Biodiversity (1988) / Chapter Skim
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Part 10: Policies to Protect Diversity
Part 10: Policies to Protect Diversity
Pages 391-418
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From page 392... ...
~ RLD CONSEnV^FION ~ _ _ t vir~ Pe~urce Oonse~ation 1~ jE AL ~ i n a a: e Oeve f o pm en : -- -- -a I ....
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From page 393... ...
STATUS OF THE REGION'S CLOSED FORESTS Closet! forests, i.e., tropical forests with a closed canopy as opposed to open grasslands Savannah, cover 300 million hectares and account for about one~third of the land area of Asia.
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From page 394... ...
. ~ Ot tast~growing species that can provide an alternative to continued exploitation of natural forests; and · a vigorous forest-conservation policy that will set aside substantial areas of the remaining tropical forests as ecological reserves to be protected from all forms of encroachment.
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From page 395... ...
Investment in more intensive natural forest management and, in particular, the establishment of compensatory plantations of fast-growing tree species can also help to take the pressure off natural forests. Species such as Gmelina arborea, Albinos falcatarra, Leucacna spp., and, in appropriate locations, Eucalyptus ant]
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From page 396... ...
Forest Conservation Policies About 1.8 million hectares (some 6% of the Region's forest) have already been set aside as national parks or nature reserves.
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Ghandi's leadership, steps were taken to increase the proportion of the agricultural budget devoted to rural afforestation and to upland watershed rehabilitation in the Himalayan range. · The commitment of log~exporting countries to the raising of timber taxes to TABLE 44-1 Strategies for Relieving Pressure on Tropical Forests of the Asian Region Examples of World Bank Forestry Projects Applying This Strategy Strategy Reservation of discrete areas of tropical rain forests as ecological reserves or national parks using World Bank lending policy as a lever to encourage more systematic · 1- reservatlon policies.
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From page 398... ...
Examples of several forest conservation and development projects financed by the World Bank are given in Tables 44~1 and 44-2. Greater support Is needed from the development agencies to set aside specific tracts of natural forests as protected!
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400 v o Lit £ o v)
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401 o C ~U _ _ ~,0 C ~C Cry Z rat ~ V ~U.
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402 a; ._ 4= o al o ~ D O j ~ ~ 3 ~ v ~ Go 2 ~ ~ ~ B o 4J ~ .
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Approximately 50 acres (20 hectares) of tropical forest are being converted or destroyed every minute (FAO/UNEP, 1981; Myers, 1980; Sommer, 1976~.
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In 1985, a global Tropical Forestry Action Plan (FAO, 1985; WRI et al., 1985) was developed jointly by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the development agencies, nongovernment organizations (NGOs)
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From page 405... ...
are moving in similar ways to implement the Tropical Forestry Action Plan. Not only are fuelwood and industrial forestry projects being developed, but several of these agencies are now financing conservation projects, including such traditional activities as establishing parks and developing management plans for critical wildlife species.
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Second, forestry and forest management need to change in many ways (Whitmore, 1984~. These changes are detailed in the Tropical Forestry Action Plan, and many forestry projects are incorporating them already.
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Congress in 1986 designates less than $10 million dollars per year for conservation projects outside the United States. · By comparison, the Tropical Forestry Action Plan estimates that 10% of the global effort, or $800 million dollars, will be needed over the next 5 years in tropical forest conservation.
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From page 408... ...
1985. Tropical Forestry Action Plan.
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This is a particularly urgent problem for those developing nations located in the tropics where the level of biological diversity is the highest and the threats to its maintenance are the greatest. Possibly up to 50% of all species on Earth may be native to the 6 to 7% of the Earth's land area that is covered by tropical moist forests 409
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For those situations where basic human needs must be met for conservation efforts to succeed, AID might be able to play a role both in conserving biological diversity and tropical forests and in fostering sustainable economic and social progress of the poor (U.S. Department of State, 19861.
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From page 411... ...
First, we can critically analyze why the habitat is changing and can identify steps to be taken to arrest these changes. For example, we must determine the human needs currently being met by those who slash and burn tropical forests, and we must find alternatives to this devastating practice.
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THE OBJECTIVES AND ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE The goal of U.S. development assistance programs is to help people of the developing countries enhance their human, social, and economic conditions.
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Only if they are provided with feasible alternatives to the wasteful slash-and-burn system will the world be able to protect the natural habitats and, in turn, to maintain biological diversity. Although the provision of such alternatives and better livelihoods for the world's poorest people is a major contribution of development assistance to conservation efforts, more can and must be done.
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From page 414... ...
The USAID mission concluded on the basis of these studies that pro' auction forestry held the greatest potential for development, that previous plans for extensive resettlement of people to increase food production were not feasible, and that major attention should be given to managing the area for the existing inhabitants, many of whom were native peoples (USAID, 1982~. The project contains 10 components, two of which are of primary interest here: natural forest management for sustained yield and the establishment of protected areas.
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An ex' ample is a new natural resources project in Panama, which has four components: watershed management, natural forest management, private industrial plantations, and farm woodlots. The project rationale is based on the need to protect the economic values of existing agriculture and commercial investments, including the Panama Canal, to maintain electricity and a water supply to major urban areas, to reduce dependence on wood imports, and to enhance employment.
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(One of the most pressing practical needs is to back up investments in these areas by national gov' ernments and donor organizations. The economic costs of watershed deterioration and the loss of tropical forests and wildlife are subjects of wide speculation but have rarely been quantified in relation to national economic and development budgets.
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From page 417... ...
o We should intensify our efforts to develop alternatives to unsustainable agricultural practices, such as slash-and~burn agriculture, and to incorporate the use of multipurpose tree species in all agricultural projects to reduce pressure on natural habitats. The work under way by the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture in Nigeria on alley cropping (i.e., mixing trees with annual food crops in different ecological zones in Africa)
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From page 418... ...
1985. Sustained Yield Management of Natural Forests: A Synopsis of the Palcazu Development Project in the Peruvian Amazon.
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