No Time to Lose Getting More from HIV Prevention (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: The Prevention Portfolio: Interventions to Prevent HIV Infection
Appendix B: The Prevention Portfolio: Interventions to Prevent HIV Infection
Pages 152-161
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From page 152... ...
Still other prevention interventions are societal in that they strive to change the social and environmental factors such as policies, access to prevention services, and social normsthat contribute to individuals' HIV risk. All of these types of interventions, in essence, comprise a menu of options that can be used to prevent new HIV infections.
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From page 153... ...
· For STD clinic attenders · For men who have sex with men (MSM) · For women General population HIV-infected persons, uninfected individuals at elevated risk · Decreased HIV risk behavior · Decreased sexual risk behavior Decreased drug userelated risk behavior · Increased condom use Adolescents, youth, · Increased HIV knowledge young people at elevated · Increased positive risk (e.g., homeless, attitudes toward risk runaway)
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From page 154... ...
· Decreased susceptibility to HIV due to STD infection Substance abuse IDU and other alcohol/ · Decreased number of treatment substance abusers potential sexual or drug use-related exposures to HIV caused by addiction behavior Psychiatric/mental Persons with psychological · Decreased number of health treatment disorders or severe potential sexual or drug mental illness use related exposures to HIV caused by psychiatric disorders Biomedical and Technological Interventions Administration of zidovudine (AZT) for perinatal transmission Pregnant HIV-infected women .
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From page 155... ...
· Decreased number of new HIV infections caused by work-related exposure to contaminated blood · Unproven efficacy in preventing HIV infection . HIV-infected persons - Decreased number of new HIV infections caused by receipt of contaminated blood or blood products · Decreased infectiousness of HIV-infected person, possibly resulting in decreased sexual transmission of HIV to uninfected sex partners Societal Interventions Mass media General population ·Increased HIV/AIDS knowledge · Increased positive attitudes toward risk reduction Condom social General population · Decreased sexual risk marketing/ behavior availability · Increased condom use Structural (policy, legal)
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From page 156... ...
where at-risk populations are located or come together (e.g., Sikkema et al., 2000; Kamb et al., 1998; NIMH Multisite HIV Prevention Trial Group, 1998; Boyer et al., 1997; Magura et al., 1994; Main et al., 1994; Cohen et al., 1991~. INTERVENTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TREATMENT OF CO-OCCURRING CONDITIONS Because of the epidemiological synergy between HIV/AIDS and substance abuse, mental health disorders, and STDs, it is crucial to acknowledge the benefit that treatment of these co-occurring conditions can have on the prevention of new HIV infections.
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From page 157... ...
The social marketing of condoms is an example of a societal intervention that has been proven effective for HIV prevention, particularly in developing countries (Ford et al., 1996; Bhave et al., 1995; Ford and Norris, 1993; Ngugi et al., 1988~. Condom social marketing seeks to increase the popularity of condoms using advertising and mass media, as well as to increase access to condoms by making them widely available to the general public through community health facilities, promotional events, and other mechanisms (Andreasen, 1995~.
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From page 158... ...
Broader implementation of such programs in the United States could potentially reach those risk populations who have limited or sporadic access to HIV prevention messages. Further, educational components of such campaigns can help to reduce the stigma and negative attitudes associated with HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, and sexuality.
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From page 159... ...
1996. Behavioral interventions for reduction of sexually transmitted disease/HIV transmission among female commercial sex workers and clients in Bali, Indonesia.
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From page 160... ...
1998. Efficacy of risk-reduction counseling to prevent human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted diseases: A randomized controlled trial.
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From page 161... ...
2000. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
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