Marine Protected Areas Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystems (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Introduction
Introduction
Pages 10-16
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From page 10... ...
In this regard, marine reserves and protected areas are more often proposed as major tools to relieve stress on marine resources and ecosystems. This report evaluates the use of protected areas and reserves for the conservation of living marine resources, and makes recommendations on their potential implementation as a management tool in marine waters of the United States.i The oceans occupy more than 70% of the earth's surface and 95% of the biosphere and once were thought to be so vast that it was judged inconceivable that human activities might significantly alter the structure and functioning of ~ Marine waters in the United States refers to the exclusive economic zone of the coastal states and territories.
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From page 11... ...
Given the growing perception that current management of marine resources and habitats is insufficient, interest is growing in approaches to ensure the continuing viability of marine ecosystems. Over the past century, concern about the rapid loss of wilderness lands led to establishment of protected areas, reserves, and parks in terrestrial ecosystems where human activities are much restricted or at least curtailed.
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From page 12... ...
· Marine Reserve a zone in which some or all of the biological resources are protected from removal or disturbance. This includes reserves established to protect threatened or endangered species and the more specific categories of fishery and ecological reserves described below.
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From page 13... ...
Advocates argue that only reserves can provide insurance against management failures resulting from insufficient research or uncertainty intrinsic to complex and poorly understood marine ecosystems. This argument has been challenged by others who view conventional management approaches, if rigorously applied, as both effective and less disruptive to resource users.
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From page 14... ...
The potential for MPAs and reserves to affect both direct and indirect users of marine resources was recognized, and the need for adaptive responses by managers with respect to design was noted. As defined in the Statement of Task below, the focus of this study was on conservation of living marine resources; hence, other potential goals of MPAs such as protection of cultural artifacts, increased educational opportunities, and enhancement of tourism, although mentioned, are not examined in detail.
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From page 15... ...
STUDY APPROACH AND REPORT ORGANIZATION This study evolved from a confluence of interests in the timely and controversial topic of setting aside areas in the ocean for the conservation and preservation of living marine resources. Primary funding was supplied by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Marine Fisheries Service and National Marine Sanctuaries Program, with additional funds from the Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife and National Park Services.
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From page 16... ...
Chapter 8 describes the international history of MPAs and critiques the current system of MPAs and reserves in the United States. Finally, in Chapter 9, the committee presents its conclusions and recommendations.
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