Health and Behavior The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 363-377
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From page 363... ...
Index A Adaptation, 3 1 Adherence, in clinical interventions, 192194 Administrative strategies, 246 Adolescents with chronic disease, 212-218 family therapy for, 217-218 interventions affecting family relationship quality and functioning, 215-217 psychoeducational interventions for, 212-215 Adrenal steroids, 44 Adult weight gain, 96-97 Adults with chronic disease, interventions for, 218-219 Advantage, relative, of innovations, 305306 Adverse social interactions, 150-151 Advocacy Institute, 346 Affliction, disproportionate, of sexually transmitted infections, 1 10-1 12 Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) , 335-336 363 Alcohol consumption, 102-107 early data on, 19 maldistribution in, 106 negative health effects, 103-104 positive health effects, 104-105 quantifying net public health benefit, 105-107 socioeconomic factors in, 102-103 Allostasis and allostatic load, 4-5, 41-42 in the autonomic nervous system, 45 patterns of long-term harm associated with, 46 Alzheimer's disease, 211 American Academy of Pediatrics, 115 American Cancer Society, 107, 117, 119, 203 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 117 American Heart Association, 115 Heart Partners program, 308 American MedicalAssociation, 115, 117 American Psychiatric Association, 22 American Psychological Association, 281 American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST)
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From page 364... ...
364 Anger, 65 associated with susceptibility to diseases, 4 Anti-tobacco interventions, government level, 339-345 Anxiety, 67 Arousal, and memory modulation, 49-51 Assessing outcomes, 275-278 choice of outcome measures, 275-276 outcome measurement, 276-278 ASSIST. See American Stop Smoking Ir~terver~tiorr Study Atherosclerosis, 63 Autonomic nervous system, 62 allostasis in, 45 B Behavior definition of, 3, 20-21 health-related interventions affecting individual, 9-11 Behavior change, 333-335 maintaining, 334-335 models of, 183-191 producing, 333-334 Behavioral disease factors anger, 65 anxiety, worry, and hope, 67 in cardiovascular health and disease, 64-67 depression, 66-67 hostility, 64-65 vital exhaustion, 65-66 Behavioral factors affecting health, 27, 37178 Behavioral intervention studies, of individuals, lessons from, 209 Behavioral interventions, funding supporting long-duration efforts for, 16,348 Behavioral risk factors, 5-6, 87-137, 197-200 addressing, 197-200 alcohol consumption, 102-107 disease screening practices, 113-121 family and, 211 INDEX obesity, physical activity, and diet, 92102 sexual practices, 107-113 tobacco use, 87-92 unemployment, 155-156 Behavioral variables, integrating into interdisciplinary research, 16, 348 Bereavement, health and immunity effects of, 57 Biobehavioral factors in health and disease, 4-5, 39-86 brain as interpreter, regulator, and target, 47-51 cardiovascular health and disease, 61-67 defining, 20 developmental trajectories, 68-70 factors influencing long-term effects of stress, 57-61 immune system function in health and disease, 51-57 stress, health, and disease, 40-47 Biological risk factors, 27, 37-178 Biological variables, interdisciplinary research into integrating, 16, 348 Biosocial factors in health and disease, defining, 20-21 Blood cholesterol, screening for high, 115116 Bogalusa Heart Study, 70 Bone mineral density, 100 Bootheel Heart Health Project, 203 Brain function arousal and memory modulation, 49-51 as interpreter, regulator, and target, 4751 neurotransmitters, experience, and behavior, 48-49 Breast cancer screening, 119-120 British Regional Heart Study, 155 Buffering, positive social relations providing, 146 C Calcium intake, 100-101 Canadian Ministry of Health, 243
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From page 365... ...
, 208 Children, stress in, 68-70 Children with chronic disease, 212-218 family therapy for, 217-218 365 interventions affecting family relationship quality and functioning, 215-217 psychoeducational interventions for, 212-215 Cholesterol screening, 116 CHPGP. See Community Health Promotion Grant Program Chronic disease, 10 interventions for adults and elderly, 218-219 interventions for children and adolescents, 212-218 Chronic social stress, cardiovascular disease produced by, 62 Cigarette-smoking early data on, 19 measuring the public health burden of, 88-89 primary prevention of, 91-92 Civic association membership, density of, 164 Classic conditioning, 184-186 Clinical interventions, 192-200, 335-338 addressing behavioral risk factors, 197200 addressing psychosocial risk factors, 194-197 adherence in, 192-194 cost-effectiveness of, 337 evaluating, 279-281,337-338 on individuals, 192-200 need for research on practice, 200 in tobacco use, 335-338 Clinical research findings, presentation to consumers, 297-298 Cognitive social learning model, 186-187 Cognitive theory, 187 Cohesion.
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From page 366... ...
for Smoking Cessation, 203, 205, 308 Community-level interventions, 13-14, 254-258 concurrent, 17, 348-349 East Side Village Health Worker Partnership, 256-257 evaluating, 282-283 lessons from community change interventions, 257-258 Tenderloin Senior Organizing Project, 255-256 theories of change for, 252-254 Community socioeconomic standing, effects on mortality and morbidity, 8 Community-wide trials, 201-205 large-scale studies, 201-203 small-scale studies, 203-204 Conceptualization of SES, 143-145 general susceptibility versus disease specificity, 144 reverse causation and social selection, 145 INDEX Concurrent interventions at multiple levels, individual, family, community, and society, 17, 348349 Conditioning, 184-186 Constraints on health, governmental and societal, 260 Constructs, community-level, 252 Consumer dissemination, 294-300 for communicating risk information, 294-297 for presentation of clinical research findings, 297-298 for shared decision making, 298-300 Continuous-improvement models, 199 rot . opmg facilitated by optimism, 59 with long-term effects of stress, 24, 5860 psychosocial aspects of, 31, 333 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, 162 Coronary heart disease addressing psychosocial risk factors for, 196-197 hostility linked to, 5 Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (CPPT)
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From page 367... ...
See also Transmission associated with susceptibility, 4 biobehavioral, 39-86 in cardiovascular health and disease, behavioral, 64-67 psychosocial, 64-67 Disease management, families and,210-211 Disease screening practices, 113 - 121 breast cancer screening, 119-120 cervical cancer screening, 117 colorectal cancer screening, 117 - 118 primary versus secondary prevention, 114-115 prostate cancer screening, 118-119 screening for hypertension and high blood cholesterol, 115- 116 367 screening for sexually transmitted diseases, 120-121 Disproportionate affliction, of sexually transmitted infections, 110- 112 Dissemination, 274-327 to community-based groups, 304-307 to consumers, 294-300 through interorganizational linkages, 307-309 through organizations, 301-304 Distribution, of medical care, 141 Drinking, 102-107 linked with smoking, 6 negative health effects, 103- 104 positive health effects, 104- 105 quantifying net public health benefit, 105-107 socioeconomic factors in, 102- 103 DSM-IV, 22 E East Side Village Health Worker Partnership (ESVHWP) , 256-257 Ecological approach, to healthy behavior research, 28-29 Economic adversity, relational strengths - , protecting against, ~ Educational interventions, 195 .
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From page 368... ...
See East Side Village Health Worker Partnership Evaluating clinical interventions, 279281, 337-338 for efficacy and effectiveness, 280-281 evidence-based medicine, 279-280 Evaluating intervention research, 274-327 cost-effectiveness evaluation, 291-293 disseminating, 294-309 Evaluating interventions, 275-291 clinical, 279-281 community-level, 282-289 governmental, 290-291, 343 -345 outcomes of, 275-278 Evaluation design, 284 Evaluation models, 309 Evidence-based medicine, 279-280 Evidence hierarchies, 279 Excise taxes, 343 Extinction, versus original learning, 185186 F Families and health, 11 - 12, 209-211 families and disease management, 210211 family and behavioral risk factors, 211 health-related interventions for, 11-12, 183-240 models and interventions, 183-240 models of behavior charge, 183-191 Family interaction interventions, 211 -221 for adults and elderly with chronic disease, 218-219 for caregivers, 219-220 INDEX for children and adolescents with chronic disease, 212-218 concurrent, 17,348-349 family therapy, 217-218 relationship quality and functioning, 215-217 Family intervention studies, lessons from, 220-221 Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) , 117-118 "Fight or flight," 40 Findings and recommendations, 16-18, 348-350 application of research results, 347 behavior change, 333-335 for concurrent interventions at multiple levels, 17, 348-349 for funding supporting long-duration efforts, 16, 348 interactions among risk factors,331333 for interdisciplinary research, 16, 348 intervention in tobacco use, 335-347 for intervention studies, 16, 17, 348, 349 for program planners and policy makers, 17-18,349-350 for resource allocation to health promotion and disease prevention, 17,349 5-A-Day Campaign, 261 Flexible sigmoidoscopy, 117-118 FOBT.
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From page 369... ...
, 19-20, 331 Hostility, 64-65 updating, 27 Health behaviors, changing employee, 244-245 Health belief model (HBM) , 187-188 Health Care Financing Administration, 291 Health care systems, resource allocation to health promotion and disease prevention by, 17, 349 Health communication campaigns, 261 262 Health-enhancing behaviors, promoting with positive social relations, 147 Health-related interventions, 8- 15, 1 79 327 for communities, 13-14, 241-273 evaluating and disseminating intervention research on, 274-327 for families, 11-12, 183-240 for individuals, 9-11, 183-240 for organizations, 1 2- 13, 241-273 for society, 14-15, 241-273 Health targets, 260-261 369 Healthy behavior research ecological approach to, 28-29 program planners and policy makers modifying societal conditions to enable, 17-18, 349-350 Healthy diet, linked with physical activity, 6 Healthy People, 19, 260, 331 Healthy People 2000, 261 Healthy People 2010, 261 Heart Partners program, 308 Hemoglobin A1C, 216-217 High blood cholesterol, screening for, 115116 HIV importance of behavior to health, 20 psychological states associated with, 20 Homeostasis, 40 Hope, 67 a component of psychological wellbeing, 5 associated with susceptibility to diseases, 4 linked to coronary heart disease, 5 HPA axis, 48-49, 52-53, 63 HSPP.
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From page 370... ...
See Social isolation J Job-related risk factors, 152-153, 156 job strain, 152-153 threat of job loss, 156 Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, 115 K Kaiser Family Foundation, 204 L Learning, original, versus extinction, 185186 Learning and conditioning model, 184186 Legal interventions, 290-291 Life expectancy, 61 Life Skills Training (LST) program, 207 Life stress, 51 Lifespan and lifecourse development, 32 Lifestyle Heart Trial, 192 Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trials, 192 Long-term effects of stress, early development influence on, 46-47
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From page 371... ...
See Disease management Marital discord, health and immunity effects of, 56 Material conditions, 141 distribution of medical care, 141 toxic physical environments, 141 Measurement of health, 21-25 positive health concept, 23-25 time dimension of, 23 Measurement ofSES, 143-145 general susceptibility versus disease specificity, 144 reverse causation and social selection, 145 Media campaigns, government level antitobacco interventions, 340-342 Medical care, distribution of, 141 Medical practices, dissemination through, 303-304 Medication regimens, nonadherence to, 19, 333 Memory modulation, arousal and, 49-51 Memory processes, 50 Minnesota Heart Health Program (MHHP) , 201-202, 208 Models of behavior change, 183-191 cognitive social learning, 186-187 hearth belief model, 187-188 learning and conditioning, 184-186 social action theory, 190 stages-of-change model/ transtheoretical model, 188-190 theory of reasoned action, 188 Models of determinants of health, 25-26 Models of health-related interventions for individuals and families, 183-240 371 for organizations, communities, and society, 241-273 Models of planned change, 243 Modulation, of memory with arousal, 4951 Morbidity data, 21 Mortality data, 21 MRFIT.
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From page 372... ...
, 242243 Organizational dissemination, 301-304 through medical practices, 303-304 through schools, 301-302 Organizational interventions, 12-13, 241273 changing employee health behaviors, 244-245 communities and health, 250-254 community-level interventions, 254-258 lessons from, 250 organizations and health, 241-243 reducing environmental risk factors, 245-249 society and health, 258-260 society-level interventions, 260-264 Organizational readiness, in disseminations to community-based groups, 305-306 Organizations and health, 241-243 organizational culture, 242-243 planned-change models, 243 Original learning, versus extinction, 185186 Osteoarthritis, 101 Outcome measurement, 275-278 choice of measures, 275-276 Outcomes assessment, 22 Overweight. See Obesity p Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, 278 Pap smear, 117 PAR.
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From page 373... ...
See Put Prevention Into Practice program Practice in clinical interventions, need for research on, 200 Preintervention assessment, 217 Prenatal stress, handling, 46 373 Prevalence of obesity, 93-95 of sexually transmitted infections, 108 Prever~tir~g Tobacco Use Among Young People, 92 of cigarette-smoking, primary, 91-92 primary versus secondary, 114-115 of sexually transmitted infections, 112113 Primary prevention, versus secondary, 114115 Produce for Better Health Foundation, 261 Producing behavior change, 333-334 Program planners, modifying societal conditions to enable healthy behavior and social relationships, 17-18, 349-350 Prostate cancer screening, 118-119 Psychoeducational interventions, 212-215 Psychological factors, intervention studies into modifying, 16, 348 Psychological variables, interdisciplinary research into integrating, 16, 348 Psychological well-being, hope and optimism as components of, 5 Psychoneuroimmunology, 20 Psychosocial aspects of coping, 31 Psychosocial disease factors anger, 65 anxiety, worry, and hope, 67 in cardiovascular health and disease, 64-67 depression, 66-67 hostility, 64-65 vital exhaustion, 65-66 Psychosocial interventions, 195-196 funding supporting long-duration efforts for, 16, 348 Psychosocialrisk factors, 142-143, 194197 for cancer, 195-196 for coronary disease, 196-197 for diabetes mellitus, 194-195 psychosocial context, 142
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From page 374... ...
See Findings and recommendations Regulatory approaches, 262 Relapse rates, 193 Relational strengths, protecting against economic adversity, 7 Relative advantage, of innovations, 305 306 Relative political power, versus direct, 163 Relaxation training, 197 INDEX Religious belief, 165-166 Research evidence hierarchy, 279 Research findings. See also Studies presentation to consumers, 297-298 Resilience, 3 1 differential, 5 and long-term effects of stress, 57-58 Resource allocation to health promotion and disease prevention, by public health and health care systems, 17, 349 Retirement, 156-157 Reverse causation, in the conceptualization and measurement of SES, 145 Risk factors, 3-8 behavioral, 5-6, 87-137, 197-200 biobehavioral, 4-5 environmental, 245-249 interactions among, 331-333 job-related, 152-153, 156 psychosocial, 142-143, 194-197 social, 6-8, 138-178 Risk information, communicating to consumers, 294-297 Risk ratio information, communicating, 297 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 27 Robin Hood index, 159 S dissemination through, 11, 301-302 trials in, 206-208 Screening.
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From page 375... ...
See Stanford Five City Project Shared decision making, involving consumers, 298-300 Sigmoidoscopy, 117-118 Smoking, 26, 87-92 benefits of ceasing, 92 consequences of second-hand smoke, 90 factors associated with, 5, 258 linked with drinking, 6 major related diseases, 89-90 measuring the public health burden of, 88-89 primary prevention of, 91-92 socioeconomic factors in, 90-91 SMR. See Standard mortality ratio Social-Action Theory, 190-191 Social capital, social cohesion and, 163165 Social Cognitive-Learning Theory, 190 Social cohesion erosion of, 160 and social capital, 163- 165 Social factors affecting health, 14-15, 27, 37-178 intervention studies into modifying, 16,348 occupational factors, 151-157 religious belief, 165- 166 social inequalities, 157- 165 social networks and social support, 145-151 and socioeconomic status, 139-145 Social inequalities, 157- 165 in people and places, 157-161 in race, and discrimination, 161 - 163 375 in social cohesion and social capital, 163-165 Social influences, on long-term effects of stress, 60-61 Social interactions adverse, 150- 151 positive, 146-149 Social isolation, 149- 150 effect on risk of cardiovascular disease, 24 Social Learning Theory, 187 Social networks and social support, 7-8, 145-151 negative social relations, 149- 151 positive social relations, 146- 149 Social patterning, 6 Social relationships high quality, 23-24 program planners and policy makers modifying societal conditions to enable improved, 17-18,349-350 Social risk factors, 6-8, 138-178 large scale studies of, 19 Social selection, in the conceptualization and measurement of SES, 145 Social stress, cardiovascular disease produced by chronic, 62 Social variables, interdisciplinary research into integrating, 16, 348 Societal conditions, program planners and policy makers modifying, 17-18, 349-350 Societal constraints on health, 260 Society and health, 258-260 governmental and societal constraints on health, 260 and health-related interventions, 1415, 241-273 Society-level interventions, 260-264 addressing socioeconomic status and health, 262-264 concurrent, 17,348-349 health communication campaigns, 261-262 health targets, 260-261 regulatory approaches, 262
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From page 376... ...
, 255-256 Theories of change, for community-level interventions, 252-254 "Theory-based evaluation," 254 Theory of Reasoned Action, 188 Thresholds, changing diagnostic, 3 Time dimension of health, 23 Tobacco Institute, 344 Tobacco taxes, 343 Tobacco use, 87-92 benefits of smoking cessation, 92 consequences of second-hand smoke, 90 major smoking-related diseases, 89-90 measuring the public health burden of cigarette-smoking, 88-89 national concern about public health consequences of, 20 primary prevention of cigarette boundarles of present, 31-33 smoking 91-92 disseminating to community-based .
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From page 377... ...
Preventive Services Task Force, 1 13, 1 15, 1 17-120, 304 U.S. Public Health Service, 113, 346 V Village Health Workers (VHWs)
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