Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Pages 1-14
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From page 1... ...
, an independent federal regulatory agency, is required to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. In ~ 993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for residential upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires.
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From page 2... ...
The subcommittee was not charged or able, with the available data and resources, to evaluate adverse effects from occupational exposures, or the potential ecological effects that might result from the disposal of household furniture. The subcommittee also was not charged to compare FRs for efficacy, or to evaluate the cost, technology, exposure-standard achievability, or the benefits of using FRs on upholstered furniture to reduce fire risk, or to consider the toxicity of combustion products of FR materials from fires involving treated upholstery fabric.
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To identify adverse effects associated with an FR chemical, the subcommittee reviewed human (epidemiological studies, clinical observations, and case reports) and laboratory animal data on neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, organ toxicity, dermal and pulmonary toxicity, carcinogenicity, and other local and systemic effects.
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Because exposures to FRs in treated residential furniture fabrics have not been studied, there are no quantitative measurements of exposures under relevant exposure conditions. The subcommittee assumed that human exposure to FRtreated fabric in homes can occur potentially via skin contact, ingestion (specifically for infants or children who might suck or chew on fabric)
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In the absence of adequate human carcinogenicity data for any FR chemical, the subcommittee's approach for estimating cancer risks from exposure to carcinogenic FRs involved the extrapolation of observations of cancer at relatively high doses in laboratory animals to much lower doses anticipated for humans in residential settings. The upper limit on the cancer potency factor extrapolated from animal experiments was multiplied by the estimated lifetime average dose rate to estimate an upper limit on lifetime cancer risk.
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From page 6... ...
However, the subcommittee does not necessarily expect adverse effects at hazard indices slightly greater than 1, given the highly conservative assumptions it used to estimate risks. Carcinogenic risk assessments performed on the FRs that were found to be or likely to be carcinogenic indicate that some ofthe estimated excess cancerrisks may be greater than ~ x lo-6.
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9 u, l ~ l u, o ~ o ;- o co u, ·~ x ~ ~ x .~'1 <~ c~ o ~ ~ c)
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From page 11... ...
On the basis of the hazard indices for noncancer effects and/or the potential for cancer, the subcommittee recommends that exposure studies be conducted on the following FRs to Steins whether toxicity studies need to be conducted: antimony trioxi`de' antimony pentoxide and sodium antimonates,2 calcium and zinc molyb~ates, . organic phosphonates (dimethyl hydrogen phosphite)
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From page 12... ...
In the absence of relevant exposure information, the subcommittee made extremely conservative assumptions to overestimate the levels; therefore, there is considerable uncertainty in these exposure estimates. In the absence of any relevant exposure information, the subcommittee is unable to quantify the magnitude of uncertainty associated with these exposure estimates.
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The subcommittee recommends that a chronic toxicity study be done only when the results of short-term and subchronic studies indicate a basis for concern about cancer at expected exposure levels. Because of the extremely conservative assumptions it used in deriving RfDs and RfCs and in estimating exposure levels, the subcommittee does not recommend further research for noncancer effects for those FR chemicals that have hazard indices of less than 1 (see Table ES-1~.
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From page 14... ...
oxide, alumina trihyd rate, magnesium hydroxide, zinc borate, calcium and zinc molybdates, antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide and sodium antimonate, ammonium polyphosphates, phosphoric acid, organic phosphonates and cyclic phosphonate esters, tris~monochIoropropyI) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichIoropropyI-2)
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