Symposium on Naval Warfare and Coastal Oceanography Naval Amphibious Base, Little Creek, Virginia, April 29-May 2, 1991 (1992) / Chapter Skim
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Warfare Summaries
Warfare Summaries
Pages 4-16
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. Since the ~ 960s, the Navy has focused its acoustic ASW approach on the passive detection of Soviet nuclear submarines operating in deep water.
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- The performance of ASW techniques depends on the season and the unique environment of the coastal site. Seasonal water column conditions {particularly summer versus winter)
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by UNITAS and NATO} when participating countries operate diesel submarines. Another option is for the United States to purchase an appropriately configured new generation, conventionally powered submarine and to conduct shallow-water exercises against it under a variety of environmental conditions in order to determine the ability to detect and deploy counter measures as a function of environmental conditions.
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Systems combining acoustic and nonacoustic sensors with oceanographic and meteorological monitoring sensors would be a considerable improvement. Acquiring environmental data in enemy territory under war conditions will be essential; speed of deployment is often crucial.
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Amphibious Warfare Background Amphibious warfare specialists noted that the strategy behind amphibious operations has changed considerably since World War Il. A new "Over the Horizon" {OTH} concept has been formulated, in part as a response to development of antiship missiles that now pose a threat to amphibious task forces.
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· Marine weather and ocean state forecasts. As noted earlier, modern amphibious warfare requires continuous environmental forecasts to maintain maximum operational flexibility and to exploit opportunities in air-sea conditions favorable to
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Wave spectra forecasts are presently available from the Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center for the entire world, and the techniques to account for bathymetric effects on waves as they move toward shore are well-understood. Thus, the primary factor limiting the accuracy of surf forecasts is accuracy of bathymetric data.
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Although Special Operations personnel can provide highly accurate observations in small areas, the total coverage is limited, accurate positioning information is difficult to obtain, and significant obstacles can be missed if these obstructions occur between "the swimmers." The group agreed that a combination of remote and in situ techniques and systems need to be developed to provide these observations, reducing the heavy reliance on Special Operations personnel. · Poor roads in developing countries.
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Minesweepers presently cannot measure either ambient noise or their own noise, reducing the effectiveness of minesweeping operations using acoustic techniques. Solving this problem would not require new technology; minesweepers could be refitted with the addition of components for measurement directly from existing sonar systems.
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Strike Warfare Background and Discussion A representative from the Naval Strike Warfare Center at NAS Fallon, Nevada, discussed strike planning methods and identified environmental factors of primary importance, almost exclusively focused on atmospheric processes: · Winds at the target. Accurate forecasts of surface winds at the target site are required for target selection and attack sequencing.
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These surveys described bottom characteristics and depth, and the location of obstacles, including mines and mine-like objects. Since formation of Naval special warfare teams during World War 11, the NSW mission has expanded to include direct attack, search and rescue, and reconnaissance in all environments from sea to mountainous cold-weather regions.
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Environmental parameters of interest include: · Good/best area for amphibious assault {reducing the number of potential landing sites is crucial}, · Swell height, · Nearshore breaker height predicted from swell and bathymetry, · Nearshore currents {especially as they affect Swimmer Delivery Vehicles {SDVsl, · Tides and astronomical data affecting available light, · Water clarity and temperature throughout the entire water column, · Bioluminescence, · Extended outlook weather forecasts to assign boundaries to likely environmental conditions, followed by regular updates regarding fog and clouds and other variables.
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Mobile meteorology teams for special operations as well as application programs on the Tactical Environmental Support System (TESS) tailored to SEAL and Marine Corps problems could also improve communications and support.
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