Skip to main content

Balancing the National Interest U.S. National Security Export Controls and Global Economic Competition (1987) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:

Index
Pages 311-321

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.


From page 311...
... and 311 non-CoCom Free World countries, 8, 14, 18, 24, 67, 71, 149, 157, 169-170, 199, 212-213 C compliance with U.S. export/reexport controls, 100 controls on West-West exports, 140 export control between U.S.
Read the entire page →
From page 312...
... balanced representation in delegations to, 19, 159-160 compliance with restrictions, 137, 207, 214 deficiencies in, 137-144 East Asian attitudes toward, 209-210, ._ _ 216, 219 Diversion establishment of, 72 European views on value of, 187-188, 196, 198 exceptions process, 142-143 foreign policy pressures on, 144-145 improvements in, 14, 136-137 members of, 101 n. 1, 137, 195 NATO relationship with, 194 obscurity of decision-making criteria, 19, 143-144, 159, 172, 188 policy toward PRC, 99, 109, 137, 210 procedures for control of exports, 98 recommendations for strengthening, 2, 19, 23-25, 159, 142-143, 168-173, 188, 209 surveillance of exports to third countries, 139 technical data controls within, 171-172 unanimity rule, 141-142 see also CoCom listings D Decontrol of analytic equipment, 247-249, 271 on basis of foreign availability, 13-14, 18, 27, 132, 156-157, 170, 175-176 Defense articles and service, definition and export restrictions, 80 Detente, effect on U.S.
Read the entire page →
From page 313...
... investigative authority, 43 ways of reducing, 44, 99-100, 125 Dual use products/technologies categories, 81-82, 123, 231-233 controls on, 80-92; see also National security export controls diversions of, 41-45, 199, 207-209, 214, 217 East Asian views on control of, 101, 211-212 evolution of export controls on, 71-75 market for, 6, 55-56 responsibility for deciding export control issues for, 96 reverse engineering of, 5, 47 technological commodities, 18, 157, 170; see also Foreign availability U.S. export volume, 116 see also Technical data; and specific products EEnd-use certificates countries requiring, 196, 199, 217 U.S.
Read the entire page →
From page 314...
... export control system, 216-217, 219-220 I Individual validated licenses (U.S.) actions and processing times by exporter size, 244 categories of exports ranked, 232-233 data availability on, 105 delays and difficulties in obtaining, 210, 235 destinations for exports under, 230-231 expedition of processing, 87 number of, 107 processing times, 113, 123 structure of, 76-79 value of exports under, 116, 228-229 Information diffusion control of, 55 see also Technical data; Technology transfer Intelligence community evidence from, on export control effectiveness, 106-107 role in national security export controls, 40, 43, 45, 52 International trade changes since WWII, 54-56 International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR)
Read the entire page →
From page 315...
... 15, 189, 259 dimensions of, 70-101 distinction between foreign policy controls and, 19, 25, 158-159, 172-173 East Asian views on, 219-220 economic impact on U.S., 6-7, 9, 30, 120-121, 130, 152, 252-277 electiveness, 15-16, 19-20, 106-110, 152-153, 160 espionage deterrence value of, 45, 51 European views on, 184-202 friction over, 9, 147; see also Reexport controls historical background, 71-75 impact on scientific communication, 19, 127, 159, 162-163, 185, 210 implications of intelligence evidence for, 51-52 Intelligence Community role on, 40, 43, 45, 52 laws mandating, 18, 43, 70, 80-81, 87, 129, 156, 173-174 list of, see CoCom International List; U.S. Control List; U.S.
Read the entire page →
From page 316...
... exporters vis-a-vis, 123-124 diversion through, 148, 199, 207-208 export enforcement by, 190-191, 198-199 problems posed by, 191-192 Soviet technology acquisition through, 45, 52 see also Newly industrializing countries; Pacific Rim countries; Third countries; and specific countries North Atlantic Assembly resolution to block U.S. reexport controls, 147 North Atlantic Treaty Organization DoD policy for cooperation with, 194 military strength of, 31-32 relationship with CoCom, 194 p Pacific Rim countries perceptions about PRC, 206 perceptions about Soviet Union, 205-206 role of foreign technology in, 205 technological capabilities, 203-205 see also Newly industrializing countries; Non-CoCom Free World countries; Third countries; and specific countries Patents export of technical data through, 91-92, 127-128 secrecy orders applied to, 91-92, 127-128, 162 U.S.
Read the entire page →
From page 317...
... export control system, 211-212, 216, 219 Soviet military development civilian scientists involved in, 50 contributions of Western technology to, 45-49 U.S. development compared with, 48 Soviet technology acquisition administrative structure for, 42 channels, 4, 41-45 cost savings from, 46, 110 expenditures, 9, 106 funding and human resources for, 50 intelligence evidence on, 4-5, 40-42, 46 proportion of items subject to national security controls, 42 recommended use of intelligence on, 177 reports of, 46; see also Farewell documents success of, 4, 9, 16-17, 154-155 through non-CoCom Free World countries, 45, 52 U.S.
Read the entire page →
From page 318...
... and, 8, 14, 18, 24, 67, 71, 149, 157, 169-170, 199, 212-213 CoCom surveillance of exports to, 139 European views on export control for, 186, 198 recommended restrictions on exports to, 23-24, 109, 169 see also Newly industrializing countries; Non-CoCom Free World countries; Pacific Rim countries; and specific countries Trade barriers, proposed EEC elimination of, 193, 195 Transit trade Hong Kong treatment of, 208, 217 importance in Europe, 190, 198-199 U United Kingdom controls on West-West exports, 140 employment of scientists/engineers, 60, 62 views on U.S. export control system, 192-193, 200 see also Great Britain United States bilateral export control agreements between non-CoCom Free World countries and, 8, 14, 18, 24, 67, 71, 148-149, 157, 169-170, 199, 212-213 challenges to high-technology leadership of, 7, 59-68, 155, 203-204, 205 competitive effects of controls on, 9-12, 19, 55-58, 65, 67, 116-126, 153, 157, 158, 160, 186, 211, 213-214, 222-227, 247-249, 255, 271 computer exports, 114, 117, 124-125, 232, 269 controls on West-West exports, 140 defense expenditures to counter Soviet acquisitions, 110 destinations of high-technology exports from, 230-231 disparities between commercial and military technological development, 56 distribution of foreign sales, 269 economic impact of national security controls, 6-7, 9, 30, 120-121, 130, 152, 252-277 economic importance of exports of, 57-58 employment losses due to national security controls, 275 employment of foreign nationals in R&D, 17, 155-156 employment of scientists/engineers, 60, 62 export control between Canada and, 82, 90,91, 117, 138,230,259 extraterritorial jurisdiction, see Reexport controls global economic interaction of, 56-59 imports of manufactured goods, 57 R&D expenditures, 9, 59-61, 274 reliance on Japanese components, 55 restrictions on filing patents in Japan, 91 revenue losses for West-East exports, 272-274 revenue losses for West-West exports, 266-272
Read the entire page →
From page 319...
... Department of Defense controls on unclassified technical data, 21, 126-127, 162-163 Defense Technology Security Administration, functions of, 96, 132 delay in review of foreign availability claims, 14, 132, 156-157, 175-176, 200 export control responsibilities of, 8, 13, 80, 93, 96, 112, 131, 161-162, 175 15-country list, 189, 259 policy for cooperation with NATO, 194 recommended balance between policy and technical elements, 27, 175 U.S. Department of State export control responsibilities of, 80, 93, 130-133 lack of leadership within CoCom delegation, 160 recommended role in export control process, 26, 174 U.S.
Read the entire page →
From page 320...
... Europeans' concerns about, 189, 191 for exchange of data with multinational firms, 90-91 firm size differences in, 12, 115-116, 153, 214, 226, 239, 242, 244, 252 foreign sales covered by, 257-261 G-DEST, 82, 270 general, 82-83, 87-90, 92 government review of, 78-79 ITADA and ITADR, 25, 87-90, 117, 126, 128, 171 improvements in, 87, 109 individual validated, see Individual validated licenses (U.S.) for militarily sensitive items, 90, 128, 232-233 number of applications, 107, 117 operation and effects of, 221-253 procedures for obtaining, using, and keeping, 111-112 processing times, 12-13, 87, 109, 113, 114, 116, 123, 235-242, 244, 252 project, 83, 229 for reexports, 83, 92, 105, 107, 112, 117, 196, 243-246 returned without action, 241-243 service supply, 83, 229 structure of, 76-79 suspension or revocation of, 92-93 for technical data, 87-92, 117 unnecessary applications, 112-113 U.S.
Read the entire page →
From page 321...
... controls on, 140 removal of controls on, 144 U.S. revenue losses for, 266-272 see also Reexport controls; and specific countries
Read the entire page →

Key Terms

  • export controls
  • reexport controls
  • security export
  • free world
  • multilateral export

  • world countries
  • east asian
  • specific countries
  • technological capabilities
  • foreign policy

  • coordinating committee
  • pacific rim
  • control responsibilities
  • asian views
  • control policy

  • european views
  • rim countries
  • foreign availability
  • third countries
  • cocom international

  • individual validated
  • technology acquisition
  • soviet technology
  • revenue losses
  • control policies

  • multinational firms
  • security controls
  • newly industrializing
  • processing times
  • industrializing countries


    • This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
    More information on Chapter Skim is available.