Marine Protected Areas Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystems (2001) / Chapter Skim
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From page 257... ...
A Abalone, 21-22, 79, 90-91, 93 Aesthetics, 11, 21, 28, 42, 45-47, 59, 98, 181, 216, 241, 242, 244-245 location of reserves, 98, 100-101 Age structure of fish stocks, 124, 127, 131, 153, 177, 178 Agricultural activities, 74 runoff, 3, 11, 134, 166, 172 wetland drainage, 74 Alaska, 37, 55, 120, 164, 165, 166, 169, 250 Algae, 28, 82, 95-96, 129 blooms, 5, 73 declines in cover, 19 Alien species, see Invasive species Allee effect, 93, 114, 254 defined, 214 American Fisheries Society, 19 American Samoa, 154 Archaeological Resources Protection Act, 169 Area closures, 20, 21, 23, 35, 64, 71-95, 123, 154, 164, 169, 170, 176, 182, 183, 247, 248, 250 see also Sanctuaries; Temporal closures bycatch and, 23, 24 Index cost-benefit analysis, 55, 58 grouper spawning aggregation sites, 26 location of, 6, 97-111, 132, 181 monitoring, 55, 58, 132 multispecies fisheries, general, 23, 124 overfishing causing, 11, 61, 116 rotating closures, 34, 35, 124 size of, 6, 97, 99, 100-101, 111-118, 121, 132, 178-179, 243, 255-256 zoning plans, 119- 120, 124 Artificial reefs, 74 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 38 Attitudes, see Public opinion Australia, 15, 130 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, 20, 105 fisheries, zoning plans, 119- 120 B Barents Sea, 249 Baseline and benchmark studies, 27, 78, 153 Belize, 130 Benthic habitat, see Seabeds Bering Sea, 164 257
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From page 258... ...
Lucia, 80, 96, 116, 130 Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, 106, 159, 170 Chile, 130 Circulation patterns, see Current and circulation patterns Clean Water Act, 168, 169, 172, 233 Closures, see Area closures; Temporal closures Coastal Barrens Resources Act, 169 Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) , 74, 151-152, 161, 169, 172, 232 Coastal zones, ix, 2, 3, 4, 13, 21, 28, 40, 42, 77, 123, 166, 171, 184, 253-255 see also Recreational uses; Regional fishery management councils; Wetlands community-level factors, 3, 14, 28, 42, 43, 59, 66-70, 181 estuaries, 13, 21, 38, 74, 77, 103, 105, 160-161, 166, 170, 171, 243 exclusive economic zones, 20, 38, 39, 149, 180, 215 historical perspectives, 43, 146, 149 integrated management, 123, 159 location of reserves, 5, 103, 109-110, 181 migratory species, 38 military reservations, 166 public trust property, 20 Fornia, 107, 124, 151, 165, 166, 170, 171 Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, 106, 159, 170
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From page 259... ...
coastal zones, 3, 14, 28, 42, 43, 59, 6670, 181 definition of community, 66 economic factors, 121, 122; see also Socioeconomic factors enforcement and compliance, 12, 66, 67, 70, 102, 181, 183 international community-based approach, 66, 68-69 location of reserves, 97-98 monitoring, 67 partnerships, 66-70 zoning plans, 121, 122 COMPARE (Criteria and Objectives for Marine Protected Area Evaluation) , 99-102 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, 169 Connectivity, 5, 7, 8, 99, 105, 112, 115-116, 135-138, 144, 155, 177, 255, 234, 255-256 defined, 215 Contingent value method, 51, 52, 63 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 147 Convention on Biological Diversity, 20, 150 Convention on Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, 146, 147 Convention on Fishing, 147 Convention on the Continental Shelf, 146, 147 Convention on the High Seas, 146, 147 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 146 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 146, 147 259 Coral reefs, 1, 6, 23, 32, 33, 46-47, 72, 74, 77, 95-96, 107, 109, 151, 154, 180, 243, 253 genetic research, 137 larval dispersal, 91 location of reserves, 99, 104-105 monitoring, 127, 130, 132 overfishing, 23, 25 recruitment, 129, 253 size of reserves, 111-112, 114, 116 Coral Reef Task Force, 111 Core areas, 119, 180, 255 defined, 215 Cost and cost-benefit factors, 1, 3, 9, 15, 23, 27-28, 42, 46-66, 72, 142-143, 179, 252, 254-255 see also Nonmarket values area closures, 55, 58 buffer zones, 48 contingent value method, 51, 52, 63 enforcement, 48, 55, 72, 98, 102, 107, 179 monitoring, 48, 59, 126, 132 overfishing, 61 property rights, 48-49, 59, 60 recreation uses, 48, 51-52, 54, 59 research, 48, 84, 126, 142-143, 251 size of reserves, 113, 114 stock assessments, 41 zoning plans, 48, 121, 122 Criteria and Objectives for Marine Protected Area Evaluation, see COMPARE Cuba, 20, 109 Cultural factors, 4, 17, 21, 28-29, 45-46, 48, 59, 67, 156, 181, 233, 237-245 (passim)
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From page 260... ...
44 research, 4, 234; see also Funding zoning plans, 121, 122 Ecosystem-based approach/management, general, 1, 5, 7, 10, 15, 17, 31, 32, 40, 126, 142, 154-155, 172173, 175-176, 237, 239 see also Biodiversity; Genetic diversity defined, 215 location of reserves, 99, 104 monitoring, 129 unexploited species, 138 zoning plans, 120 Education, see Internet; Professional education; Public education EEZ, see Exclusive economic zones Endangered species, see Rare, threatened, and endangered species Endangered Species Act, 166-167, 168, 232 Endeavor Hot Vents Area, 111 Endemism, 19, 104, 110, 136, 177, 255 defined, 215 hydrothermal vents, 6, 110 Enforcement and compliance, 7, 12, 39, 55, 72, 79, 98, 152, 155, 162, 165, 184, 234, 236 community factors, 12, 66, 67, 70, 102, 181, 183 cost factors, 48, 55, 72, 98, 102, 107, 179 funding, 8, 184 geographic factors, general, 72 historical perspectives, 151 location of reserves, 118 zoning, 121, 122, 123 Environmental Perspective to the Year 2000 and Beyond, 150
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From page 261... ...
, 3, 15, 153, 161-162, 184 Fisheries and fisheries management, ix, xi, 1, 3, 4-5, 13, 14, 22-27, 30-41, 48, 54-69, 154, 162-165, 171, 172, 174-175, 178-179, 246-257 see also Area closures; Bycatch; Fishing quotas; National Marine Fisheries Service; Regional fishery management councils; Overfishing; Replenishment; Spawning and rearing habitat; Temporal closures; Total allowable catch (TAC) ; specific species age structure of stocks, 124, 127, 131, 153, 177, 178 bottom bawling, 13, 22, 24, 74, 96, 110, 119-120, 165 committee study methodology, 15 conventional management, xi, 1, 2-3, 89, 13, 14, 15, 23, 27-28, 30-41, 58, 63-66, 77, 105, 112, 143, 174-175, 179, 180 see also Fishing quotas; Stock assessments discards, 23, 34, 39, 41; see also Bycatch essential fish habitats, 8, 22, 75 exclusive economic zones, 20, 38, 39, 149, 180, 215 fixed exploitation rate strategies, 56-57 gear restrictions, 36, 38, 39, 47, 119120, 164, 165, 248 location of reserves, 97-98, 99, 100-101, 104, 105, 110, 111 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 14, 35, 39, 55, 59, 61, 66, 74-75, 162, 164-165, 175-176, 232 maximum sustainable yield, 33, 35, 40, 174, 216 monitoring, 127-128, 131-132, 134-135, 172 see also Enforcement and compliance; Stock assessments open access, 1, 2, 10-11, 20, 31, 44-45, 63, 72, 217, 247, 252
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From page 262... ...
, 12, 20, 64-65, 82, 84, 97, 99, 102, 116, 129, 130, 132, 159, 160 Flounder, 23, 90 Food Security Act, 74 Foreign countries, see International perspectives; specific countries Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act, 165 INDEX Forest Service, 165- 166 Funding, 233, 234 committee study at hand, 15 enforcement, 8, 184 monitoring, 8, 130 National Marine Sanctuary program, 160 national parks, 155, 157 G Galapagos Marine Reserve, 255 Gear restrictions, 36, 38, 39, 47, 119-120, 164, 165, 248 Genetic diversity, 5, 10, 18, 22, 136-137, 142, 156, 175, 238, 239, 255 see also Biodiversity endemism, 6, 19, 104, 110, 136, 177, 215, 255 dispersal and, 92 sex ratios, 27 terrestrial Is marine ecosystems, 18, 19 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea, 146, 147 Georges Bank, 12, 23, 30, 132, 165 Geographical factors, 10, 77 see also Area closures; Networks and networking; Regional factors; Regional fishery management councils; Site identification; Spatial factors; Zoning and zoning plans core areas, 119, 180, 215, 255 extinction, 77, 83 fishery management, general, 38, 55 implementation and enforcement, 72 size of reserves and protected areas, 6, 97, 99, 100-101, 111-118, 121, 130, 132, 178-179, 243, 255-256 terrestrial vs marine ecosystems, 17-18 Geographic information systems, 46 Glacier Bay, 12, 151, 154, 155, 156-157 Global positioning system, 183 Government role, 3, 239-246 (passim) see also Federal government; Funding; Local government; Political factors; Regulatory issues; State government interagency coordination, 3, 4, 8, 171, 175, 183-184, 234-235 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, 20, 105
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, 4, 17, 2829,32,42-43,47,52,61,63,98, 103, 154-155, 176, 183-184, 242 defined, 215-216 historical sites, 4, 28-29, 45-46, 100101, 103, 215-216, 237 Historical perspectives, 11, 16, 17, 39, 55, 145-173 coastal zones, 43, 146, 149 endangered species, 5, 18 enforcement, 151 freedom of the seas, 2, 10-11, 20 public property rights, 20, 44-45 sanctuaries, 145-151, 155-170 terrestrial vs marine area conservation, 17 wetlands, 2, 146, 147 Historical sites, 4, 28-29, 45-46, 100-101, 103, 215-216, 237 Hydrothermal vents, 6, 110-111, 180 263 I IUCN, see World Conservation Union Individual fishing quotas, ix, 14, 39 defined, 216 Individual transferable quotas, 49, 62 defined, 216 Institutional factors, 3, 8, 41, 123, 239-246 (passim) see also Enforcement and compliance; Government role; Integrated management; Regional fishery management councils; Regulatory issues cost-benefit analysis, 48 interagency coordination, 3, 4, 8, 171, 175, 183-184, 234-235 national parks, 241; see also National Park Service zoning plans, 121- 122 Integrated management, 2, 4, 12, 13, 66, 68, 69, 148, 175, 181, 234 coastal zones, 123, 159 cultural landscapes, 45 defined, 216 location of reserves, 5 models, 63 national, 40 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 20 International Maritime Organization, 20 International perspectives, 16, 20, 70, 145151, 184, 236 see also specific countries; terms beginning "United Nations" and "World " community-based approach, 66, 68-69 conventions, 20, 146-150 (passim)
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From page 264... ...
264 monitoring, 130 replenishment, 76 International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) , see World Conservation Union Internet Alaskan areas, 166 Gulf of Maine, 109 hydrothermal vents, 110-111 international conventions, 146 migratory waterfowl, 161- 162 National Estuarine Research Reserves, 161 National Marine Sanctuary program, 160 rockfish, 24 InterRidge program, 110-111 Invasive species, see Exotic species J Jamaica, 84, 95-96, 132 K Kelp, 22, 75, 105, 129, 133, 181 Kenya, 127, 129, 130 Key Largo, 97 L Larval stage, 24, 28, 76, 137, 143-144 dispersal, 75, 88-92, 133 recruitment, 93-94, 132 replenishment, 91, 133 seabeds, 24, 91 sedentary and nonmigratory species, 19 temperature factors, 88 Law of the Sea, see Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea; United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Legislation, 107, 151-152, 162, 184 Archaeological Resources Protection Act, 169 Clean Water Acts, 168, 169, 172, 233 Coastal Barrens Resources Act, 169 Coastal Zone Management Act, 74, 151-152, 161, 169, 172, 232 INDEX Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, 169 Endangered Species Act, 166-167, 168, 232 Federal Land Policy and Management Act, 165 Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 168, 169 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 169 Food Security Act, 74 Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act, 165 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 14, 35, 39, 55, 59, 61, 66, 74-75, 162, 164-165, 175-176, 232 Marine Mammal Protection Act, 166167, 168-169, 232 Marine Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act, 169 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act, 155-160, 169 Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act, 165 National Environmental Policy Act, 168, 169, 233 National Historic Preservation Act, 46, 232 National Marine Sanctuaries Act, 78, 232 National Park Service Organic Act, 232 National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, 232 National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act, 162 Ocean Dumping Act, 168, 169 Oil Pollution Act, 168, 169 Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 169, 233 public property rights, 20 various, 165- 171, 232-233 Wilderness Act, 169-170, 232 Litigation, 154 Lobsters, 130 Local factors, see Commnity-level factors Local government, 172-173, 184 federal coordination with, 4, 8, 171, 184 National Estuarine Research Reserves, 161 Location of reserves, see Site identification
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48, 156, 157, 159, 171 location of reserves, 104-105, 110 Oil Pollution Act, 168 Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 169, 233 Monitoring, 7, 8, 16, 126-135, 138, 182-183, 184, 234, 239 see also Enforcement and compliance; Research; Stock assessments area closures, 55, 58, 132 baseline and benchmark studies, 27, 78, 153 biodiversity, 130 community-level, 67 coral reefs, 127, 130, 132 costs, 48, 59, 126, 132 defined, 126-127, 216 economic factors, monitoring of, 126, 127, 131, 134-135 export function, 132-133 fisheries, general, 127-128, 131-132, 134-135, 172 funding, 8, 130 international, 130 location of reserves, 98, 101 National Estuarine Research Reserves, 161 overfishing, 129, 132 pollution, 127, 134 predator/prey relations, 129, 131 public opinion, 126, 127, 131, 134-135 recovery rates, 132, 133-134 recruitment, 128, 131, 132, 133 regional factors, 131, 184
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From page 266... ...
266 sanctuaries, general, 7, 8, 16, 126-135 size of reserves, 116 social factors, 126, 127, 131, 134-135; see also "community-level" and "public opinion" supra socioeconomic factors, 126, 127, 131, 134-135, 216 spatial factors, other, 127-128, 130, 131 systematics, 128, 129, 130, 142, 152 tagging studies, 91, 95, 139- 140 temporal factors, 127-128, 130, 131 vessel monitoring systems, 183 Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 159 MSY, see Maximum sustainable yield Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act, 165 Multispecies fisheries, general, 36-37, 40 see also Bycatch area closures, 23, 124 groundfish, 30 models, 34, 144 zoning plans, 124 N National Environmental Policy Act, 168, 169, 233 National Estuary Program, 184 National Estuarine Research Reserves, 74, 160-161, 184, 212 National Forest Service, 153 National Historic Preservation Act, 46, 232 National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) , 15, 151, 162, 164-165, 169, 175176, 184 defined, 216 grouper, area closures, 26 red snapper bycatch, Gulf of Mexico, 73 National Marine Sanctuaries Act, 78, 232 National Marine Sanctuary Program, 6, 15, 20, 78, 105, 123, 151, 153, 155160, 162, 184 see also specific sanctuaries National Ocean Service, 155, 161 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 3, 8, 15, 64-65, 107, 151, 155, 160, 161, 235 see also National Marine Fisheries Service National parks, 5, 151, 154-157, 240-241 see also National Marine Sanctuary Program INDEX National Park Service, 3, 15, 151, 153, 154, 156-157, 184 National Park Service Organic Act, 232 National Registry of Historic Places, 46 National Wildlife Refuges, 161 - 162 National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, 232 National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act, 162 Nature Conservancy, 170 Natural mortality, 8, 72, 73, 141, 176 predator/prey relationships, 3, 31, 43, 82, 88-89, 95, 129, 131, 175 Networks and networking, 6-7, 152, 170, 176 connectivity, 5, 7, 8, 99, 105, 112, 115116, 135-138, 144, 155, 177, 215, 255, 234, 255-256 defined, 106, 217 location of reserves, 99, 102, 104, 105-109 migratory waterfowl, 161- 162 size of reserves, 112, 115-116 New England Fishery Management Council, 163, 165, 234 New Zealand, 15, 80, 129, 130, 247 Non-market values, 42, 47, 47, 48, 49-54, 59 see also Aesthetics; Cultural factors; Environmental services; Heritage values; Historical sites; Recreational uses contingent value method, 51, 52, 63 hedonic analysis, 50-51, 52 unexploited species, studies of, 138- 139 Nonnative species, see Exotic species Nontarget species, see Bycatch North Pacific Fishery Management Council, 26, 163, 165 Nova Scotia, 96 Nursery habitat, see Spawning and rearing habitat Nutrients, 5 agricultural runoff, 3, 11, 134, 166, 172 monitoring, 134 recycling, 21 o Ocean Dumping Act, 168, 169 Oculina Banks, 72, 82 Oil Pollution Act, 168, 169 Oil resources, see Mineral, including and oil and natural gas, resources
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From page 267... ...
INDEX Olympic National Marine Sanctuary, 159 Open access, 1, 2, 10-11, 20, 31, 44-45, 63, 72, 247, 252 defined, 217 Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 169, 233 Overfishing, 2, 10, 11, 13, 14, 21, 30-31, 47, 59, 66, 73, 174, 177, 178-179, 251, 252, 253 area closures and, 11, 61, 116 coral reefs, 23, 25 cost-benefit analysis, 61 cultural factors, 2, 10-11, 20 fishery reserves, 12, 23-24 groundfish, 30, 174 grouper, 25 locale of stocks, 5 location of reserves, 111 monitoring, 129, 132 number of stocks, worldwide, 11 Pacific giant clams, 21 size of reserves, 116 zoning plans, 124 p Pacific Fishery Management Council, 163, 165 Philippines, 79, 80, 116, 130 Plaice, see Flounder Political factors, 3, 38, 42, 47-48, 60-63, 64, 108-109 see also Public opinion location of reserves, 98 Pollock, 40, 124, 167, 169 Pollution, 2, 3, 6, 77, 78, 123, 159, 166, 170, 235 see also Mineral, including oil and natural gas, resources agricultural runoff, 3, 11, 134, 166, 172 algal blooms, 5, 73 Clean Water Act, 168, 169, 172, 233 fish habitat, 2, 75 location of reserves, 104, 109-110 Marine Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act, 169 monitoring, 127, 134 Ocean Dumping Act, 168, 169 Oil Pollution Act, 168, 169 wetlands, 74 zoning plans, 77-78 267 Population dynamics, 2-3, 73, 79, 132, 140141, 143-144 Precautionary approach, 14, 39, 52, 74-75, 113, 165, 176, 180, 249 defined, 217 zoning plans, 123, 124 Predator/prey relationships, 3, 31, 43, 82, 8889, 95, 175 monitoring, 129, 131 Professional education, 3, 72, 239, 241 see also Internet Property rights, 61-63, 44, 38, 60, 61-63, 70, 239, 241, 243, 245, 246 cost-benefit analysis, 48-49, 59, 60 open access, 1, 2, 10-11, 20, 31, 44-45, 63, 72, 217, 247, 252 terrestrial vs marine ecosystems, 19 Public education, 3, 4, 28, 63, 72, 155, 160, 239, 241, 243 see also Internet location of reserves, 98, 101 zoning plans, 122 Public opinion, 11, 20, 42-45, 64, 70, 157, 159, 162, 164, 174, 182, 183, 184 see also Political factors marine vs terrestrial ecosystems, 18, 1920 monitoring, 126, 127, 131, 134-135 zoning plans, 121, 122 Q Quotas, see Fishing quotas; Individual fishing quotas; Individual transferable quotas R Ramsar Convention, see Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat Rare, threatened, and endangered species, 4, 5, 10, 21-22, 38 see also Extinction Endangered Species Act, 166, 167, 168, 232 endemism, 19, 104, 110, 136, 177, 215, 255
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From page 268... ...
monitoring, 131, 184 size of reserves, 117 Regional fishery management councils, 38, 39, 60-61, 64, 72, 162-165, 176, 235 bycatch, 26 defined, 217 Regional Seas Programme, 146, 148 INDEX Regulatory issues, 3, 8, 23, 47-49, 180 see also Enforcement and compliance; Fisheries and fisheries management; International perspectives; Legislation; Regional fishery management councils; Zoning and zoning plans Replenishment and replenishment zones, 23, 75-76, 77, 64, 83, 84-86 export monitoring, 133 larval, 91, 133 sources and sinks, 93 spillover of adult fish, 84, 88 Replication of habitats, 28, 99, 114, 115, 116, 127, 183, 255 Research, 3, 4, 7-8, 27-28, 48, 63, 71-95, 126, 135-143, 155, 176, 182-183, 184, 234, 237, 239, 247-256 see also Internet; Models and modeling; Monitoring; Stock assessments; Uncertainty baseline and benchmark studies, 27, 78, 153 committee study methodology, 14-16 contingent value method, 51, 52, 63 cost-benefit analysis, 48, 84, 126, 142143, 251 economic factors, 4, 234; see also Funding; "cost-benefit analysis" supra fisheries, 7-8, 27-28, 139-141, 143, 144, 172, 176, 247-256; see also Stock assessments hedonic analysis, 50-51, 52 hydrothermal vents, 110-111 location of reserves, 98, 101, 181 - 182 non-market values, 50-51, 52 recruitment, 136, 140-143, 248-254 (passim) sanctuaries, general, 141-143, 247-256 seabeds, 141 systematics, 128, 129, 130, 142, 152 tagging studies, 91, 95, 139- 140 zoning plans, 118, 119, 122, 126 Rockfish, 113 northern Pacific, 26, 33, 34, 114, 250, 251 U.S.
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From page 269... ...
coastal zones, 5, 103, 109-110, 181 community factors, 97-98 coral reefs, 99, 104-105 cultural factors, 98 current and circulation patterns, 103 definitional issues, 106 dispersal factors, 98, 99, 105, 109 economic factors, 97-98 ecosystem approach, 99, 104 educational opportunities, 98, 101 enforcement factors, 118 fisheries management, general, 97-98, 99, 100-101, 104, 105, 110, 111 integrated management and, 5 international waters, 108- 109, 110- 111 migratory species, 98-99 models and modeling, 99-102, 107-108 mineral resources, 104-105, 110 monitoring, 98, 101 networks and networking, 99, 102, 104, 105-109 overfishing, 111 political factors, 98 pollution, 104, 109-110 rare, threatened, and endangered species, 100-101, 104, 105 recreation uses, 97, 98, 100-101, 107, 181 regional factors, 98-107 (passim) research opportunities, 98, 101, 181-182 size of, 6, 97, 99, 100-101, 111-118, 121, 132, 178-179, 243, 255-256 social factors, 97-98, 99, 100- 101 spawning aggregation sites, 105 terrestrial ecosystems, 100-101, 103, 109-110 wetlands, 103 Size of fish, see Body size
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From page 270... ...
, 218 Species diversity, see Biodiversity; Genetic diversity Spillover, 75, 76, 84, 88, 91, 94-95, 107, 117, 139, 177, 254 Stanford University, 139 State government, 170-171, 172-173 agency coordination, 4, 8, 171, 183-184, 234-235 fisheries management, 38, 39, 154, 163, 172 National Estuarine Research Reserves, 74, 160-161, 170 parks, 151, 152-153 St. Lucia, 80, 96, 116, 130 Stock assessments, ix, 31, 34, 32-34, 36, 37, 59, 66, 131, 132, 249 see also Recruitment age structure, 124, 127, 131, 177, 178 cost-benefit analysis, 41 models, 36, 49, 56-57, 72, 76, 180, 182, 183, 247-248 red snapper, Gulf of Mexico, 73 single-species, 33, 73 spatial factors, 32, 33-34, 183 temporal closures and, 247-248 temporal factors, other, 30, 32, 33-34, 40, 55 uncertainty, 26-27, 30, 31, 37-38, 40-41, 66, 76-78, 79-80, 112, 113, 247248, 249 Sumilon Islands, 69 Sustainablity, 2, 13, 17, 28, 177, 233, 237, 245-246 see also Overfishing defined, 218, 245 fisheries, 14, 28, 30, 32, 33, 46, 49, 59, 74-75, 114, 177-178, 180, 251 maximum sustainable yield, 33, 35, 40, 174, 216
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From page 271... ...
Tagging studies, 91, 95, 139-140 Tanzania, 130 Taxonomy, see Systematics Temperate zones, general, 2, 94 fisheries, 33-34 Temperature factors, 3, 44, 75, 77, 78, 134 coastal, 43 larval dispersal, 88 Temporal closures, 31, 33-34, 36-37, 38, 40, 123, 174, 248 see also Seasonal restrictions rotating closures, 34, 35, 124 stock assessments, 247-248 zoning plans, 123 Temporal factors, general abundance and diversity recovery, 108 cost-benefit analysis, 179 disasters, 256 extinction, 248 fish body size, 81 fisheries management, 36, 172, 183 seasonal restrictions, 31, 36, 38, 55, 119, 123, 174 stock assessments, 30, 32, 33-34, 40, 55 see also Temporal closures monitoring, 127-128, 130, 131 natural variability, 78-79 terrestrial vs marine ecosystems, 18 zoning plans, 122 Terrestrial ecosystems, 5, 11, 13-14, 15, 98, 165-166, 170, 172, 239, 244-245 see also Coastal zones; Wetlands agricultural activities, 3, 11, 74, 134, 166, 172 human perception, marine ecosystems vs. 18, 19-20 location of reserves, 100-101, 103, 109110 marine ecosystems compared, 17-20, 169-170 271 runoff, 3, 11, 134, 166, 172 Wilderness Act, 169-170 Territorial use rights fisheries, 17, 62 exclusive economic zones, 20, 38, 39, 149, 180, 215 Texas Flower Gardens, 72 Threatened species, see Rare, threatened, and endangered species Time factors, see Temporal factors, general; Temporal closures Tortugas, see Dry Tortugas Total allowable catch (TAC)
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From page 272... ...
272 W Washington State, 124, 151, 170 Waterfowl, 10, 18, 42, 103, 111, 146, 147, 161-162 Water quality, 5, 127, 171 see also Pollution algal blooms, 5, 73 Wetlands, 6, 18, 74, 77, 243 exotic species, 74 fish habitat, 2 historical perspectives, 2, 146, 147 location of reserves, 103 mangroves, 22, 28, 105, 146 pollution of, 74 Wilderness, 11, 169-170, 232, 237, 239-240 Wilderness Act, 169-170, 232 Whales, 51-52, 54, 181 World Conservation Strategy, 68, 146, 150 World Conservation Union, 11, 68-69, 98, 111, 146, 148, 149, 150, 237246 World Heritage Convention, see Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage World Wide Web, see Internet World Wildlife Fund, 146, 150 INDEX z Zoning and zoning plans, 5, 6-7, 77-78, 99, 107-108, 118-123, 125, 159, 164, 176, 238 see also Buffer zones area closures, 119-120, 124 buffer zones, 48, 94, 116, 177, 214 coastal zones, 120, 121, 124, 159 community-level factors, 121, 122 cost-benefit analysis, 48, 121, 122 cultural factors, 118 definitions, 12, 218 economic factors, 121, 122 education, 122 enforcement, 121, 122, 123 fisheries management, 7, 119, 120, 122124 monitoring, 126 overfishing, 124 pollution, 77-78 precautionary approach, 123, 124 public opinion, 121, 122 rare, threatened, and endangered species, 118-119, 120 recreation uses, 119 research, 118, 119, 122, 126 social factors, 118, 121; see also "community-levelfactors" supra spawning aggregation sites, 120 temporal closures, 123
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