Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research The 1975 Report of the Committee on a Study of National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Personnel (1975) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 The Training Programs
2 The Training Programs
Pages 20-36
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 20... ...
Such research requires a continuing supply of trained biomedical/behavioral research personnel. Training programs have helped to establish in universities and medical schools a mechanism for bringing together scientists from diverse backgrounds and disciplines into programs which can provide important interdisciplinary training for the trainees and from which emerge significant new fields and specialties.
|
From page 21... ...
Predoctoral and postdoctoral. In predoctoral training, emphasis is placed on the~acquisition of fundamentals; comprehension of basic disciplines is essential to do research.
|
From page 22... ...
Training grants are awarded to one or more departments of a university, medical school,or research institution upon application to strengthen an existing program for training predoctoral and/or postdoctoral trainees in a specified discipline. The awards are made after external peer review in national competition, and contain funds for trainee stipends and tuition, and for partial support of the academic environment (faculty salaries, equipment, supplies, etc.)
|
From page 23... ...
For purposes of this report, a tentative taxonomy has been established which consists of four broad fields, within each of which a number of subfields are included. These are as follows: Basic Biomedical Sciences Anatomy Biochemistry Biomathematics Biomedical Engineering Biophysics Cytology Embryology Genetics Immunology Microbiology/Bacteriology Molecular Biology Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Basic Biomedical Sciences Other Other Fields Included with Basic Biomedical Sciencesl° Botany Ecology Entomology Environmental Sciences Anthropology Behavior/Ethology Clinical Psychology Comparative Psychology Counseling & Guidance Developmental Psychology Educational Psychology Experimental Psychology Gerontological Psychology Human Engineering Behavioral Sciences Hydrobiology Nutrition/Food Science Pharmaceutical Sciences Zoology Industrial & Personnel Psychology Personality Psychology Physiological Psychology Psychometrics School Psychology Social Psychology Social Statistics Sociology Psychology, Other 10Certain specialties within these rather large fields are a part of the basic biomedical sciences, but others are only marginally related.
|
From page 24... ...
Although this report is concerned,prim~rily with recommendations for the four broad categories, the allocation of training support to each subfield within a more detailed classification scheme will be discussed in the next report under the continuing study.
|
From page 25... ...
After 1955, the training grant became firmly established as a support mechanism, and under it, the predoctoral program emerged and began to take on added importance as an NIH training component. Federal funds for scientific research grew from less than $1 billion in 1958 to over $5 billion in 1966.12 The physical sciences and engineering received most of the increase, but the life sciences also received a large share.
|
From page 26... ...
22, adjusted to reflect NIH research training only by subtracting out NIMH data supplied by the Special Projects Branch, Office of Legislative Analysis/Office of the Director of NIH for 1960-66. The NIMH data tabulated by NIH include clinical training grants and research training grants.
|
From page 27... ...
FIGURE 1 _ NIH/ADAMHA Obligations for Research Training Grants and Fellowships, 1960-74 Approximate Average Annual Growth Rates: $ million 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 _ // 1/ I t t 1960 61 Source: TABLE 1 actual $ constant 1967 $ Constant 1967 $ ,/ ~7 ,/ ~ Actual $ f ~ f i/ by/ ~ t ~ ~ 62 63 64 65 66 67 Y E A R ~7 1960-68 1968-74 11% 11% A -1% [calculated on a _5% least-squares basis)
|
From page 29... ...
Ail o v t .
|
From page 30... ...
It may be possible in the future to derive a reasonable estimate based on the number of trainees in each academic level, but this calculation has not yet been made.l4 Over 94 COO people had participated in the NIH training programs through 1972~5 about half of them in the basic biomedical sciences. The most heavily supported fields were biochemistry, microbiology, and physiology.
|
From page 31... ...
Differences in ability, however, may account for some or all of the differences in Ph.D. attainment rates and in the shorter tome lapse from B.A.
|
From page 32... ...
A little more than 70 percent of former NIH post-Ph.D.'s whose employment was known listed research as their primary work activity during 1968-70. Another 24 percent of this group listed teaching as the primary activity.
|
From page 33... ...
The first is that training grants are "forward financed," which means that trainees on duty in a fiscal year are supported from funds obligated in the previous year. Thus, variations in the funding of the training grants have a delayed reaction on the number of trainees supported.
|
From page 34... ...
. Predoctoral 1974 Postdoctoral Total Predoctoral 1975 - Postdoctoral Total _ Predoctoral 1976 Postdoctoral Total Behavioral Sciences Clinical Sciences Health Services Research Total , 1 1 - 1 4696 2834 7530 4636 2097 6733 NIH1 5 ADAMHA HA 6 GRAND TOTAL NIH/ ADAM/ HRA 617 196 813 581 84 665 4403 2575 6978 5484 2905 8389 4598 2727 7325 505 148 653 629 167 796 527 157 684 811 2933 3744 695 2749 3444 115 2856 2971 143 3223 3366 120 3025 3145 .
|
From page 35... ...
The 1975 data are based on the actual awards made in that year; the 1976 data are estimates based on the administration 1976 budget request of about $900,000 for continuations, and no new starts. SOURCE: Data taken from special tabulations prepared by each agency: NIH: Office of Research Manpower, Division of Research Grants, Table 1, 5/1/75 ADAMHA: Office of the Assistant Administrator of Extramural Programs, Table 1, 5/7/75 HRA: Office of Academic and Intergovernmental Affairs, NCHSR, table dated 4/24/75 35 ~ s
|
From page 36... ...
The impact of these changes on the number of fellows and trainees supported is difficult to assess given the uncertainties in the distribution of funds between fellowships and training grants, predoctoral and postdoctoral awards, and the portion of training grants devoted to trainee costs. What does seem certain, given the President's FY 1976 budget proposal, is 1)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.