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13 Phosphonic Acid, (3-{[Hydroxymethyl]amino}-3-Oxopropyl)-Dimethyl Ester
Pages 291-306

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From page 291...
... OCCURRENCE AND USE PA flame retardants have been used in various applications in more than 30 countries for almost 40 yr (Ciba 199Sa)
From page 292...
... is the leading manufacturer of PA-based flame retardants in the United States. PA flame retardants are produced by Ciba-Geigy include Pyrovatex CP Neu (or New)
From page 293...
... Textiles are treated with PA flame retardants by dipping the fabric in vats that contain Pyrovatex CP Neural or other PA flame retardant, which typically contains a cross-linking resin, an acid catalyst for the cross-linking reaction (such as phosphoric acid) , fabric softeners, and fabric-wetting agents.
From page 294...
... The subcommittee found no studies that measured the absorption of PA through the lung epithelium or gut wall following inhalation or oral exposure. Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion The subcommittee found no studies that addressed the metabolism, distribution, or excretion of PA in animals or humans following dermal, oral, or inhalation exposure.
From page 295...
... Dermal Exposure There are no peer-reviewed, published studies on the dermal effects of PA flame retardants in humans or animals. Several unpublished dermal-toxicity studies of PA were conducted for Ciba-Geigy by the contract laboratory Research & Consulting Company AG.
From page 296...
... Neurological Effects No changes in general behavior or motor susceptibility (such as spasms, clonic muscle spasms, tremor, and muscle twitching) were observed among mate and female Wistar rats 15 ~ after a single, 2 mL dermal application of PA at 2,000 mg/kg (RCC 1992c)
From page 297...
... No significant changes in body weight occurred in treated animals. Isolated dark red foci were observed in the caudal lung lobes of 2 males and 2 females exposed to PA.
From page 298...
... given PA by gavage doses of 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, or 5,000 mg/kg exhibited apathy, a reduction in spontaneous activity, and eyelid closure ~ to 72 hr after dosing. PA was found to be a low potency toxic ant when administered to Wistar rats over 28 ~ (RCC 1992g)
From page 299...
... Neurological Effects No changes in general behavior or motor function (spasms, clonic muscle spasms, tremor, muscle twitching) were observed in mate and female Wistar rats ~5 ~ after a single dose of PA by oral gavage of 2,000 mg/kg (RCC ~992e)
From page 300...
... . PA did not induce DNA damage in hepatocytes of male Wistar rats treated orally with PA either at doses of 200 or 2,000 mg/kg for 16 hr or 2,000 mg/kg for 2 hr (CCR ~ 993b)
From page 301...
... The subcommittee found one in vitro mutagenicity study of PA in the peer-reviewed literature, and its results were inconclusive. A well-conducted but unpublished Ames assay found PA to be nonmutagenic when tested in the presence or absence of exogenous metabolic activation (CCR 1992b)
From page 302...
... Inhalation Exposure Particles Inhalation exposure estimates for PA were calculated using the exposure scenario described in Chapter 3. This scenario assumes that a person spends I/4th of his or her life in a 30-m3 room containing 30 m2 of PA-t~eated fabric and the room is assumed to have an air-change rate of 0.25/hr.
From page 303...
... No inhalation RfC is available for calculating a hazard index, therefore no conclusions can be made about the noncancer toxicological risks posed by the inhalation of PA vapors. Oral Exposure The assessment of noncancer toxicological risk for oral exposure to PA is based on the oral exposure scenario described in Chapter 3.
From page 304...
... is available for calculating a hazard index; therefore, no conclusions can be drawn concerning noncancer toxicological risks associated with oral exposure to PA in upholstered fabric. Cancer No data are available on the carcinogenicity of PA by the dermal, oral, or inhalation routes of exposure.
From page 305...
... Submitted to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, prepared by Fire Retardants Chemicals Association.
From page 306...
... Study conducted by RCC Research & Consulting Company AG for Ciba Speciality Chemicals Corp. RCC (Research & Consulting Company AG)


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