Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals (2000) / Chapter Skim
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6 Alumina Trihydrate
6 Alumina Trihydrate
Pages 99-130
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES The physical and chemical properties of alumina trihydrate are summarized in Table 6-1.
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of aluminum chloride to pregnant Swiss mice resulted in elevated aluminum concenkations in the serum and organs of the dams and fetuses, and in the amniotic fluid (Anane et al.
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(1988) reported that workers exposed to aluminum from welding fumes had elevated aluminum concentrations in their urine, and that a 16 to 37-d break from exposure resulted in decreased urinary aluminum concentrations (median levels decreased from 54 Gag creatinine to 29 Gig creatinine)
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The addition of lactic, tartaric, gluconic, malic, succinic, ascorbic, citric, or oxalic acid to drinking water increased the concentration of aluminum in the bone; all except succinic and ascorbic acid increased aluminum concentrations in the brain. Prolonged fasting increased the absorption of aluminum in Wistar rats (Drueke et al.
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Distribution and Metabolism Dermal Exposure Following dermal absorption, aluminum chloride distributes to the brain in Swiss mice (Anane et al.
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Aluminum can form reversible and practically irreversible complexes with proteins, polynucleotides, and glycosaminoglycans (Gaurot 1986~. Excretion Dermal Exposure Aluminum was detected in the urine of Swiss mice following dermal exposure to aluminum chloride (Anane et al.
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HAZARD IDENTIFICATIONS Dermal Exposure {rritation Skin rashes in sensitive individuals are the only adverse effects observed in humans dermally exposed to aluminum compounds (ATSDR 1999~. Damage to the skin was observed in mice, rabbits, and pigs following exposure to 10% aluminum chloride and aluminum nitrate for 5 d.
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1981~. Neurological Effects Subclinical neurological effects have been observed in workers chronically exposed to aluminum dust, welding fumes, and McIntyre powder (finely ground aluminum and aluminum oxide)
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1994~. In the only animal study investigating the carcinogenic potential of inhaled aluminum compounds, there was no evidence of an increased incidence of tumors in the lungs of mate or female Wistar rats exposed to aluminum fibers (2.18-2.45 mg aTuminum/m3; 96% aluminum oxide)
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The background aluminum concentrations in feed, therefore, should be considered when assessing the toxicity of aluminum compounds. A summary of the studies is presented in Table 6-2.
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109 et Is o o Ct ¢ ; ._ ;^ o o $ ~ = O =~ ~ ~¢ Cal C)
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Comprehensive neurobehavioral testing of N: NTH Swiss-Webster mice exposed to 195 mg aluminum/kg-d as dietary aluminum lactate for 90 ~ found reduced motor activity, decreased hindlimb grip strength, decreased startle response, and increased tissue concentrations of aluminum (in brain and liver,
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diets containing 500 or i,000 ppm aluminum as aluminum lactate throughout gestation and lactation (control diet contained 25 ppm aluminum)
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(1989) fed 16 pregnant Swiss-Webster mice diets containing 500 or 1,000 ppm aluminum as aluminum lactate throughout gestation and lactation (control diet contained 25 ppm aluminum)
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Sporadic effects on maternal body weight and relative liver weight were seen with the other treatments. Aluminum lactate decreased fetal body weight per litter and increased the occurrence of cleft palate, dorsal hyperkiphosis, and delayed parietal ossification.
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, but significantly increased it during the post-treatment period (gestational ~ ~6-20~. Combined treatment with alumina trihydrate and citric acid also significantly decreased fetal body weight per litter, increased the incidence of delayed occipital and sternebrae ossification, and increased the absence of xiphoides (Gomez et al.
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(l 995) identified a LOAEL of ~55 mg aluminum/kg-d based on neurodevelopmental effects following exposure to aluminum lactate throughout pregnancy and lactation, and into adulthood in mice.
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The form of aluminum can affect the bioavailability of aluminum, but data suggest that alumina trihydrate is less bioavailable, and consequently less toxic, than other aluminum compounds. Therefore, the use of data on aluminum lactate should yield a conservative RfD for alumina ~ihydrate.
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The database lacks studies that identify a NOAEI~ for neurodevelopmental effects and a study that adequately assesses potential differences in the toxicity of various aluminum compounds. Cancer The potential carcinogenicity of alumina trihydrate cannot be determined based on inadequate data for an assessment of carcinogenicity via the dermal, inhalation, and oral routes.
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by the estimated RfC (5.25 mg/m3) results in a hazard index of I.4 x 10~4, indicating that under the worst-case exposure scenario, exposure to alumina trihydrate, used as an upholstery fabric flame retardant, is not likely to pose a noncancer risk from exposure to alumina trihydrate particles.
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DATA GAPS AND RESEARCII NEEDS Although there are toxicity data on other aluminum compounds, data on aluminum kihydrate are lacking. In addition, chronic carcinogenic studies following dermal, inhalation, and oral exposure, end reproductive and developmental studies following dermal and inhalation exposure are lacking for any relevant aluminum compound.
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1997. Aluminum citrate is transported from brain into blood via the monocarboxylic acid transporter located at the blood-brain barrier.
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1993. Effect of various dietary constituents on gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum from drinking water and diet.
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1979. Lung cancer mortality in aluminum reduction plant workers.
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1997. Gastrointestinal absorption, tissue retention, and urinary excretion of dietary aluminum in rats determined by using 26A1.
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1979. Mortality in aluminum reduction plant workers.
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1983. Mortality studies of aluminum reduction plant workers: Potroom and carbon depardnent.
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1992. Gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium in Alzheimer's disease: Response to aluminum citrate.
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1991. Aluminum distribution into brain and liver of rats and rabbits following intravenous aluminum lactate or citrate: A microdialysis study.
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