Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers A Guide for Postdoctoral Scholars, Advisers, Institutions, Funding Organizations, and Disciplinary Societies (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Analysis of Quantitative Data on Postdocs
Appendix B: Analysis of Quantitative Data on Postdocs
Pages 122-137
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From page 122... ...
, which is a biennial sample survey drawn from the SED; · Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engi peering, which is an annual survey of the academic departments of all post-baccalaureate institutions.
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. Englneenng Computer and Information Sciences Mathematics Physical Sciences Astronomy Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Chemistry Geological & Related Sciences Physics Miscellaneous Physical Sciences Psychology Social Sciences For the purpose of this guide these names were used to identify fields or they were combined as follows: .
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The following departmental identifiers or a subset of those departments were used for this analysis: Agricultural Sciences Biological Sciences Health Fields Engineering Mathematics and Computer Sciences Chemistry Earth, Atmospheric, and Ocean Sciences Physics and Astronomy Psychology Social Sciences This data was extracted from the National Science Foundation's CASPER Data System. Categories were selected from menus provided by the system.
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The following is a list of the broad field headings with the fine fields that comprise that broad field under its heading. Life Sciences Agricultural Sciences Biological Sciences (includes Biochemistry)
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126 ~~o til~ ~~t ~~-~ ~~ 5~5 ~~ ~8 LIST OF TABLES TABLEB-1: Postdoctoral Appointees in Academic Institutions by Broad Field, 1980-1998 TABLE B-2: Number and Percentage of Postdoctoral Appointments Across Employment Sectors, 1981-1997 TABLE B-3: US Citizen and Permanent Resident Postdoctoral Appointees at US Universities, 1988 - 1998 TABLE B-4: Percentage of US Citizens and Permanent Residents with Post doctoral Appointments in US Institutions by Field, 1988-1998 TABLE B-5: Reasons for Taking first Postdoctoral Appointment, by Field of Doctorate, 1997 TABLE B-6: 1997 Status of 1995 Postdoctorates, by Selected Science & Engineering Field TABLE B-7: Sources of Job Advice for Individuals with and without Post doctoral Appointments TABLE B-8: Comparison of Primary Concerns of Johns Hopkins University Postdoctoral Appointees in 1992 and 1997 TABLE B-9: Median Number of Months Spent in Postdoctoral Appointment, by Field and Years Since Doctorate TABLE B-10: Number of Science & Engineering Doctorates by Field, 1975-1998 TABLE Bell: Number of Science & Engineering Doctorates Planning Postdoctoral Study by Field, 1975-1998 TABLE B-12: Source of Support for Academic Postdoctoral Appointees by Field, 1998 TABLE B-13: Married and Dependent Status of Postdoctoral Appointees in 1997 TABLE B-14: Ratio of the Number of Tenured Faculty to the Number of Doctorates in 1987 and 1997 TABLE B-15: Median Postdoctoral Salaries by Employment Sector and Field of Doctorate in 1997 for Doctorate in the Six-Year Cohort, l 991 1996 TABLE B-16: Median Industrial Salaries in 1997 for Doctorates in the SixYear PhD Cohort, 1991-1996, by Field and Type of Appointment TABLE B-17: Median Government Salaries in 1997 for Doctorates in the SixYear PhD Cohort, 1991-1996, by Field and Type of Appointment TABLE B-18: Number of Postdoctoral Appointments in Selective Survey Years, 1981-1997 TABLE B-l9: Number and Percentage of 1991-1996 Doctorates that Hold Postdoctoral Positions in 1997, by Gender
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128 ~~o til~ ~~t ~~-~ ~~ 5~5 ~~ ~8 TABLE B~ Number and Percentage of Postdoctoral Appointments Across Employment Sectors, 1981-1997 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 Academic 8,628 8,848 11,761 13,264 19,358 Percent 91.4% 87.6% 89.4% 80.0% 80.3% Industrial 221 479 555 989 1,663 Percent 2.3% 4. 7% 4.2% 6.0% 6.9% Government 593 772 835 2,325 3,090 Percent 6.3% 7.6% 6.3% 14.0% 12.8% Total 9,442 10,099 13,151 16,578 24,111 Source: 1981, 1985, 1989, 1993, and 1997 Survey of Doctorate Recipients TABLE B~ US Citizen and Permanent Resident Postdoctoral Appointees at US Universities, 1988-1998 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 Agricultural Sciences 312 322 353 353 342 347 Biological Sciences 6,110 6,388 6,594 7,283 7,499 7,527 Chemistry 1,331 1,327 1,248 1,427 1,385 1,406 Earth, Atmospheric, and Ocean Sciences 307 377 415 514 504 527 Engineering 587 608 762 1,014 1,050 935 Medical Sciences 3,969 4,440 4,611 5,499 5,475 6,787 Mathematical Sciences 208 139 190 227 258 309 Physics and Astronomy 903 863 976 972 1,065 945 Psychology 425 381 401 426 483 482 Social Sciences 242 247 226 249 308 260 Total US Citizen and Perms 14,420 15,115 15,800 17,986 18,412 19,543 Source: 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, and 1998 Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering
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7% 6.6% 8.6% 12.5% 8.8% 9.0% Earth, Atmospheric, and Ocean Sciences 343 75 75 238 80 811 Percent 3.1% 1.6% 2.2% 5.4% 4.2% 3.3% Engineering 586 464 288 517 401 2,256 Percent 5.2% 9.9% 8.5% 11. 7% 21.0% 9.3% Medical Sciences 205 137 82 68 74 566 Percent 1.~% 2.9% 2.4% 1.5% 3.9% 2.3% Physics and Astronomy 1,010 347 175 399 162 2,093 Percent 9.0% 7.4% 5.1% 9.1% 8.5% 8.6% Social and Behavioral Sciences 1,368 564 412 514 305 3,163 Percent 12.2% 12.0% 12.1% 11.7% 15.9% 13.1% All Postdoctorates 11,197 4,687 3,403 4,406 1,914 24,235 Percent 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1997
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TABl-E ~~ Sources of Job Advice for Individuals with and without Postdoctoral Appointments Best Sources Utilized Sources Biochemistry Mathematics Biochemistry Mathematics Postdoctoral Postdoctoral Postdoctoral Postdoctoral Appointees Appointees Appointees Appointees Postdoctoral Mentor 41% 16% 59% 31% Job Notice in Professional Journal 38% 31% 57% 51% PhD Adviser 25% 39% 42% 60% Sent Unsolicited 7% 13% 21% 37% Other Faculty 16% 27% 39% 56% Former Professional Contacts 16% 28% 25% 40% Job Ads On-Campus 3% 6% 13% 13% Source: Science 1999, Vol.
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TARLE ~~ Median Number of Months Spent in Postdoctoral Appointment, by Field and Years Since Doctorate Years Since Doctorate 4 to 6 7tolO llto20 Agricultural Sciences 20 22 25 Biological Sciences 46 45 38 Chemistry 22 24 22 Earth, Atmospheric, and Ocean Sciences 23 19 16 Physics and Astronomy 34 32 25 Psychology 15 16 20 All Science and Engineering 29 29 26 Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995 Notes: Years since doctorate are counted from 1995 when data was collected. Data for the most current, 1 to 3 years cohort, is not provided since many doctorates are still in postdoctoral positions.
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132 ~~o t;~ ~~t ~~ r<~ s~-~s ~~ ~~s TABEE B~ Number of Science and Engineering Doctorates by Field, 1975-1998 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 Agricultural Sciences 1,067 1,072 1,258 1,321 1,212 1,208 1,112 1,192 Biological Sciences 3,497 3,803 3,793 4,328 5,376 5,723 5,777 5,848 Medical Sciences 462 586 729 956 1,330 1,324 1,422 1,500 Engineering 3,002 2,479 3,166 4,894 6,008 6,305 6,098 5,919 Mathematical Sciences 1,147 962 998 1,597 2,187 2,043 2,030 2,100 Earth, Atmospheric, and Ocean Sciences 634 628 617 769 807 807 897 838 Physics and Astronomy 1,300 983 1,080 1,393 1,652 1,676 1,597 1,584 Chemistry 1,776 1,538 1,836 2,100 2,162 2,148 2,143 2,217 Social Sciences 3,315 2,757 2,647 2,812 3,356 3,474 3,473 3,394 Psychology 2,751 3,098 3,118 3,281 3,279 3,340 3,564 3,681 All Science and Engineering Doctorates 18,951 17,906 19,242 23,451 27,369 28,048 28,113 28,273 Source: Survey of Earned Doctorates, 1920-1998 Note: Includes all doctorates, independent of citizenship status TABEE ~:! 1~ Number of Science and Engineering Doctorates Planning Postdoctoral Study by Field, 1975-1998 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 Agricultural Sciences 157 154 238 354 334 327 Biological Sciences 1,923 2,310 2,328 2,827 3,500 3,488 Medical Sciences 58 108 96 160 231 214 Engineering 385 279 425 843 1,193 949 Mathematical Sciences 119 111 147 300 437 367 Earth, Atmospheric, and Ocean Sciences 139 176 213 281 338 306 Physics and Astronomy 611 445 486 765 885 672 Chemistry 811 606 747 927 1,089 943 Social Sciences 139 191 193 225 316 357 Psychology 377 476 485 553 751 882 All Science and Engineering Doctorates 4,719 4,856 5,358 7,235 9,074 8,505 Source: Survey of Earned Doctorates, 1920-1998
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TABLE B~ i2~ Source of Support for Academic Postdoctoral Appointees by Field, 1998 Research Non-Federal Fellowships Traineeships Grants Sources 133 Total Agriculture 28 1 345 292 666 Biological Sciences 1,575 1,084 8,557 4,264 15,480 Medical Sciences 1,716 1,548 4,020 4,853 12,137 Engineering 1 13 21 1,829 867 2,830 Mathematical and Computer Sciences 75 2 370 195 642 Earth, Atmospheric, and Ocean Sciences 71 12 670 144 897 Physics and Astronomy 111 9 1,754 342 2,216 Chemistry 249 2 8 2,421 1,018 3,716 Social Sciences 35 26 96 226 383 Psychology 79 109 248 176 612 Total 4,052 2,840 20,310 12,377 39,579 Source: Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering, 1998 TARLE ~~] 3~ Married and Dependent Status of Postdoctoral Appointees in 1997 HAVE NO NOT CHILDREN CHILDREN MARRIED MARRIED Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Agriculture 373 54.7% 309 45.3% 539 79.0% 143 21.0% Biological Sciences 5,329 40.5% 7,833 59.5% 8,984 68.3% 4,178 31.7% Medical Sciences 276 48.8% 290 51.2% 345 61.0% 221 39.0% Engineering 855 37.9% 1,401 62.1% 1,686 74.7% 570 25.3% Mathematical and Computer Sciences 101 15.3% 557 84.7% 296 45.0% 362 55.0% Earth, Atmospheric, and Ocean Sciences 345 42.5% 466 57.5% 479 59.1% 332 40.9% Physics and Astronomy 555 26.5% 1,538 73.5% 1,160 55.4% 933 44.6% Chemistry 595 27.2% 1,589 72.8% 1,328 60.8% 856 39.2% Social Sciences 1,118 35.3% 2,045 64.7% 1,931 61.0% 1,232 39.0% Psychology 856 38.0% 1,398 62.0% 1,425 63.2% 829 36.8% Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1997
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134 ~~o t;~ ~~t ~~ r<~ s~-~s ~~ ~~s TABEE B~ Ratio of the Number of Tenured Faculty to the Number of Doctorates in 1987 and 1997 Ratio Tenured Faculty/ Doctorates Tenured Faculty Doctorates 1987 1997 1987 1997 1987 1997 Agriculture 157 281 5,551 6,107 35.4 21.7 Biological Sciences 1,923 3,324 22,967 24,718 11.9 7.4 Medical Sciences 58 197 2,545 3,899 43.9 19.8 Engineering 385 1,000 12,950 15,691 33.6 15.7 Mathematical and Computer Sciences 119 365 9,841 12,554 82.7 34.4 Earth, Atmospheric, and Ocean Sciences 139 309 2,944 3,504 21.2 11.3 Physics and Astronomy 611 654 7,047 7,370 11.5 11.3 Chemistry 811 923 9,334 8,623 11.5 9.3 Social Sciences 516 1,019 24,008 26,137 46.5 25.6 Psychology 377 733 12,404 13,993 32.9 19.1 Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1987 and 1997 TABEE ~~ Median Postdoctoral Salaries by Employment Sector and Field of Doctorate in 1997 for Doctorate in the Six-Year Cohort, 1991-1996 Academe Industry Government Life Sciences $27,000 $33,000 $35,000 Engineering $30,000 $56,500 $45,000 Physics and Astronomy $34,000 $48,000 $42,000 Chemistry $25,000 $40,000 $48,000 Social/Behavioral Sciences $27,600 $30,000 $35,000 Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1997 Note: Median salaries are presented only for individuals who received their doctorate between 1991 and 1996 to avoid including senior personnel who might classify a leave position as a postdoctoral appointment. Other fields where not included since the number of data points may be too small to provide accurate information.
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Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1997 TABLE ~:17~ Median Government Salaries in 1997 for Doctorates in the Six-Year PhD Cohort, 1991-1996, by Field and Type of Appointment Postdoctoral Positions Life Sciences Engineering Physics and Astronomy Chemistry Social/Behavioral Sciences 35,000 45,000 42,000 48,000 35,000 Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1997 Non-Postdoctoral Positions 50,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 51,000 Note: Median salaries are presented only for individuals who received their doctorate between 1991 and 1996 to avoid including senior personnel who might classify a leave position as a postdoctoral appointment. Other fields where not included since the number of data points may be too small to provide accurate information.
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136 ~~o til~ ~~t iEN(..~F Ff) R SCIE;~-~S A1~D ~~S TABLE B~ ~ 8~ Number of Postdoctoral Appointments in Selective Survey Years, 1981-1997 Academic Postdoctoral Positions 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 Life Sciences 5,257 5,294 6,909 7,720 11,253 Engineering 192 187 607 919 1,671 Physics and Astronomy 716 781 1,019 1,635 1,541 Chemistry 1,258 1,235 1,562 1,806 1,621 Social and Behavioral Sciences 894 1,090 1,148 588 2,069 Industrial Postdoctoral Positions 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 Life Sciences 100 193 217 404 655 Engineering NA NA 169 198 140 Physics and Astronomy 55 115 57 79 54 Chemistry NA 70 NA 240 307 Social and Behavioral Sciences NA 80 NA 50 465 Governmental Postdoctoral Positions 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 Life Sciences 332 502 583 1,524 1,594 Engineering NA 144 NA 144 384 Physics and Astronomy 62 NA 82 150 468 Chemistry 26 59 82 173 217 Social and Behavioral Sciences 88 NA NA 181 313 Source: 1981, 1985, 1989, 1993, and 1997 Survey of Doctorate Recipients Note: NA = insufficient data to provide reliable information.
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137 sly an ad .
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