Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals (2000) / Chapter Skim
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12 Ammonium Polyphosphates
12 Ammonium Polyphosphates
Pages 273-290
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From page 273... ...
The subcommittee also identified data gaps and recommended research relevant for determining the health risk from exposure to APPs. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Ammonium polyphosphates (APPs)
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commun., Nov. 1 1999 ~ , aIn this formula, "k" represents the degree of replacement of hydrogen ions with ammonium ions.
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reported that gastrointestinal absorption of higher polyphosphates is probably low. Polyphosphates are most likely hydrolyzed by stomach acids to phosphate and ammonium ions, which could then be absorbed.
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From page 276... ...
Metabolism No data were located on the metabolism of APPs following exposure by the dermal, inhalation, or oral routes of exposure. It is known that APPs are hydrolyzed by stomach acids and dissociate to the ammonium and phosphate ions following ingestion.
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There were no skin reactions to treatment with ER4 when the animals were evaluated after 24 and 72 hr. No irritation was observed in one male and two female New Zealand White rabbits exposed topically to fabric Heated with ER2 (Tnveresk 199Oa)
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From page 278... ...
None of the animals showed any tissue reaction either 24 or 48 hr after topical challenge with filter paper patches containing 50% or 75% solutions of ER4. Systemic Effects Acute dermal toxicity studies in Sprague-Dawley rats estimated the LDsos for ER2 and LR4 to be >2,000 mg/kg (Safepharm 1994, 19936~.
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From page 279... ...
Other Systemic Effects No studies were identified that examined the effect of dermal exposure to APPs, ammonium ions, or polyphosphates on immunological, neurological, reproductive, or developmental parameters in humans or experimental animals. Additionally, no studies were identified that investigated the carcinogenicity of these compounds in humans or animals following dermal exposure.
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Oral Exposure Systemic Effects No oral toxicity data for APPs were located for humans. Typical human dietary phosphorous levels are not harmful, especially in the presence of adequate calcium and vitamin D intake.
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281 Cal Cal to o Cal i · ~ Cal to sit o o V)
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From page 283... ...
suggest that chronic exposure to 0.5°/O polyphosphates in the diet may cause increased kidney weight but no kidney histopathology, while higher concentrations may cause kidney calcification when mineral levels are not equalized. Reproductive and Developmental Effects No information was found regarding the reproductive or developmental effects of APPs following oral exposure.
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From page 284... ...
There are no appropriate APP toxicity data available for deriving a dermal Inhalation RfC Only acute LCso data are available for APPs; these data are insufficient for the derivation of an RfC. Oral RfD There are no subchronic or chronic toxicity data for ER2 and ER4, therefore it is not possible to derive an oral RfD for these compounds.
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From page 285... ...
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION Noncancer Dermal Exposure The assessment of noncancer risk by the dermal route of exposure is based on the scenario described in Chapter 3. This exposure scenario assumes that an adult spends 1/4th of his or her time sitting on furniture upholstered with APPs, that 1/4th of the upper torso is in contact with the upholstery, and that clothing presents no barrier.
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From page 286... ...
In the absence of relevant inhalation exposure data, the subcommittee chose to estimate inhalation RfCs from oral RfDs. The subcommittee, however, recognizes that it is not an ideal approach and also recognizes that the estimated RfC levels might be considerably different than actual levels (if inhalation data were available)
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From page 287... ...
Therefore, inhalation of APP vapor is not likely to pose a noncancer risk when incorporated into furniture upholstery. Oral Exposure The assessment of noncancer toxicological risk for oral exposure to APPs is based on the oral exposure scenario described in Chapter 3.
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From page 288... ...
However, acute studies indicate that these compounds are probably not very potent toxicants and current use of these compounds as food additives further supports this opinion. Hazard indices calculated using the given exposure scenarios were less than one for the dermal, inhalation, and oral routes of exposure, indicating that these chemicals are not likely to pose health risks.
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1964b. Chronic oral toxicity studies of sodium hexametaphosphate in rats.tSummary]
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5. Seventeenth report of the Joint FAOM{HO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Technical Report Series 539; FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No.
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