Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals (2000) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
19 Chlorinated Paraffins
19 Chlorinated Paraffins
Pages 440-492
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 440... ...
Commercial chlorinated paraffins have carbon chain lengths between 10 and 38 carbon atoms and percent chlorination between 10% and 72%. Chlorinated paraffins are named according to their average e-paraffin chain length and percent chlorination.
|
From page 441... ...
. Chlorinated paraffins with average carbon chain lengths of 10-13 carbons (CIO ~3)
|
From page 442... ...
A recent survey of North American chlorinated paraffin industry did not identify textiles as a major area for use of chlorinated paraffins as flame retardants (Chlorinated paraffins Industry Association 1999~. Currently, chlorinatedparaffins are not used as flame retardants in residential furniture in the U.S.
|
From page 443... ...
19821. 2Summary of studies conducted by International Research Development Corporation for the Chlorinated Paraffin Manufacturers Toxicology Testing Consortium (Aochem France, Caffaro Italy, Diamond Shamrock Chemical USA, Dover Chemical USA, Dynamit-Nobel AG Germany, Hercules Inc.
|
From page 444... ...
(1980) reported that radio-labeled chlorinated paraffin was distributed to the body fat and liver of Wistar rats fed either 0.4 or 40 ppm of Ct4 i7, 52% chlorine, in their diet for 10 or ~ wk.
|
From page 445... ...
Metabolism No studies were found that attempted to identify the primary urinary metabolites of chlorinated paraffins formed in rodents or humans following exposure by any route. Ahiman et al.
|
From page 446... ...
found that hepatic P450 protein content and liver weights were increased and deethylation activity was inhibited in rats 24 hr after intraperitoneal injection of short-chain chiorinated paraffin (Table 19-2~. These effects were not observed for medium- or Tong-chain chlorinated paraffins.
|
From page 447... ...
Chlorinated paraffins may differ in the number of carbons in the chain, chlorine content, and trace contaminants. Therefore, any toxicological risk assessment should be based on toxicological data generated for the specific commercial chlorinated paraffin to be used as an FR in residential furniture.
|
From page 448... ...
Systemic Effects No subchronic or chronic toxicity studies were identified for chlorinated paraffins following dermal exposure. Available LDso data for dermal application of chlorinated paraffins are summarized in Table 19-4.
|
From page 449... ...
Other Systemic Effects No studies were identified that investigated the immunological, reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of chlorinated paraffins following dermal exposure. Inhalation Exposure There were no clinical signs of toxicity in rats exposed to ChIorowax 500C at exposure concentration of 3.3 mg/L for one hr (Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company 1975, as reviewed by EPA 1975~.
|
From page 451... ...
451 ~ 0 ~ ~ en cr~ '' '= (L)
|
From page 452... ...
452 ., I_ ¢ no ¢ ~ Z Z U
|
From page 453... ...
453 ~ ~ ~ ~ Cd Cd ~ $ ~ O to no X ~ ~ X ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ To of oo ~ ~ or an ~ Do ~ V 0 0 ~ ad V 0 0 ~ ° O O o D Z Z ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D ~ ~ ·^= ·^= 1 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 Cal Do O O Us \~)
|
From page 454... ...
454 .= En o ¢ o By U' ,~ hi o ._ Cot ~ ~ o =^ ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ `, row ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a a ,~ a ti an, ,.= 0 ~ C%]
|
From page 455... ...
455 ~ ~ Cd Cd h h 'A ~ _ cat c, ~ ~ ~ C,, ~ An,, ~ 0, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Do ~ ~ ~ so ~ ~ V o o co a, V O O cot °° °° 3 o 3 O D o ~ _ D 3 o ~ — ~ · > ~ D ~ .
|
From page 457... ...
. Major toxic effects associated with subchronic or chronic oral exposure to short-chain chlorinated paraffins include a statistically significant increase in relative liver weights in rats (NTP 1986a; Serrone et al.
|
From page 458... ...
458 Cal Ct Ct A: ._ o o U
|
From page 459... ...
459 cd cd oo Em Ad ..
|
From page 463... ...
463 CO o ~ oo ·_ =\ me ~ ~ E O §( E ~ E .~4 ~ ~ ,= ~ ~ c, ~ ~ 3 ~ ,= ~ ,-4 = ° ,_; |
From page 467... ...
467 Do Do Z Z o ~ ~ o o e ~ E O o ¢, O O NAG E o o ~ o e C ~ .~ ~ ~ O ~ X ~ ~ ·= E ~ o ~ ~ ~ E ' ~ A-', v°~m 7 3 ~ ~ o ~ ~ g ~ Ct _ ~ '^= o^ ~ be o o^ ~ ~ g ~ ° ~ go Ct U
|
From page 468... ...
468 .~ Ed Cut Cat it: C)
|
From page 470... ...
Statistically significant increases in relative liver weight were observed in both rats (Birtley et al. 1980; Serrone et al.
|
From page 471... ...
Survival was Tow in all female groups including controls after wk 65 due to a high incidence of utero-ovarian infection. Statistically significant increases in absolute liver weight and serum abnormaTities were detected in F-344 rats subchronically exposed to C22 26, 70% chlorine, at 3,750 mg/kg-d for 90 ~ (Serrone et al.
|
From page 472... ...
Evidence of carcinogenicity was observed in F-344/N rats given Coo ~2, 60% chlorine, by gavage 5 d/wk for 104 wk. Dose-related and statistically significant increases in the incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas and of hepatic carcinomas plus adenomas combined were observed in both males and females.
|
From page 473... ...
Statistically significant increases in the incidence of thyroid follicular-cell carcinomas plus adenomas combined were observed in female rats. A dose-dependent and statistically significant increase in hepatocellular adenomas and hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas was observed in B6C3F1 mice given C,0 ,2, 60% chlorine, by gavage for 2 yr (NIP 1986a)
|
From page 475... ...
475 of To ^ oo _ ~ ~ ._ ;> .
|
From page 476... ...
476 Cal so o _ rat O ~m Cal ~ a .= O ·Ce C.)
|
From page 477... ...
477 PA ~ Go C'', Z ~ Do at Z , o ·°Os E E ~ ° ° ~ _ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C)
|
From page 478... ...
However, based on the available carcinogenicity of these compounds, EPA decreed in 1994 (EPA 1994) that there was sufficient evidence for adding short-chain chlorinated paraffins to the list of chemicals subject to reporting under section 3 ~ 3 ofthe Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)
|
From page 479... ...
Oral RO) Chlorinated paraffins, if used as FRs in residential furniture, will most likely be applied as a latex backcoating, possibly in combination with antimony trioxide and other Fits.
|
From page 480... ...
. The critical effect observed in this study was liver toxicity (increases in relative liver weight, hepatocellular hypertrophy, cytoplasmic fat vacuolation, increases in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities)
|
From page 481... ...
Cancer Short-chain Chlorinated Paraffins There is adequate evidence for the carcinogenicity ofthe short-chain chiorinated paraffin Cal, 60% chlorine, in rodents (NIP ~ 986a)
|
From page 482... ...
Immunocytochemical staining for oc2u-giobulin in the tubules shows that this protein is present but is not the predominant protein that accumulates, and no hyaline droplets have been observed in male rats treated with high doses of short- or medium-chain chlorinated paraffins for 90 ~ (Wyatt et al.
|
From page 483... ...
In rats, the incidence of pheochromocytomas ofthe adrenal medulla was increased in females, and no tumor types were found to be significantly increased in F-344 males exposed to chlorinated paraffin as compared with controls. C22 26, 43% chlorine, was not genotoxic in the Ames assay with or without exogenous metabolic activation (NTP ~ 986b)
|
From page 484... ...
In the absence of a dermal RfD, the subcommittee believes it is appropriate to use the oral RfD for C22 26, 70% chlorine, as the best estimate of the internal dose from dermal exposure. A hazard index of 1.97 was calculated for this first iteration by dividing the estimated daily dermal dose of 0.59 mg/kg-d by the oral RID for chlorinated paraffins of 0.3 mg/kg-~.
|
From page 485... ...
Inhalation Exposure Particles Inhalation exposure estimates for chlorinated paraffins were calculated using the exposure scenario described in Chapter 3. This scenario assumes that a person spends I/4th of his or her lifetime in a 30-m3 room containing 30 m2 of chlorinated paraffins-treated fabric and the room is assumed to have a airchange rate of 0.25/hr.
|
From page 486... ...
The time-averaged exposure concentration for particles was calculated using Equation 6 in Chapter 3. In the absence of relevant inhalation exposure data, the subcommittee chose to estimate inhalation RfCs from oral RfDs The subcommittee, however, recognizes that it is not an ideal approach and also recognizes that the estimated RfC levels mightbe considerably different then actual levels (ifinhalation data were available)
|
From page 487... ...
Division of the dose estimate by the oral RfD for chlorinated paraffins of 0.3 mg/kg-d gives a hazard index of 0.053. This suggests that under the subcommittee's worst-case exposure assumptions, chiorinated paraffins do not pose a noncancer toxicological risk when incorporated into residential furniture upholstery at the estimated application levels.
|
From page 488... ...
DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS Chronic toxicity data are not available for C22 26, 70% chlonne, for any route of exposure. Properly conducted reproductive/developmental studies on chlorinated paraffins are not available.
|
From page 489... ...
, from Robert J Fensterheim, Executive Director, CPIA, regarding chlorinated paraffins for use in furniture flame retardants.
|
From page 490... ...
1980. Changes in rat liver morphology and metabolic activities after exposure to chlorinated paraffins.
|
From page 491... ...
1993. The effect of chlorinated paraffins on hepatic enzymes and thyroid hormones.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.