Health and Behavior The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences (2001) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 331-356
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 331... ...
Evidence for the effects of social stressors, socioeconomic status, social support, anc3 social capital on health outcomes is growing. First, this chapter explores the interactions of risk factors.
|
From page 332... ...
However, the association of physical activity with fitness anc3 health, dietary nutrients with health or illness, anc3 excessive alcohol consumption with driving fatalities anc3 poor pregnancy outcomes also are recognized widely. Recently, basic anc3 applied research from a range of disciplines has clemonstratec3 the importance of reciprocal interactions over time among health anc3 biological, psychological, anc3 social factors.
|
From page 333... ...
BEHAVIOR CHANGE Producing Behavior Change Behavior can be changed anc3 those changes can influence health. Interventions can successfully teach health-promoting behaviors or attenuate risky behaviors.
|
From page 334... ...
, peptic ulcer disease (Klein anc3 Spiegel, 1989) , coronary heart disease (Linden et al., 1996)
|
From page 335... ...
. For example, a person might lose weight as the result of an intervention, but in the months anc3 years after that intervention, the effects of family anc3 friends, eating anc3 offering favorite fatty foods, advertisements for high-calorie treats, exposure to situations in which more nutritious food is not readily available, stress at work combinec3 with little time to seek out nutritious foods, anc3 confusing labeling or messages emphasizing low-fat but not sugar anc3 caloric content are likely to result in weight gain.
|
From page 336... ...
Specifically, an intervention tailored to specific needs, barriers, anc3 smoking patterns of African Americans resulted in a higher cessation rate at ~ year than clic3 a stanciarc3 intervention (Orleans et al., 1998~. Opportunities to increase the influence of smoking~cessation strafe' gies are becoming available through managec3-care programs in which more aggressive efforts can be undertaken to reach target populations.
|
From page 337... ...
Evaluatir~g Clirrical fr~terver~tior~s Chambless anc3 Hollon (1998) have proposed a four-component model for the evaluation of health behavior change strategies: efficacy, effectiveness, generalizability, anc3 cost-effectiveness.
|
From page 338... ...
, nicotine inhalers, social support, anc3 environmental restructuring) anc3 group-basec3, consisting of 8-12 sessions (Hall et al., 1994; Hill et al., 1993; Stevens anc3 Hollis, 1989)
|
From page 339... ...
The highly controllecl, and well~clesignecl nature of the stucly, including the high follow~up rates, high compliance with the interven' tion, the maintenance of the randomization by the school districts, well' matched control and treatment groups, and appropriate statistical analy' sis, strongly suggest that the failure to achieve change was a result of a failed intervention anc3 not poor methodology. This conclusion implies that future interventions need to take a different approach, critically re' thinking the interactions of biological, behavioral, anc3 psychosocial risk factors at social anc3 cultural contexts.
|
From page 340... ...
Media Campaigns It has been half a century since the publication of the first evidence that smoking causes lung cancer (Doll anc3 Hill, 19501. Since 1950, knowI' edge of the health effects of tobacco use has continued to grow systematic cally.
|
From page 341... ...
, anc3 per capita cigarette consumption clecreasec3 for the first time. In 1972, the tobacco industry voluntarily accepted restrictions on broadcast advertising.
|
From page 342... ...
15- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 Year FIGURE 8 2 Smoking Prevalence Among Adults Aged 18 and Older, California vs.
|
From page 343... ...
In California, for example, the state manciatec3 funding for health education campaigns, anc3 local health agencies were required to provide technical support and monitor adherence to antismoking laws, commu
|
From page 344... ...
344 HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR nity~basec3 interventions, anc3 enhancement of school~basec3 prevention programs (Bal et al., 19901. Evaluation studies in Massachusetts (Abt, 1997)
|
From page 345... ...
A summary of 19 studies that evaluated the effects of smoke-free workplaces on smoking habits showed that both smoking rates (cigarettes smoked cluring a 24 hour period) anc3 smoking prevalence (proportion of workers who smoke)
|
From page 346... ...
The U.S. Public Health Service issued a Clinical Practice Guideline (Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline Panel, 2000)
|
From page 347... ...
These five phases include hypothesis generation, clevelopment of intervention methods, controlled intervention trials, studies in clefinec3 populations, anc3 demonstration research (Chapter 71. Systematic clinical trials are needled to evaluate the value of behavioral anc3 psychosocial interventions; in particular, more studies are needled that document the effects of these interventions on health, quality of life, anc3 longevity.
|
From page 348... ...
Finding 3: Behavior can be changed: behavioral interventions can successfully teach new behaviors anc3 attenuate risky behaviors. Maintaining behavior change over time, however, is a greater challenge.
|
From page 349... ...
Many behavioral intervention trials document the capacity of interventions to modify risk factors, but relatively few measured mortality and morbidity. However, ramifications of interventions are not always apparent until they are fully evaluated, and unexpected consequences can result.
|
From page 350... ...
Health Education Quarterly, 15, 225-233. Altman, D.G., Wheelis, A.Y., McFarlane, M., Lee, H., and Fortmann, S.P.
|
From page 351... ...
American Journal of Public Health, 86, 497-504. Delamater, A.M., Bubb, J., Davis, S.G., Smith, J.A., Schmidt, L., White, N.H., and Santiago, J.V.
|
From page 352... ...
an anti-smoking media campaign. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1218-1222.
|
From page 353... ...
(1989~. Educational attainment and behavioral and biologic risk factors for coronary heart disease in middle-aged women.
|
From page 354... ...
(1995~. Effects of psychosocial interventions with adult cancer patients: A meta-analysis of randomized experiments.
|
From page 355... ...
(1997~. Revolution in health promotion: Smoking cessation as a case study.
|
From page 356... ...
(1999~. Interactive versus noninteractive interventions and dose-response relationships for stagematched smoking cessation programs in a managed care setting.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.