Dietary Reference Intakes Applications in Dietary Assessment (2000) / Chapter Skim
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2 Current Uses of Dietary Reference Standards
2 Current Uses of Dietary Reference Standards
Pages 29-42
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From page 29... ...
Uses range from their original objective to serve as a goal for good nutrition to such diverse uses as food planning and procurement, design and evaluation of food assistance programs, development of nutrition education materials, food labeling, food fortification, and dietary research. Primary Applications In 1941, the Food and Nutrition Board first proposed the RDAs "to serve as a goal for good nutrition and as a 'yardstick' by which to measure progress toward that goal..." (NRC, 1941, p.
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From page 30... ...
The simplicity of this conceptual framework belies the complexity in using and interpreting DRIs to plan and assess diets. In the past, both planning and assessment applications relied primarily on the former RDAs or RNIs because these were the only quantitative nutrient reference standards widely available.
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From page 31... ...
USES OF THE FORMER RDAs AND RNIs Users of dietary reference standards include those who plan meals for individuals and groups; individual consumers who decide what foods to eat and how much; the food industry which produces, voluntarily fortifies, and markets foods; federal, state, and local government agencies that design, operate, and evaluate food and nutrition assistance programs; scientific and regulatory bodies that formulate standards and regulations to ensure marketed foods are safe and appropriately advertised; and nutrition and health professionals who educate, counsel, evaluate, and monitor public health. Table 2-1 and the following text includes the major applications for which the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
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From page 32... ...
S ~ peclIlc Evaluation of Dietary Data Assess nutrient intake of individuals Assess nutrient intakes of groups Nutrition Education and Guides for Food Selection Evaluate an individual's diet as a basis for recommending specific changes in food patterns and nutrient needs Evaluate nutrient intakes of groups as a basis for nutrition education sessions A A A Provide guidance to individuals and groups on how to P obtain a nutritious diet Develop food guides and dietary guidelines Comparc (RDA)
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From page 33... ...
Compare nutrient intakes with RDA or RNI to estimate the percentage of the population at risk of inadequate intake based on percent of RDA or RNI Compare nutrient intakes mean, median, and distributions of intake with RDA or RNI for population subgroups to determine the size and type of populations considered to be at risk of inadequate intake Compare nutrient intakes with RDA or RNI to assess variations over time in the percentage of the population at risk of inadequate intake based on prevalence below RDA or RNI Monitor the potential of the food supply to meet the nutritional needs of the population, examine trends, and evaluate changes over time in diets Compare an individual's nutrient intake with dietary reference standards and identify changes in food consumption patterns that might reduce the risk of inadequate intake Compare nutrient intakes of population subgroups with dietary reference standards and identify changes in food consumption patterns that might reduce the risk of inadequate intake; identify foods that are important contributors of nutrients Counsel individuals and educate groups on selecting foods to meet required nutritional standards Use in developing and revising the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Food Guide Pyramid, and Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating, which provide information on types and amounts of foods that meet nutritional requirements continued
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From page 34... ...
S ~ peclIlc Food and Nutrition Assistance Programs Develop plans for feeding groups to meet nutritional P standards and for food budgeting and purchasing Develop food packages for program benefits Evaluate meals and foods offered by programs Design food and nutrition assistance programs Evaluate the dietary effects of food and nutrition assistance programs Determine eligibility for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
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From page 35... ...
the low-cost food plan, used for financial planning in bankruptcy and other similar court cases Design meal patterns that provide a specified percentage of the dietary reference standards for the National School Lunch Program, the School Breakfast Program, the Child and Adult Care Feeding Program, and the Summer Food Service Program Use as a basis for evaluating and modifying nutrient content of food packages for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) , the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations, and the Commodity Supplemental Food Program Compare nutrients offered at meals means, medians, and distributions with program regulations Compare nutrient intakes mean, median, and distributions of intake with dietary reference standards to identify population subgroups for possible intervention with food assistance, fortification, and education Compare nutrient intakes mean, median, and distributions of intake with dietary reference standards, by program participation; estimate program effects and estimate the percentage, by program participation status, at risk of inadequate intake Compare individual nutrient intake with dietary reference standards to assess whether an individual is at nutritional risk on the basis of an inadequate diet Determine whether dietary reference standards need to be adjusted for field conditions (peacetime, peacetime overseas, conflict, war)
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From page 36... ...
S ~ peclIlc Military rations and deployment policies Nutrition education Institutional Dietary Assessment and Planning Assessment of Disease Risk Food Labels and Nutritional Marketing Clinical Dietetics Develop therapeutic diet manual p p A, P A p p Counsel patients requiring modified diets and plan P modified diets Assess patient intakes to determine if nutritional supplementation is needed Food Fortification and Development of New or Modified Food Products Food Safety Considerations Use diet; Determine condit Develop to me' Use diet; planni and no Use epic status Use diet; refere: Use diet; confer A A, P A Use diet; group' Use diet .
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From page 37... ...
Specific Identified Uses of Dietary Reference Standards Use dietary reference standards to set military rations Determine military rations based on adjusted dietary reference standards for field conditions Nutritional Standards for Operational Rations Develop nutrition education material for military personnel to counsel them how to meet required nutritional standards and how to avoid overconsumption Use dietary reference standards to assess the adequacy of, and as a basis for, planning meals in institutional settings such as hospitals, dormitories, prisons, and nursing homes Use epidemiological analyses relating nutrient intakes to health and nutritional status Use dietary reference standards as reference points for deriving nutrient reference standards for food labels Use dietary reference standards to communicate information on the nutrient content of foods Use dietary reference standards as a basis for modifying menu plans for patient groups requiring therapeutic diets Use dietary reference standards as benchmark for modifying the diets of individual patients requiring therapeutic diets Use dietary reference standards as a basis for assessing the individual's observed intake Compare nutrient intakes of population subgroups with dietary reference standards to determine which nutrients are inadequately consumed; fortification may be mandated by government or voluntary by the food industry Use by industry as a guide for developing new or modified food products Compare nutrient intakes with dietary reference standards to identify the size and type of populations at risk from use of particular foods and food products; identify extreme and unusual patterns of intakes of foods, food ingredients, or food additives; and determine the need to enact or modify regulations and Canada and other users conducted in 1998. It summarizes reported uses and does not represent any judgment about
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From page 38... ...
Possible uses in evaluating groups include: estimating the percentage of the population at risk of inacloquate or excessive intake; identifying subgroups at risk of inacloquate or excessive intake; examining changes over time in the percentage of the population and of population subgroups at risk of inacloquate or excessive intake; monitoring the potential of the food supply to meet the nutritional neecis of the population; and examining trencis and changes in food consumption over time. Nutrition Education and Guides forFood Selection Nutrient stanciarcis (specifically, the former RDAs and RNIs)
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From page 39... ...
Department of Defense uses dietary reference standards for dietary assessment, food procurement and meal planning, setting nutrient levels of military rations for deployment, and developing nutrition education materials for military personnel. Nutrient standards are used by the military to plan menus and meals for garrison feeding and to assess whether provision of fortified foods, nutrient supplements, or special food products are needed in operational conditions.
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From page 40... ...
Thus, epidemiological research is used to identify possible relationships between specific dietary components and observed disease patterns. In turn, the dietary reference standards can be used to assess intakes and exposure to nutrients in the study of a nutrient's relationship to risk of dietary deficiency diseases, chronic diseases, or adverse effects resulting from excessive intake or exposure.
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From page 41... ...
. In aciclition to providing consumers with information on the nutrient content of food products, the nutrient stanciarcis serve as a basis for nutrient content claims and health claims.
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From page 42... ...
Food Safety Considerations Dietary assessment provides information for people concerned with the food safety considerations associated with the prevalence of very high intakes of nutrients. Information on how to apply the UL should be helpful here.
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