Read the entire page →

From page 368...

... worker shortages, in inferring a worker shortage, 102 Social abilities, needed for IT work, 56 Social change, broad-scale, 37 Social demand model, of an occupational labor shortage, 97-98 Software engineering, 25-26 elements of managing, 130 evaluating, 52 international aspect of, 152-153 research needed in, 302 Software reuse, 127 Software systems, industry and enterprise-wide, 127 Standish Group, 128 STAR program, 116 State-supported educational institutions, changing funding formulas for, 301 Strategic alliances, investment in by the IT industry, 181-182 Strategic Tactical Advocates for Results. See STAR program Strategies for increasing the supply of qualified labor, 220-272 integrating work and learning, 268-270 role of formal education, 220-254 training IT workers, 254-267 Structured assessment methods, 10, 206207 making more use of, 287-288 validated, 15 Structured interviews, 207 Students.

Read the entire page →

From page 369...

... See also H-1B visas numbers of H-1B visas and workers, 161-168 obtaining an H-1B visa, 165-170 Tenure-track faculty, complements to regular, 236 Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) , 222-223 Tightness in the IT labor market, 109 coping with, 5, 13-14, 17 federal government coping with, 116-117 impact of age-related discrimination on, 150 worldwide, 100 Titles of IT workers, sample, 46, 88 Tools for greater productivity, 126-127 Training IT workers, 11-12, 15, 254-267 and firm size, 262-264 approaches to shared training, 266-267 costs of, 119 disincentives for employer-provided formal training, 255-257, 297-298 extent of, 261-262 factors affecting, 257-258 historical experiences in, 264-265 in ASTD firms, 265 incentives for employers to increase, 297-299 making more resources available for, 18,309 need for lifelong learning, 254-255 opportunities in the economy and in high technology, 260-261 promoting, 289-291 release time for, 16 support and infrastructure for, 258-260 369 supporting regional consortia for, 299300 time needed for, 108 training realities, 261-264 Tuition reimbursement, 116 Turnover rates, 95 U Underrepresented groups and concerns of government contractors, 118-119 joint action needed to expand opportunities for, 15, 312-313 targeting for IT careers, 16, 212-216 Unemployment, in the IT sector, 93 Unintended bias, accounting for, 204-205 Universities.

Read the entire page →

From page 370...

... See also Displaced workers; Female workers; Foreign workers; IT workers; Male workers; Older workers; Skilled workers; Younger workers Worker shortages. See also IT workforce problem inference of, 97-108 perspective on the H-1B visa program, 172-173, 175 vs.

Read the entire page →

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Index Pages 357-370

Index
Pages 357-370