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Appendix D Weapons
Pages 404-428

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From page 404...
... . However, the committee first categorizes weapons according to their missions and required information support and then discusses guidance, acceptable time late, volume of data required, and allowable target location error as a function of their target sets.
From page 405...
... Current and programmed naval weapons for power projection are launched from manned attack aircraft, surface combatants, and attack submarines. D.1.1.1 Attack Aircraft and Air-Launched Strike Weapons The Navy's principal attack aircraft today are the carrier-launched F/A-18 C/ D and F-14, and the vertical-take-off-and-land (VTOL)
From page 406...
... Since its first use against Iraq in January 1991, Tomahawk has become a weapon of choice for deep strikes in limited military actions and for defense suppression prior to major military actions utilizing manned aircraft. Tomahawk is a 1,000 nautical mile range jet-powered cruise missile with GPS/INS guidance, terrain-contour matching, and an optical map-matcher for terminal update.
From page 407...
... The ERGM will enable accurate fires to a range of 63 nautical miles. In a remanufacturing program, the Navy is adding GPS to convert existing, obsolete standard missiles (built originally for air defense)
From page 408...
... The Navy' s means of killing moving targets are effectively limited to manin-the-loop aircraft operations at close range. Killing moving targets at long range will require new weapons or adaptations to existing weapons as well as new targeting and command and control capabilities.
From page 409...
... If 100 weapons are launched in a day, the amount of data needed to launch such an attack will be between 10~° and 10~i bits. If the targeting network does not incorporate distributed, locally available databases, the transfer of that many bits of data from a central data repository to a forward-deployed strike planning cell in a fraction of a day will require the availability of data links that can support data transfer rates of at least 1 to 10 Mbps.
From page 410...
... One may imagine future Tomahawk strikes that involve the release of 1,000 rather than 100 weapons within a day. Such strikes would require either data transfer rates that are 10 times current rates or distributed databases that are significantly larger than the imagery libraries currently available on forwarddeployed platforms.
From page 411...
... However, the location of the point where the radar lost contact with the moving target is the current target location. That point can be attacked if a weapon-equipped platform is within weapon range and has data links that allow it to be cued by JSTARS.
From page 412...
... HARM homes on the radar signals used to guide enemy air defense missiles, has a relatively short kinematic range, and for best results must be provided with target location uncertainty of less than about 2 km. Radiating targets may be localized by EA-6B aircraft, theater electronic intelligence (ELINT)
From page 413...
... HARM will continue to need relatively accurate target geolocation information, and with increased kinematic range, it will be even less tolerant of network latency than it currently is. Air-to-ground SEAD weapons that are used to attack nonradiating air defense weapons (antiair or small shoulder-fired infrared (JR)
From page 414...
... Off-board information will be used to support development of a composite target track suitable for cueing of local detection and tracking systems. D.1.2.2 Area Air Defense The primary threat for area air defense systems are the antiship cruise missile and the supporting systems such as launch platforms and countermeasures (e.g., standoff jamming)
From page 415...
... AIM-120 missiles currently have kinematic ranges on the order of 20 nautical miles (about 39 km)
From page 416...
... . D.1.2.5 Tactical Ballistic Missile Defense The primary threat for tactical ballistic missile defense (TBMD)
From page 417...
... D.1.2.5.1 Primary Command and Information Support Requirements of Air Defense Weapons As discussed above, mission effectiveness and efficiency in the use of theater missile and air defense weaponry require the following: · Common awareness of the operational situation, · Ability to effectively coordinate defensive measures, and · Capacity for defense in depth. The committee discussed how to achieve defense in depth.
From page 418...
... . Weapons in the theater-missile and air-defense mission require accurate fire control information in order to do the following: "Gridlock" sensor-to-shooter coordinate and time-reference frames, Discriminate threat from associated countermeasures and environments using multispectral and spatially separated sensors (including space-based sensors)
From page 419...
... Improvements are programmed for sensor performance, signal processing, acoustic signature reduction, and resistance to sweeping and countermeasures. Although there are no plans to incorporate sea mines into a network-centric warfare concept, there are R&D programs working toward this objective.
From page 420...
... In the case of an air-launched torpedo, communications between the weapon and launch platform requires a fiber-optic umbilical between the torpedo and a surface buoy that is in radio contact with the airborne launch aircraft. Although difficulties still exist, and not all platforms have full or continuous connectivity, the data links that are necessary to support a network-centric concept of ASW and torpedo usage exist.
From page 421...
... The dramatic progress in threat quieting and the shift from blue water to the complex transitional littorals is driving the development of ASW initiatives toward active acoustics, nonacoustics, and network-centric concepts. Littoral ASW operations tend to be asset intensive, and battle group assets are required to operate in concurrent multiwarfare situations.
From page 422...
... D.1.3.4 Primary Command and Information Support Requirements for Undersea Weapons Information support for mining operations is more in the realm of intelligence and environmental support than tactical support. Situational awareness is needed to protect the mine-laying platform.
From page 423...
... D.2 SUMMARY OF NAVAL WEAPON SUPPORT NEEDS This section summarizes information support requirements for weapons across all warfare areas, characterizing the needs in terms of accuracy of target location, data timeliness, and volume of data. Several attributes characterize weapons and determine which weapons are appropriate for targets of interest.
From page 424...
... , and yet the navigation corrections it provides and the use of a relative coordinate system to guide to the target location qualifies it as a closed-loop system. The future addition of a data link to the Tomahawk will permit providing target updates to the weapon, in effect providing closed-loop guidance.
From page 425...
... The Navy currently has no weapons in its inventory capable of ATR. D.2.2 Acceptable Time Late Tolerable latency of targeting data varies significantly with the dwell time or speed of the target, as shown in Figure D.2.
From page 426...
... Operational drivers include the following: · In-flight updates on target location to some air defense weapons throughout flight (SM-2, AIM-120, and ESSM) ; · Imagery transmitted from surveillance sensor to image-processing station for identification of a target and precise extraction of its geographic coordinates.
From page 427...
... Moving targets must be tracked continuously by a sensor in order to provide a weapon with a target location. The maximum allowable target location error (TLE)
From page 428...
... 428 I o CM ° a' a' ~ °— in · En m I o ._ _ Ct a)


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