Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Flame-Retardant Composition in Fabrics: Their Durability and Permanence
Appendix B: Flame-Retardant Composition in Fabrics: Their Durability and Permanence
Pages 499-512
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From page 499... ...
. Chemical after-treatments include surface or topical treatments, coatings and functional finishes which become a part of the final fiber structure.
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From page 500... ...
A in FR Viscose(Lenzing) ; polysilicic acid and complexes A e.g., Visil AP (Sateri)
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From page 501... ...
, the wash-off stage will include an initial alkaline neutralization stage. This same sequence without the washing-off stage may be used to apply semidurable finishes where a curing stage allows a degree of interaction to occur between the finish and the cellulose fiber; typical examples are ammonium phosphates which during curing at about 160°C give rise to phosphorylation of the cellulose.
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From page 502... ...
Application methods include doctor blade or knife coating methods and the formulation is as a paste or foam. These processes and finishes are used on fabrics where aesthetics of the front face are of paramount importance such as furnishing fabrics and drapes.
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From page 503... ...
However, in order to pass the test requirements defined in BS5852: ~ 979 for domestic furnishing fabrics in the UK for cigarette and simulated match sources (this latter is similar to the conditions in the proposed CPSC test method) , worst possible levels of selected generic formulations may be presented.
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From page 504... ...
; useful up to Dry cleaning 30% wool in blends Flammentin KRE Organic phosphorus-nitrogen compound Flammentin MCFC Cross-linking silicone + P & N-containing 40°C water compounds soak, dry cleaning Schill & Seilacher F[~on R~t J Organic P- and N-containing compound Dry cleaning aSemi-durable relates to durability to simple water soak and dry cleaning protocols as def~ned in appropriate standards. Table B-5 lists these maximum levels assuming a range of fabric weights between 150 and 300 g (6-12 oz)
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From page 505... ...
Guardex PFR-DPH Organohalogen-phosphorus compound: polyester, polyamide, polypropylene Organophosphorus compound: polyamide Guardex FR-MEHN Sybron Chemicals (US) Flame Gard PE cone Organophosphorus compound: polyester Flame Gard 908 Organic nitrogen compound: polyamide aDurable relates to levels associated with normal dry cleaning and laundering protocols as def~ned in appropriate standards.
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From page 506... ...
In practice the heavier fabrics require the lowest add-one and so a realistic add-on might be less than one half of the concentrations in column 5. In addition, the right hand column figures are area density dependent and so would be reduced on lighter fabrics proportionately although increased to compensate for the lighter structure.
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From page 507... ...
It is important for the purpose of this study to emphasise that while fabric add-one determine the overall FRperformance, surface chemical concentrations are both add-on and area density dependent. Thus the same add-on on a heavy fabric compared with a lighter structure gives a much higher concentration of potentially extractable chemical per unit fabric area.
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From page 508... ...
Thus elevated temperature extracted material types and concentrations using normal leaching or laundering test conditions (which are rarely less than 40°C) may not extrapolate easily to lower temperatures associated with ambient room or external body temperatures.
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From page 509... ...
If each total cycle, including rinses, is of about ~ hr duration, and if a reduction in the temperature by 8°C is assumed to halve the rate of removal (Arrhenius Law) , then 50hrat75°C - 1600hrat35°C - 0.5°/O phosphorus loss from fabric -- 2.5% Toss of THP finish (see Table B-5~.
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From page 510... ...
Case 3 Ambient Atmospheric Hydrolysis and Solubilization of Cured Phosphonic Acid Derivatives Applied to Cellulosics The Tong-term ambient hydrolysis of these compounds has been estimated to be at the rates: 10% over 2 years, 20% over 4 years and 40% over ~ years (Ciba-Geigy circa ~994, unpublished material)
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From page 511... ...
If a typical suite of furniture comprises 30 square meters of fabric, then it may release (30 x 0.1294/365 = 0.011 g of HCHO/d. If this is released into an average bedroom or living room (4 x 4 x 3 = 48 ~ 50 m3, then a maximum air concentration of 0.16 ppm HCHO will occur each day.
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From page 512... ...
1992. Influence of laundering on durable flame retarded cotton fabrics.
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