Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals (2000) / Chapter Skim
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10 Antimony Trioxide
10 Antimony Trioxide
Pages 229-261
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It is user! in combination with some brominated flame retardants, and might also be used in conjunction with zinc borate, both within and outside the United States on commercial furniture, draperies, wall coverings, and carpets (R.C.
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Both studies indicate that antimony trioxide is absorbed dermally in rabbits. Elevated blood and urine antimony levels were reported in workers occupationally exposed to antimony, suggesting that antimony trioxide is absorbed following inhalation exposure (Cooper et al.
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Distribution No studies were identified on the tissue distribution of antimony trioxide following dermal exposure. Retired workers occupationally exposed by the inhalation route to antimony were reported to have elevated concentrations of antimony in their lung tissue as compared to non-occupationally exposed individuals (Gerhardsson et al.
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. HAZARD IDENTIFICATIONS Dermal Exposure Irritation Dermatitis was reported in workers occupationally exposed to 0.4-70.7 mg antimony/m3 (Renes 1953; McCallum 1963; Potkonjak and Paviovich 1983; White et al.
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Dermal exposure to antimony trioxide generally did not cause dermatitis in tested animals. Only mild skin irritation was observed even after repeated or prolonged exposure to large quantities of antimony trioxide (2-25 g antimony trioxide/kg)
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Inhalation Exposure Systemic Effects Tn humans, the lungs are the primary targets following inhalation exposure to antimony trioxide. Several studies of antimony smelter workers show that workers developed pneumoconiosis, chronic cough, and upper airway inflammation following chronic exposure to antimony trioxide (McCallum 1963, 1967; Cooper et al.
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237 oo Ct 3 oo cr C~ a a a z z z a cr ~ o o .
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4It was noted by the authors that they had difficulty generating the target concentration of 50 mg antimony trioxide/m3; the mean daily time-weighted average (TWA) = 45.5 mg/m3; the range was 0-191.1 mg antimony trioxide/m3; particle size: median circular area equivalent diameter= 0.347 ~m, mass median diameter (MMD)
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The sections of the lungs examined included both the right lobes and the major bronchi. The only exposure-related changes occurred in the lungs and included chronic interstitial inflammation, granulomatous inflammation, and increased alveolar macrophages.
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The subcommittee noted that the effects on the hemoglobin and protein levels in the blood might indicate that the dams were sick, and therefore the maternal effects might have impacted the fetal effects. In the fetuses, gross macroscopic changes were seen at the two highest exposure concentrations tested, with increased bleeding in fetal brain membranes and liver, an increase in the size of the kidney cavity and the cerebral ventricles, and isolated cases of ossification at the highest exposure concentration tested.
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~ 987~. However, the study is of limited use for quantitative toxicity assessment purposes because ofthe lack of information on the purity antiparticle size ofthe antimony trioxide used and the fact that maternal toxicity was seen.
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were observed in the high-exposure concentration group, but not in the low-exposure concentration or control groups. The study authors noted that the neoplasms appeared to arise from the alveolar epithelial lining cells.
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The lung tissue examined included the major bronchi. Elevated total leukocyte counts and atypical lymphocytes indicated leukemia in all groups.
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244 _` Cal an o .~ .N [A 1 C)
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. Other Systemic Effects No studies were identified that investigated the immunological orneurologi cal effects of antimony trioxide following inhalation exposure.
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247 ~ of ~ of 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ d.
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The high dose of 1,070 mg antimony trioxide/kg-d was considered a NOAEL for the derivation of the oral reference dose (RID) because the subcommittee did not consider an increase in red blood cell count to be an adverse effect and because the other effects are probably related to decreased food consumption.
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Serum cholesterol and urine volume in high-dose females (dose-related trend) , and triglycerides and red blood cell count in high-dose mates were increased.
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1991~. QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT Noncancer Dermal Assessment There are inadequate dermal toxicity data on antimony trioxide to derive a reference dose for dermal exposure.
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; RfC, reference concentration; UFA, extrapolation from animals to humans; UFH, intraspecies vanability; UPS, extrapolation from a study of less-than-lifetime duration; UFD, inadequate or deficient toxicity database. of 10 for intraspecies variation, a factor of 3 for database inadequacies, and a factor of 3 for a less-than-lifetime exposure that was longer than the standard subchronic study.
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Reference 0.2 Hext et al. 1999 Increases in Female serum enzymes; rats increased liver weight Total: 3,000 NOAEL' no-observed-adverse-effect level; RfD, reference dose; UFA' extrapolation from animals to humans; I3FH, intraspecies variability; UPS, extrapolation from a study of less-than-lifetime duration; UFD, inadequate or deficient toxicity database.
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Oral The carcinogenicity of antimony trioxide by the oral route of exposure cannot be determined because of lack of data. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION Noncancer Dermal The assessment of noncancer risk by the Heal route of exposure is based on the scenario described in Chapter 3.
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From page 254... ...
Dividing the exposure level by the oral RfD yields a hazard index of 0.1. Thus it was concluded that antimony trioxide used as a flame retardant in upholstery fabric is not likely to pose a noncancer risk by the dermal route.
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From page 255... ...
However, because of antimony trioxide's negligible vapor pressure at ambient temperatures, the subcommittee considered antimony trioxide not likely to pose a noncancer risk by exposure to vapors. Oral Exposure The assessment of the noncancer risk by the oral exposure route is based on the scenario described in Chapter 3.
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From page 256... ...
Antimony trioxide has negligible vapor pressure at ambient temperatures, so antimony trioxide used as a flame retardant in upholstery fabric is not likely to pose a cancer risk for exposure to vapors. RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
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From page 257... ...
Therefore, the subcommittee does notrecommend further studies of antimony trioxide following oral exposure for the purposes of its use as a flame retardant in upholstery furniture fabric. With respect to cancer, the effects following inhalation exposure are portalof-entry specific (i.e., only occur in the lung)
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1992. Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications.
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1970a. Primary Skin Irritation and Sensitization Tests in Guinea Pigs.
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1994. Subchronic and chronic inhalation toxicity of antimony trioxide in the rat.
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1983. Chronic Inhalation Toxicity of Antimony Trioxide: Validation of the Threshold Limit Value, Dissertation, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
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