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From page 497... ... , 243 Afforestation, 60 Africa biogeographic setting, 249 conservation approaches, 248-259 deforestation projections, 64-65 dry tropical regions, 130 endemism centers, 249-252 extinction rates, 64 - 65 fragility and vulnerability of ecosystems, 258 grasslands, 176, 177 Great Lakes, 252 heathland shrubs, 251 introduced species, 251, 252 monitoring of ecosystems, 257 - 259 protected areas, 11, 254-257, 259 rain forest replacement by savannas, 56 Sahelian area, 177 Serengeti, 176 species diversity, 31, 64-65, 249-252 see also East Africa; West Africa; awl specific countries African eggplants (Solarium spp.) , 244 African invader (ant) Read the entire page →
From page 498... ... , 374 Arthropods, pharmacologic interest, 93, 94 Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) , 85, 107 Aru, 12 Ashton, Peter S., 9, 269-278 Asia agricultural productivity intensification, 394 395 closed tropical forest status, 393-394 conservation policies, 396 - 398 deforestation rates, 64-65, 120, 393 development agencies, 398 extinction rates, 64 - 65 protected forests, 11 solutions to deforestation, 394-396 species diversity, 31, 64-65 wildlands of concern, 438-439 see also Southeast Asia; and specific countries Asimov, Isaac, 129 Aspen (Populus spp.) Read the entire page →
From page 499... ... , 84 Bering Sea, 46 Betel-nut palm (Areca catechu) , 84 Beza-Mahafaly project, 152 Biodiversity aquatic, 171 - 172 benefits of, 21, 73, 81-82, 103, 296; see also Drugs and pharmaceuticals, plant derived burning effects, 80, 177-178 causes and consequences of losses, 14, 21 26, 59, 63, 72-73, 131, 197, 231, 263 264, 280-281, 446; see also Deforestation; Habitats destruction characteristic, 42, 44, 45 Christian view, 481-485 classification, see Taxonomy convolution, 203, 207-210 communicating the importance of, 82, 465 469 costs of research, 102 crises in geologic past, 51 - 57; see also Extinctions current state, 3-18 in dance, song, story, and poetry, 470-480 definition, 3, 36, 71 diversification, 160, 209-210, 275 economic considerations, 14-16, 79-82, 114-115, 206-210, 212-213, 415, 441, 443; see also Resource economics endemic, see Endemism estimating losses, 10 - 14, 22, 26, 44, 58 - 69 ethical considerations, 16, 80-81 extinction, see Extinction; Extinction rates formation, 209 gene pool reductions, 7, 11-12, 22, 32, 81 global role, 3, 10-12, 21-35, 48, 409 human dependence, 3, 21, 58, 81-82, 99 industrial uses, 112 information management, 231 - 238 interdependence among species, 203, 275 log factor, 169-171 medicinal uses, see Drugs and pharmaceuticals; Medicine; Traditional , . Read the entire page →
From page 500... ... , 188 Boggle unit of ignorance, 204-205 Bolivia, 148, 149-150, 367 Borneo, 9, 31, 67 Botanical gardens conservation methods, 271-273 genetic consequences of conservation, 273 275 role, 114, 276 - 277 see also specific botanical gardens and museums Botanochemicals, 112 Brady, Nyle C., 409~18 Brazil Acre State rubber tappers, 139 Amerindians, 114, 138-144 Atlantic coastal forest, 10, 29-30, ? 2, 147-149 colonization program, 143 conservation programs, 405 - 406 extinction of birds, 13 Manaus, 124, 126 new crops, 111 - 113 Para State, 142 primates, 146, 149 - 150 Rondonia project, 15, 29, 126 Sao Paulo, 72, 148 tropical forest area, 147 - 148 Tucurui Dam construction, 15 Brazil nuts, 142 Brazilian Shield, 125 Brome grass (Bromus tectorum) Read the entire page →
From page 501... ... , 456 Cenozoic era, 8, 51 Central African Republic, 148-150 Central America deep ecology, 79 deforestation rates, 120 new crops, 109 rain forest species diversity, 9 see also Latin America; arid specific countries Cerrado, 140 Challinor, David, 493~96 Channel Islands National Park (California) , 182-183 Chaparral, inland, 75 Chargaff, Erwin, 216 Charismatic megavertebrates, 145, 258, 293 Cheetahs (Acir~oynx jubatus) Read the entire page →
From page 502... ... 7 85 Crops Amerindian, 138 cross-breeding, 101-102, 110-111, 241, 244, 274 disease resistance, 110, 242, 361 fuelwood, 395 genetic diversity, 15, 81, 208 genetic resource activities, 242 germplasm, 242-244, 363 - 365 inefficient use, 23, 108 1andraces7 241-2437 2467 2767 3627 365 loss of potential species 817 365 newt 107-110 origins 157 817 99 - 1007 107 - 1087 1101117 132, 207, 242-244, 273-274, 362 363 resources for genetic conservation, 244 - 245 tree, 394 - 395 Vavilovian centers, 242-243 yields, 25, 241 Cross-breeding characteristics controlled, 241 crops, 101 - 1027 110 - 1117 2417 2447 274 embryo rescue techniques 244 potatoes, 102, 110 primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools, 244 tomatoes, 101 - 102, 110 Cryptococcus (Cryptococcus spp.) 7 role and values 423 ~ryopreservatlon embryos7 2927 302-303 seed 272 semen 303 - 304 Cube root (Lonchocarpus nicou) Read the entire page →
From page 503... ... , 111 Darwin, Charles, 10 DDT, 280, 282 Deep ecology movement, 79-82 Deep sea, 5, 38; see also Coral reefs; Marine environments Deer, 71, 132, 264, 346, 455; see also specific species Deforestation alternatives, 370 - 375 causes, 10, 120, 124, 394 climatic effects, 32 closed and open forests, 60-61 costs to remedy, 16 effects generally, 24, 103, 120-121 effects on Amerindians, 114, 142-143 extinctions, 31, 60, 62-64, 120, 121 rates, 8, 11, 29, 60 - 65, 119 - 122, 124, 148, 393-394 remote-sensing surveys, 29 solutions, 15 - 16, 394-396; see also Conservation; Forests; Rain forests; Reforestation; Temperate forests; and specific forests Desert-farming module, 346-351 Desmodium ovalifolium (vine) , 374 Developing countries, see Third World Development assistance, see Agency for International Development; World Bank Diamond, Jared, 12 Diego Garcia Island, 183 Dinosaurs, 55, 200, 249 Diversification, see under Biodiversity DNA flux theory, 245 libraries, 272, 292 structure in house mouse, 7 Dodo (Raphus caculatus) Read the entire page →
From page 504... ... - . specific countries Echinoderms, 8; see also Marine environments Eckholm, Erik, 81 Ecological reserves Asian region, 396 butterfly survival, 72 climate change effects, 451-459 edge effects, 269 effectiveness, 174 management, 457 - 459 most favorable sites, 269 protection strategies, 120 - 121 size factor in success, 313, 451 studies, 339-340 see also specific reserves Ecological restoration, see Restoration of species Ecology, deep, 79-82 Economics, see Biodiversity, economic considerations; Global exchange economy; Resource economics Ecosystems alteration, 186 - 187 convolution, 203, 207 - 210 gnotobiotic, 340-341 restoration, see Restoration of species Ecuador closed tropical forest area, 148 deep ecology, 79 deforestation, 11, 29-30 new crops, 109 timber trees, 111 urban areas, 79 woody plant diversity, 159 Eggplants, African (Solanum spp.) Read the entire page →
From page 505... ... (vine) , 113 Field stations, 103, 334-337; see also specific field stations Filter feeders, 39, 41 Fir, Douglas (Pseudotsuga spp.) Read the entire page →
From page 506... ... , 139 Forests acidification, 75 apete (patches) , 140 boreal, 157 burning, 79, 130 closed, 60-61 development assistance, 404-406 coastal, 10, 29 - 30, 72 fallow, 61 formation, 125 gallery, 140 gardening, 373-374 logged, 60-61, 167 mature, 66 monsoon, 31 montane, 31 open, 60 - 61 patch dynamics, 75, 174 recovery, 60 remnant primeval, 169 research needs, 68 resilience, 61 secondary, 60-64, 66, 68, 141, 167; see also Temperate forests types, 61-62 see also Deforestation; Rain forests; Temperate forests; Tropical dry forests; Tropical forests; arid specific forests Fossil records climate change, 456-457 extinction rates, 8, 13, 51, 54 gaps, 55 rain forests, 56 Foxglove (Digitalis spp.) Read the entire page →
From page 507... ... , 313 Ginseng products, 91 Glaciation, 33, 56, 249 Global 2000 Report, 60, 63, 296 Global exchange economy agricultural transformation, 206 biodiversity losses, 206-210 comparative advantage, 208 neoclassical model, 208, 210 see also Biodiversity, economic considerations; Resource economics Gnotobiotic ecosystems, 340-341 Goats (Capra hircus) , 183 God, 215-216, 469, 483-485 Golden Gate National Recreation Area (San Francisco) Read the entire page →
From page 508... ... , 87 Indians, see Amerindians Indonesia deforestation rates, 29, 276 Dumoga Bone National Park, 397, 405, 440 National Botanical Garden of, 276 primates, 149 - 150 reforestation and conservation programs, 395, 397, 405 transmigration program, 395 tropical forest area, 147 - 148 wildlands of concern, 438 World Bank forestry/agricultural projects, 399 Indri (Indri indri) , 146, 150-151 Information management, 231-238 Insecticides, see Pesticides Insects diversity, 3-5, 123, 126, 131 Read the entire page →
From page 509... ... , 86 Islands adaptive radiation, 182 biogeography theory, 6, 11-12, 29-32, 42, 62, 100, 162-163, 181-189, 269-270, 275 deforestation, 62 exotic species invasions, 68 fragility, 65 - 66 remnant secondary forest, 67 South Pacific, threat to, 31 survivorship patterns of species, 8 see also Caribbean islands; Oceanic islands; West Indies; and specific islands Israel, 158-159 Ivory Coast (Africa) , 31, 120, 438 Jaborandi (Pilocarpus jaborandi) Read the entire page →
From page 510... ... , 103-105, 121; see also Corn; Teosinte Malabar nuts (Adhatoda vasica) , 90 Malaysia closed tropical forest area, 148 domestication of oil plants, 113 forest conservation policies, 396 - 397 forest productivity intensification, 374, 395 Jengka Triangle, 394, 397 wildlands of concern, 438 World Bank forestry/agriculture projects, 399 artificial insemination, 303 - 304 diversity, 5, 71, 131, 250, 266 dynamics of large populations, 258 exchange via Panamanian land bridges, 6-7 extinctions, 184-186, 204, 357 game management, 374 - 376 herbivores, 185-186 introduced on islands, 184-186 word pictures and poems, 470-475 see also specific species Manatees (Trichechus spp.) Read the entire page →
From page 511... ... , 109 Nasturtium (Rorrippa indict) , 88 National Botanical Garden of Indonesia, 276 National Cancer Institute, plant screening for drugs, 92, 95 National Conservation Strategy Conference, 152 National Geographic Society, 114 National Heritage Data Centers applications of data, 235-237 contributors, 238 distribution geographically, 233 functions, 232-234, 237 - 238 networking and central data bases, 229, 234-235 National Museum of Natural History, 234 National Parks, see Parks and recreation areas; arid specif c parks National Research Council Board on Science and Technology for International Development, 15 Nations, James, D., 79-82 Natural selection, simulation ex situ, 274 Read the entire page →
From page 512... ... ) , 162, 243 Ocana, Gilberto, 370-376 Oceanic islands atolls, 182 critical habitats, 187 ecological research, 187-188 ecosystem-level effects, 186 - 187 endemism, 182 evolution and speciation rates, 182 exotic species invasions, 181 - 188 extinction, 181 - 182 feral pigs and cats, 186-187 founder effects, 184 grazing, 181 - 182 habitat destruction, 182, 187 herbivorous mammals, 184-186 human colonization, 181-182 management and protection, 185 predators, 181-182, 184-186 rats, 186 susceptibility to invading species, 184-185 see also specific islands Ocelots (Felis pardalis) Read the entire page →
From page 513... ... (trees) , 111 Peru Amazonian rain forest, 5, 31 Andes, 100 Central Selva Resource Management Project, 414 closed tropical forest area, 148 contrasted with Brazilian forest, 126-127 crops, 364 Cuczo, 100 Curahuasi, 101 deforestation rates, 29 fiber-producing plants, 114 gap analysis, 228, 229 Manu Park, 120 Napo center of Amazonia, 31 Palcazu valley project, 414 primates, 149-150 puna (grassland) Read the entire page →
From page 514... ... , 314 Prairies ferret dependence, 22 fires, 177-178 restoration, 312-314 tallgrass, 177 - 178, 312 - 314 see also Grasslands Predators/predation as extinction factor, 66, 72, 185, 186 control programs, misdirected, 72 marine, 39, 40, 41 seed, 330-331 Preservation of species animal marking and monitoring, 290, 375 artificial incubation, 264 artificial insemination, 264, 281, 303 - 304 artificial rearing, 264, 266 artificial selection controls, 274 breeding programs, 280-282, 290-291, 371-373, 396 captive management, 284 - 287, 289 - 293; see also Zoological parks cryogenic storage of seed, 272 disease management, 290 DNA libraries, 272 embryo cryopreservation, 302-303 embryo transfer, 264, 266, 298-302 fostering, cross-fostering, 264, 266, 283 gene banks, 276, 361-362, 414 germplasm, 242 - 244 hacking, 283 high-technology role, 263-268, 289-294 information management, 231-238, 291 - 293 limitations, 267 - 268, 363 long-term propagation, 264 primate, 146 - 148 relocation, 264 restraint and capture of animals, 289-290 role in conservation, 311 seed banks, 271-272, 275, 276, 363 short-term propagation and reintroduction, 264, 279-280 sperm and embryo banks, 297, 302-303, 304-305 sperm cryopreservation, 304 - 305 tissue cultures, 272, 274, 275 transplantation, 264 see also Conservation; Cross-breeding Read the entire page →
From page 515... ... , 71 Rail, light-footed clapper (Rallus longirostris levipes) , 317, 322, 323 Rain forests Amerindian management, 138-143 climate change effects, 209 conservation programs, 15 - 16, 135 definition and characteristics, 8-9 deforestation, 8-11, 28-29 ecology, 9 extent, 8 fossil record, 56 geographic distribution, 61 human population pressures, 80 logistic problems in studying, 126 lumbering, 15 New World tropical mainland, 11 Peruvian Amazon, 5; see also Amazonia refugia, 56 regeneration, 9, 60, 329; see also Reforestation soil, 9 species kills, 56 species richness, 3, 5, 8-10 threatened, 3, 9-10, 15, 16, 130; see also Deforestation value, 213 see also Tropical forests Ramkokamekra Canela Indians, 142; see also Amerindians Ramos, Mario A., 428036 Randall, Alan, 217-223 Rangoon creeper (Quisqualis indica) Read the entire page →
From page 516... ... , 150 Rio Palenque Biological Station (Ecuador) , 11 Risser, Paul G., 176-180 Rivers conservation needs in Africa, 256-257 diversity losses, 171 Robinson, Michael H., 355-360 Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (Gothic, Colorado) Read the entire page →
From page 517... ... , 109 South Africa Cape Province, 269 fynbos, 159-161, 255 Karoo, 255 Kruger National Park, 258 plant species, 251, 269 South African hamster (Mystromys albicaudatus) , 296 South America dry tropical regions, 130 exchange of land mammals with North America, 6-7 new crops, 109 projected plant extinction, 11 rain forests, replacement by savannas, 56 rain forests, species diversity, 9 river conservation needs, 256 see also Latin America Southeast Asia, 13O, 145; see also Asia; arid specific cour~tries Southern Ocean, key species, 42, 47 Soya bean (Glycirle spp.) Read the entire page →
From page 518... ... 15, 198-199 indigenous plant drugs, 95 in situ conservation of native crop diversity, 361-368 landrace use in agriculture, 243 level of conservation information, 230 population pressures, 10, 75 - 76 traditional medicine, 91 see also specific Third World countries Thistle, holy (Silybum marianum) , 89 Tigers (Felis tigris) Read the entire page →
From page 519... ... , 87 U Uganda, 146, 149-150 Ugent, Don, 99 Uhl, Christopher, 326-332 UNESCO Man in the Biosphere program, 103 United Nations Development Programme, 398 United States Bureau of Land Management, 74 Central Plains, 176, 177 edible plants, 107 Fish and Wildlife Service, 238 food crop production, 107, 110 Forest Service, 74 grasslands, 177-179 National Park Service, 238, 412 national parks, alien plants, 183 Peace Corps, 412, 415, 417 plant drug screening, 92, 93, 95-96 remnant secondary forest islands, 67 species diversity, 101 sugarcane industry, 110 see also specific states arid locations University of California Natural Reserve System, 337 University of Michigan Biological Station (near Pellston) , 334, 335, 336 University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum, 311-316 Upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicanda) Read the entire page →
From page 520... ... , 297 Woodlands grazed, 159 preserves, 75 species extinctions in urban areas, 71 Wooly monkeys (Lagothrix spp.) , 146, 264 World Bank Asian forestry/agricultural projects, 397, 399-402 conservation role, 16 wildlands policy, 405, 413, 437-445 World Conservation Strategy, 83, 248, 253 World Health Organization, 60, 83 World Resources Institute, 60 World Wildlife Fund biogeographic classification, 229 documentation of ethnobotanical lore, 114 expenditures for conservation, 407 Primate Program, 147 - 148, 152 Wormseed (Artemisia maritima) Read the entire page →
From page 521... ... INDEX /521 z Z factor, 63 Zaire basin closed tropical forest area, 148 deforestation rates, 29 primate species, 146, 149-150 Zang qie (Anisodus tar~guticus) , 84 Zedler, Joy B., 317-325 Zimbabwe, Sengua Wildlife Research Area, 258 Zoological parks animal restraint and capture, 290-291 biomedical resources, 290 breeding programs, 266-267, 290-291 criteria for propagation programs, 266 funding, 267 inbreeding problems, 296-297 management problems, 289, 292 nutrition, 290 population control, 291 role in preservation, 266 spaces for animals, 266 see also International Species Inventory System; and specific zoological parks Zoological Parks and Aquariums, American Association of, 266 Read the entire page →

From page 497...

... , 243 Afforestation, 60 Africa biogeographic setting, 249 conservation approaches, 248-259 deforestation projections, 64-65 dry tropical regions, 130 endemism centers, 249-252 extinction rates, 64 - 65 fragility and vulnerability of ecosystems, 258 grasslands, 176, 177 Great Lakes, 252 heathland shrubs, 251 introduced species, 251, 252 monitoring of ecosystems, 257 - 259 protected areas, 11, 254-257, 259 rain forest replacement by savannas, 56 Sahelian area, 177 Serengeti, 176 species diversity, 31, 64-65, 249-252 see also East Africa; West Africa; awl specific countries African eggplants (Solarium spp.) , 244 African invader (ant)

Index Pages 497-521

Index
Pages 497-521