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5 Decabromodiphenyl Oxide
Pages 72-98

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From page 72...
... The subcommittee also identified data gaps and recommended research relevant for determining the health risk from exposure to DBDPO. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES DBDPO is a brominated aromatic flame retardant that exists as a white to off-white powder.
From page 73...
... DECABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE 73 TABLE 5-1 Physical and Chemical Properties of DBDPO Property Value Reference Chemical formula Cl2Brl0O Synonyms decabromodiphenyl ether Chemical structure Br Br CAS registry # 1163- 19-5 Molecular weight Melting point 295-305°C Vapor pressure Br Br Br Br Br -- ;t A,> 0~ Br Br Br 959 4.63 x 10-6 Pa at 21°C CHEMID 1999 IPCS 1994 IPCS 1994 CHEMID 1999 HSDB 1998 HSDB 1998 Stenzel and Nixon 1997 Density 3.0 g/cm3 HSDB 1998 Solvability in water <0.1 ~g/L in water at 25°C; slightly Stenzel and soluble in acetone, benzene, Markley 1997 dichloromethane, ortho-xylene, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, pentane, and toluene Partition coefficient (Log 6.26 MacGregor Kow) and Nixon 1997 Tradenames AFR 102 1; Berkflam B TOE; BR IPCS 1994 55N; Brornkal 82-ODE; Bromkal 83-1ODE; Caliban F/R-P39P; EBR 700; FR300; Saytex 102; Saytex 102E; Tardex 100 Approximately 12 ,000 tons of DBDPO are used annually worldwide.
From page 74...
... (1999) compare~potential inhalation exposures ofthree groups of workers (clerks working in front of computer screens full-time, workers at an electronics dismantling plant, and a control group of hospital cleaning workers)
From page 75...
... (Dow 1994~. IlAZARD IDENTTFICATTON~ Dermal Exposure Irritation/Sensit~zation DBDPO does not appear to be a primary irritant based on observations from a skin sensitization study in humans and dermal irritation and acnegenesis studies in animals.
From page 76...
... This conclusion is based on lack of treatment-related effects, including body weight gain and survival, in rabbits following single administrations of 200- or 2,000-mg/kg to clipped intact skin for 24 hr and observed for 14 ~ (TRDC ~ 974; Great Lakes ~ 977~. No data were located that investigated the chronic toxicity of DBDPO from dermal exposures.
From page 77...
... Other Systemic Effects No data on immunological, reproductive, developmental or carcinogenic effects of DBDPO were identified following inhalation exposure. Oral Exposure A summary oftoxicity studies from oral exposures is presented in Table 5-2.
From page 78...
... 78 o m o a Cal C)
From page 80...
... Follicular cell hyperplasia was not observed in female mice or mate or female rats that were similarly exposed to DBDPO at doses as high as 7,780, 2,240, or 2,550 mg/kg-d, respectively. DBDPO doses in these rat and mouse studies corresponded to dietary concentrations of 25,000 or 50,000 ppm (2.5% or 5.0%~.
From page 81...
... Body weight gain was decreased by 13% in female rats fed ~ 1,110 mg/kg-d for 14 d (Hazleton Labs 1978) and decreased by 14°/O in female rats fed 3,650 mg/kg-d for ~ 3 wk (Hazleton Labs ~ 979a)
From page 82...
... (This is equivalent to 1120,1200, and 2240 mg/kg-d in male rats; 1120, 1200, and 2550 mg/kg-d in female rats; 3200, 3760, and 6650 mg/kg-d in mate mice; and 3200, 3760, and 7780 mg/kg-d in female mice.) Incidences of liver neoplastic nodules were significantly increased in low- and high-dose male rats (7/50 and 15/49, respectively, compared to 1/50 in controls)
From page 83...
... The NTP study (1986) concluded that there was "some evidence of carcinogenicity" for mate and female rats based on significantly increased incidences of neoplastic nodules ofthe liver, and "equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity" for mate mice based on a significantly increased incidence of hepatocellular tumors in only the low-dose group and non-statistically significant increases in thyroid follicular cell tumors in both dose groups.
From page 84...
... Systemic effects of short- or Tong-term dermal exposures to DBDPO have not been adequately studied. There were no treatment-related changes in body weight gain or survival in rabbits following a single application of <2,000 mg/kg (IRDC 1974; Great Lakes 1977~.
From page 85...
... Reference Liver thrombosis Male and NOAEL: UFA: 10 4.0 NTP and degeneration female rats 1,120 UFH: 10 (1986) observed at We UFD: 3 LOAEL of 2,240 Total: 300 mg/kg-d NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect level; RfO, reference dose; UFA, extrapolation from animals to humans; ~FH, extrapolation for intraspecies variation; UFD, inadequate or deficient toxicity database.
From page 86...
... This is based on no human data and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals (NTP ~ 986) , specifically, statistically significant increases in the incidences of "neoplastic nodules" of the liver in male and female rats and hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas combined in male mice.
From page 87...
... The subcommittee acknowledges that the increased incidence of "neoplastic nodules" of the liver in male and female rats and mate mice does not constitute sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of DBDPO and is aware that there is controversy over the significance of these lesions in determining cancer risk (Maronpot et al.
From page 88...
... bioassay was not determined, which raises the concern that these effects could occur at lower dose levels than the LEDlo. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION Noncancer Dermal Exposure The assessment of noncancer risk for the dermal route of exposure is based on the dermal exposure scenario described in Chapter 3.
From page 89...
... The hazard index of 0.25, derived by dividing the dermal absorbed dose rate of 0.98 mg/kg-d by the oral RfD of 4 mg/kg-d, indicates that DBDPO does not pose a noncancer risk by the dermal absorption route when used as an upholstery fabric flame retardant. Nevertheless, an alternative iteration of the exposure assessment was performed because of concerns about potential cancer risk (see below)
From page 90...
... The hazard index of 3 .34 x 10- A, again demonstrates that DBDPO, used as an upholstery fabric flame retardant, is not likely to pose a noncancer risk from dermal exposure. Inhalation Exposure Particles Inhalation exposure estimates for DBDPO were calculated using the exposure scenario described in Chapter 3.
From page 91...
... by the provisional inhalation RfC (14 mg/m3~. This indicates that under the worst case exposure assumptions, DBDPO, used as an upholstered flame retardant, does not pose any noncancer risk via inhalation of DBDPO in the particulate phase.
From page 92...
... Cancer Dermal Exposure Human cancer risk for dermal exposure to DBDPO was calculated by multiplying the lifetime oral cancer potency factor for DBDPO by the lifetime average dermal dose rate. Using the lifetime average dermal dose rate of 1.33 x lO~9 mg/kg-d, obtained in the alternative dermal exposure iteration (see the Noncancer Dermal Exposure section)
From page 93...
... This estimate indicates that DBDPO, used as a flame retardant, poses a negligible cancer risk via inhalation in the vapor phase. Oral Exposure For DBDPO, the lifetime average dose rate estimate by the oral route was 7.4 x ~ 0~4 mg/kg-~..
From page 94...
... 1972c. Chloracne Study Conducted on Decabromodiphenyl Oxide Mother Liquor.
From page 95...
... .1998. Assessment of Thyroid Follicular Cell Tumors.
From page 96...
... 1998. Risk assessment of thyroid follicular cell tumors.
From page 97...
... 439C-101. Sponsor: Chemical Manufacturers Association's Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel.
From page 98...
... 1999. Flame retardant exposure: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers.


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