Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research 1985 Report (1985) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Introduction and Summary
1 Introduction and Summary
Pages 1-18
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From page 1... ...
The main issue is how to achieve the proper balance between maintaining the strength of the nation's biomedical and behavioral research effort, and adjusting the flow of young scientists entering the field to the number of research and teaching positions that are expected to become available in the next few years. During the 1970s, training funds declined sharply relative to research funds and currently amount to less than 6 percent of research expenditures of the administering agencies -- NIH, ADAMBA, and Division of Nursing, HRSA -- down from 17 percent in 1971.
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This report examines the system under which biomedical and behavioral scientists are trained for research careers in this country and the government's programs that support such training. Those programs consist of training grants and fellowships that are designed to supplement the government's research programs in the biomedical and behavioral fields by providing support to predoctoral and postdoctoral students and their institutions.
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A chapter is devoted to each major area of this study, which we have defined as clinical sciences, basic biomedical sciences, behavioral sciences, health services research, and nursing research. Our definition of each area is presented in Appendix D
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The latter has taken on an especially important role over the past 10 years as the medical schools strive to maintain revenues in the face of rising indirect costs and slower growth in enrollments, research funds, and other sources of revenue. Income from medical service plans displaced federal research grants and contracts as the largest source of funds for medical schools in the late 1970s and now accounts for over 30 percent of total revenue (AMA, 1960-84~.
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From page 5... ...
Underlying all of these considerations is the perception that the effectiveness of the government's biomedical and behavioral research programs depends on the continual infusion of young scientists trained in the latest techniques of a science making startlingly rapid advances. RECENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS Biological science has undergone a remarkable transformation in the past 3 or 4 decades.
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From page 6... ...
Still another technology which opens up new approaches to basic biomedical problems is electron spin spectroscopy. This is a particularly sensitive tool which can be used to measure phenomena
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, which causes severe psychomotor retardation and early death in one of every 50,000 male births, may therefore be the first candidate for gene therapy in humans, with other similar genetic metabolic diseases to follow. As in the case of molecular genetics, the last decade has witnessed a remarkable leap in understanding what receptors do and how they work.
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From page 8... ...
To maintain the momentum, talented students in universities and professional schools must be attracted to research careers by the provision of continual opportunities for training with established scientists, and adequate research funds must be made available to young investigators at the early stages of their career development. TRAINING AND RESEARCH FUNDING TRENDS Expenditures for the NRSA training programs totaled about $190 million in 1983, or less than 6 percent of the research expenditures of these administering agencies -- NIH, ADAMHA, and Division of Nursing, HRSA (Table 1.1~.
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~ ~ ~ ~ A small number of undergraduate awards were maue -- almost all of them for the Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC) Honors uroaram.
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b These are prebaccalaureate awards in the Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC) Honors Undergraduate Training Program.
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MARC Undergraduate awards were practically unchanged from FY 1983, and awards in the short-term training program rose somewhat to 1,586. For both FY 1983 and FY 1984, most of the training positions were allocated to the basic biomedical and clinical sciences, followed by behavioral sciences and nursing research.
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From page 13... ...
c These are prebaccalaureate awards in the Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC) Honors Undergraduate Research Trading Program.
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As a consequence, the number of predoctoral trainees in the basic biomedical sciences supported in 1984 was 11 percent below the committee's recommended level and is on a steep downward slope. We therefore believe that the research training programs should be restored to the recommended number of positions by 1987, and then adjusted to meet the increase in demand expected to begin in the late 1980s.
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Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC) Honors Undergraduate Training Program This institutional grant program provides support to third and fourth year honors undergraduates at minority institutions.
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Postdoctoral training in the behavioral sciences should gradually increase to 540 awards in 1987 and then be maintained at that level through 1990. Health Services Research The committee has previously recommended that a modest training program be provided in health services research by the federal agencies under the NRSA authority, and that such authority be extended to the National Center for Health Services Research.
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f It is assumed that 90~o of these nursing research awards will be Predoctoral and 10% will be postdoctoral. g The Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC)
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Honors Undergraduate Training Program is for prebaccalaureate students. ESTIMATED TRAINING COSTS PER AWARD IN FY 1984 (dollars)
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