The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

Index
Pages 349-374

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 349... ... See also Race/ethnicity Age/aging. See also Biomarkers of aging; Life span; Longevity; Mortality; Mouse models of aging actuarial quantification approach, 183184 and antioxidant levels, 24 biological, indices of, 184-185, 231-232 caloric restriction and, 182, 187-188, 204, 206-207, 232 definition, 181, 232 and disease processes, 231, 232 "elite" vs. Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... 350 INDEX multiple-clocks model, 181-182 American Academy of Pediatrics, 297 and onset of disease, 48, 76, 94, 140, 141, American College of Medical Genetics, 297 143, 234, 238, 263, 314 paternal, and mutations in offspring, 139 pathobiology of, 15, 146 and physiological function, 143-144, 159-176, 182 sample collection considerations, 243, 246, 265, 267, 297 single-clock model, 182-183 and societal functioning, 162-163 and stereotypic expectations, 162-163 and telomere shortening, 232 Aging Research Center, 53 Albumin, 20, 21, 22, 25 Alcohol/alcoholism, 45, 50, 78n.11, 86, 218, 224, 282 Allele-sharing methods for QTL mapping, 121-122 Alleles APOE, 50, 52, 73, 74, 78, 83, 88, 90, 93 94, 102, 143, 225, 340 BRCA, 84, 92-93 candidate, 69n.5, 70 common, 71 defined, 67, 339 825T for GNB3 gene, 79, 95 frequencies, 139, 239 geographic distribution of, 72, 141, 148, 238, 239 HPC, 241 rare, 67, 73, 84, 91, 92-93 risky, 84n.17, 85 SNPs, 67 Alliance of Genetic Support Groups, 320 Allostatic load, 3, 25-26, 334-335, 339 Alpha secretases, 141 Alzheimer's disease APOE genes and, 50, 71, 73, 74, 90, 91 92, 93, 94, 101, 143, 145, 241, 263, 264, 314, 340 autopsy studies of, 137, 140 complex-trait models, 114 data collection issues, 236, 298 early-onset, 140 environmental considerations, 93, 94 gender differences, 93 late-onset, 263 population studies, 4-5, 237 race/ethnicity and, 94, 142-143 twin studies, 45 American College of Pathology, 148 American Society of Human Genetics, 293, 297, 311 Amino acids, 151, 339 Amyloidosis, 197 Anemia, 271 Animal model research advanced intercross groups, 222 advantages, 180, 208-209, 225 backcross groups, 223 of biomarkers of aging, 187-192, 193 of cognition, 216, 226 comparison with human studies, 188 of diabetes, 222 dogs, 204-205 environmental variables in, 215-217, 223 fruit flies, 184, 215, 222, 224 gene mapping, 222 genetic variables in, 217-223 genetically heterogeneous stocks, 219223 genotype constraint, 217-219 genotypic selective breeding, 225 IL-6-stress relationship, 22 inbred strains, 217-219, 221, 222, 223 manipulation of genes in, 223-225 mice, 215, 216, 222, 225; See also Mouse models of aging microarray analyses, 138 model systems, 214-223 nematode worms, 182, 205, 217, 222 phenotypic selective breeding, 224-225 QTL, 222, 223, 225, 226 quantitative genetic model, 113, 226 rationale for, 214 recombinant strains, 223 relevance for human populations, 213227 replicability, 218, 219-220 representativeness of strain, 218, 219220 Rhesus monkeys, 200 species choice, 214-215 statistical power, 219 transgenic and knock-out preparations, 225 validity for humans, 225-227 wild-trapped animals, 220 yeast, 222 Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... See also Osteoarthritis; Rheumatoid arthritis Ashkenazim, 93, 319 Assets and Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) , 251 351 Association studies, 78,122 biological samples and, 236 with candidate genes, 69-70, 86, 97,123124, 240 case-control design, 87,123,133,142143, 239-240 of dementia, 142-143 elements of, 214 environment-disease, 240 founder effects, 123 genetic drift and, 123 of inheritance patterns, 69-70, 78 limitations of, 70,142-143 linkage methods integrated with, 121, 125 pedigree-based, 143, 240-241 population-based, 239-241 of psychiatric disorders, 86 race/ethnicity and, 70,123,142-143 with siblings, 124-125,143 spurious associations in, 123-124 with tightly linked markers to functional genes, 123-124 transmission/disequilibrium tests, 124125 with twins, 45, 241 Assortive mating, 95, 117, 118, 340 Asthma, 114-115, 239, 260 Atherosclerosis, 24, 50,162, 233 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, 27 Attention/attentiveness, 166 Attributable risk, 90, 93, 99 Attrition, biological sample collection and, 29, 30, 55-56, 59, 242-243, 270 Autism, 45 Autoimmune diseases, 260 Autopsies of accident victims, 150 costs, 149 dementia studies, 137,140 genetic analysis of samples, 150 hospital, 150 population-based studies of geriatric populations, 4-5, 134, 150 rates, 148-149 sources of materials from, 149-150 Autosomal dominant mutations, 140, 141 Autosomal recessive disorders, 49, 140, 151 Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... , 168, 258 Behavioral genetics in addictions, 45, 50, 78n.11, 86, 102, 116 association studies, 86 community-based studies, 241-242 and demographic analysis, 76, 78n.11, 85-87, 100 generalizability of findings, 100 psychiatric disorders, 86 research opportunities, 330-331 twin studies, 45, 48, 68, 86 Beta amyloid precursor protein, 140-141, 150 Beta secretases, 141 Between-population differences, in geneenvironment interactions, 85, 90, 95 Bias in adoption studies, 44 in case-control studies, 142, 240 environment-disease association studies, 237-238 in genetic epidemiology, 235 in linear regression, 77-78 in logistic regression, 78 population stratification, 239 in risk assessment, 255 sampling, 86, 98, 111, 150, 239, 253 selection, 246, 267 in twin studies, 44, 117-118 type I errors, 237 Biodemography, 340 Bioindicators. See also Biomarkers advantages in social surveys, 4-6, 254-265 allostatic load, 25-26, 339 antioxidant profiles, 20, 24 appropriateness, 9 blood samples as, 171-172, 254 of cardiovascular system, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 changes over time, 256 INDEX cholesterol as, 15, 19, 22, 25, 254 cognitive function, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 collaborative research opportunities, 272 defined, 340 in demographic approach, 14-16, 94 environment-health linkages from, 259263 fertility, 15 gene expression data and, 207, 208 height and weight as, 329-330 historical context, 329 HPA axis, 20, 22-23, 25, 29 for inclusion in household surveys, 1726,31,254 liabilities in social surveys, 265-266 lung function, 19, 20, 24, 28, 54, 161-162, 174 of metabolic processes, 19-21, 161 physiological, 18-19, 21 renal function, 19, 20, 24, 159, 161, 170, 172 and representativeness of nonclinical data, 254-256 risk factors, 15, 19 self-report calibration with, 256-259 SNS activity, 19, 20, 23, 25, 29 symptoms, 15 value of, 330-336 Biological determinism, 320 Biological pathways, 16 Biological specimens. Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... , 320 Candidate genes. See also Demogenes association studies with, 69-70, 86, 97, 123-124, 240 confirmatory role of social surveys, 321 defined, 341 Human Genome Project and, 72 for longevity, 87-88, 97-98, 141-142,182, 203, 342, 344 for psychiatric disorders, 86 Capron, Alexander, 294 CARDIA, 27 Cardiac arrhythmias, 161 Cardiovascular disease. Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... , 195 (12) , 195, 197, 201, 209 INDEX Chronic fatigue, 263 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 46 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, 289 Clinical samples and tests, 27, 150-152, 160, 161, 170, 173, 243, 289 Clones/cloning BAC, 139, 340 positional, 64, 70, 71, 194, 345 Cluster analysis algorithms, 135 Coagulation processes, 19, 20, 21-22, 161 Cognate DNA sequences, 139 Cognate genes, 135 Cognitive function animal model of, 216, 226 APOE gene and, 18, 50 assessment, 3, 28, 54-55, 144, 167, 258 bioindicators of, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 dimensions of, 166 heritability of, 47, 86, 87, 234 and informed consent, 270, 298 integrative, 167 lung function and, 24 and physical function, 163 population studies, 11, 150, 237, 258 and self-reports, 258 stress and, 260 Cohort studies. Read the entire page →
From page 355... ... INDEX and compromise of research objectives, 265, 268-269, 341 costs, 6-7, 56, 59, 207, 251, 254, 265-266, 267-268, 271 cytological/cellular samples, 148, 161, 172-173, 245 Danish 1995-1999 experience, 3, 53-55, 56 DNA, 56-60, 208, 243, 263 ethical issues, 31, 246, 251 in family studies, 208 feasibility of, 53-60, 251 for gene mapping, 208 for genetic epidemiology, 4243, 51-53 informed consent for, 270, 279-280 in-home, 6, 243, 254, 258, 267 logistical issues, 26, 243-244, 254, 267268 in MacArthur Study, 26-30, 31 noninvasive, 31, 170 pilot studies of, 28-29, 243, 253, 264, 266 in population surveys, 16-17, 26-30, 5360, 207, 236, 242-246, 263, 265-269 prospective, 277, 279 quality control, 60, 244, 251, 268 from repositories, 246 respondent burden, 6, 266-267, 297-298 semen and ova, 243, 246 staff training for, 7, 243, 268 and study participation rate, 6, 29, 30, 55-56, 59, 242-243, 251, 266 Collection of data anthropometric measurements, 54, 254, 271 family structure and disease data, 236 in household surveys, 12-13, 16-17, 5360, 161-162, 236 proxy interviews, 12, 59, 173, 175, 236, 252, 253, 256, 270 self-reports, 12, 16-17, 26, 30, 174, 175176, 256-259, 262 College of American Pathologists Ad Hoc Committee on Stored Tissue, 286, 294, 295 Collins, Francis, 320 Colon/colorectal cancers, 115, 146-148, 237 Communication of research results, 265, 268-269, 288-290, 297, 341 Community-based behavioral studies, 241242 Comparison disparate studies, 74-75 355 Complex quantitative traits defined, 67 demography and, 72-75, 239 in disease, 114, 233, 240 in founder populations, 239 models of, 112, 121 Confidentiality issues, 255 Certificate of Confidentiality, 309 importance of, 270-271 informed-consent protections, 280-281 291, 292-293, 297 Congenital hypothyroidism, 151 Congestive heart failure, 159, 170, 197 Consanguineous matings/marriages, 140 Consumer rights movement, 278 Contamination effects, 265, 268-269, 341 Controls. See also Case-control studies in demographic studies, 77-78 in family studies, 111, 124-125, 126 genes as, 77-78, 263, 264 in nested case-control studies, 51 in population studies, 239, 263 racial/ethnic considerations, 51 twins as, 65, 68 Coronary artery disease, 95, 96, 100, 170, 237 Coronary heart disease, 22 Cortisol, 20, 22-23, 25, 29, 172, 254, 267 Cost considerations in autopsies, 149 in biological specimen collection, 56, 59, 207, 251, 265-266, 267-268, 271 laboratory assays, 136, 137, 267 Covariation, among relatives in family studies, 113, 115, 118 Cox regression analysis, 51, 88 Creatinine clearance, 20, 24, 29 Cross-cultural studies, 255-256 Cross-national comparisons, 76 Cross-sectional analysis, 238, 255 Crossover effect, 201, 221, 341 Crow, James, 139 Cryopreservation of surgical tissues, 145, 146 Cultural considerations, in genetic research, 282-283, 317-319 Cultural practices, and cancer, 84 Cultural transmission effects, 113, 117, 118, 140 Cystic fibrosis, 43, 49, 99, 238, 314 Cytokines, 161, 186 Read the entire page →
From page 356... ... See also Alzheimer's disease association studies of, 142-143, 239 autopsy data, 137,140 background rates, 142 early-onset, 48,140, 141 genetic factors, 48, 239 and language function, 166 late-onset, 48, 143 and physical functioning, 163 population studies of, 258 and proxy interviews, 59, 236 Demogenes APOE as, 18, 73-74, 90, 91-94, 99 for body mass index, 95 BRCA as, 91-94 for coronary artery disease, 96 criteria for, 89-94, 99 defined, 76, 89 evidence from genetic epidemiology, 94-99 gene-environment interactions, 90, 94, 95 for hypertension, 95-96 identification of, 89-94 for longevity, 97-98 for osteoporosis, 96-97 prospects for, 98-99 Demographic approaches/models of age pattern of mortality, 81-83 of APOE gene, 18, 73-74, 90, 91-94 behavioral genetics in, 76, 78n.11, 85-87, 100 bioindicators in, 7,14-16, 94 case-control data combined with, 77 common mechanisms, 9 comparing disparate studies, 74-75 INDEX complex quantitative traits and, 72-75, 239 controlling for genotype in, 77-78 of fertility, 11 of gene-environment interactions, 90, 94,95 genetic epidemiologic surveys and, 8889, 94-100, 101-102, 242 genetic marker distributions, 238-239 in genetic research, 65, 66, 72-75,100-101 genotyping for, 73, 75, 77-78 health outcome models, 13-14, 76-81, 84-85 of individual differences in outcomes, 76-81 and informed consent, 279 longevity genes and, 76, 87-88 of major genes for common diseases, 73-74, 89, 242 multistate, 75, 80 of population differences in outcomes, 84-85 scope of, 7, 10 time considerations, 101 variables of interest, 67 Depression, 48, 260, 261 Diabetes mellitus animal models, 222 APOE gene and, 50 biomarkers for, 172,184-185 clinical test, 160,170 environment and, 5-6, 260 insulin-dependent, 48, 124 juvenile type 1, 314 race/ethnicity and, 16, 21, 319 self-reports of, 17, 257 TDT for, 124 type 2, 142 Dimensionality reduction, 6, 335 Disease and disease processes. See also Health outcomes; individual diseases and disorders age-at-onset considerations, 48, 76, 94, 140, 141, 143, 234, 238 age-related rates of change in, 231 aging distinguished from, 232 cohort studies of risk trends, 74 dimensions of, 231 family studies of, 234-235, 236 gene-environment interactions, 12, 44, 49, 79, 84, 94, 95, 114-115, 146, 233, 263 Read the entire page →
From page 357... ... See also Gene-environment interactions and age-related physiological change and disease, 182, 187-188, 204, 206207, 232 in Alzheimer's disease, 93, 94 in animal model research, 215-217, 223 bioindicators of, 259-263 biological factors, 5 candidate agents, 125 and cardiovascular disease, 116 case-control studies, 240 chemical factors, 5 compromise approach, 116 in family studies, 117 and genetic variance, 48 latent effects, 116, 126 major qualitative exposure to risk factors, 112, 115 "mapping," 5, 125-126 measurable effects, 3-4, 116-117, 126 migration studies, 235 monitoring systems, 34 physical factors, 5 polyenvironmental influences, 115-116 in quantitative genetic models, 115-117, 125, 127 shared environmental effects, 117, 118 twin studies, 45, 117 Enzymes, 140-141, 160, 341 Eosin, 144 Epidemiological models, 10-11, 12-13. See also Genetic epidemiology biomarkers in, 17 Epigenetic changes, 146-147, 341 Epinephrine, 20, 23, 25, 29, 254 Epistatic effects, 114, 222, 341 Equal environment assumption, 45, 117 Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) Read the entire page →
From page 358... ... See also Physiological functions assessment of, 158; see also Measurement of function integrated, 3, 162, 168-169, 174, 175 levels of, 160-163 societal, 162-163, 175 types of, 163-169 Functional reserve, 170, 171, 186 G G-protein $3 subunit, 79, 95 Gamete, 342 Gamma secretases, 141 Gender/sex and addictive behavior, 45 and Alzheimer's disease, 93 and antioxidant levels, 24 APOE gene and, 18, 93 and biomarkers of aging, 188-189, 191192, 193 and cardiovascular disease outcomes, 93 Read the entire page →
From page 359... ... See also Genetic epidemiology aging-related, 5 APOE gene, 50, 94 assessment of, 51, 150 and between-population differences, 85, 90,95 challenges in studies, 42, 51-53, 87, 114 case-control studies, 51, 241 cohort studies, 50-51, 54-55, 238 community-based behavioral studies, 241-242 and demographic studies, 90, 94, 95 design of studies, 50-51, 79, 150 in diseases and disorders, 12, 44, 49, 79, 84, 94, 95, 114-115, 146, 233, 263 family studies, 42, 118 height as expression of, 329-330 and longevity, 98 in mental illness/disorders, 44, 86, 241242 multiple comparison problem, 52-53, 70 relationships in, 4849, 234 sample size considerations, 237 and segregation analysis, 69 toxicant metabolism, 241 twin studies, 4445 Gene expression aging-related changes in, 133, 134-138, 182, 206-207 and bioindicators of clinical states, 207, 208 in the brain, 85-86, 137 caloric restriction and, 206-207 epigenetic changes in, 146-147, 341 microarray methodologies, 120, 133, 135-139, 145, 150, 344 in peripheral blood samples, 145 protein modulation of, 146 quantitative analysis of, 139 screening by cell type, 206-207 suppression, 341 technology, 127 transcription factors and, 134 359 Gene-gene interactions, 85, 87, 225 Gene mapping in affected sib-pairs, 121 in animal models, 222 with BAC clones, 139, 340 biological sample collection for, 208 defined, 342 linkage analysis, 120-121 of Mendelian major factors for disease loci, 120 multipoint, 121 pedigree data and, 120-121 positional cloning, 64, 70, 71, 194, 345 QTL studies, 86, 121-122, 125, 194-195, 201, 203, 222 in quantitative genetic model, 113, 119 sib-pair allele-sharing methods, 121-122 sibling studies, 119, 121-122 tandem repeats, 346 Gene promoters, 146 Gene therapy, 242, 306 Generalizability of findings in behavioral genetics, 100 in family studies, 118 Genes. See also Apolipoprotein E; Demogenes; Major genes ACE, 98 and age patterns of mortality, 81-83 for Alzheimer's disease, 50, 71, 73, 74, 90, 91-92, 93, 94, 101, 143, 145, 340 APOB, 98 asthma susceptibility, 239 and behavior, 85-87 BRCA, 84, 91-94, 101, 294, 319, 341 cognate, 135 COLIA, 70 for common diseases, 73-74 as controls, 77-78 defined, 342 demographic models for, 73-74, 89, 242 as effect modifiers, 78-79, 139 estrogen receptor, 146-147 FAP, 294 functional, 123 and heterogeneity in survival analysis, 80-81 for Huntington's chores, 64, 65 as instrumental variables, 79, 333-334 isoforms, 137, 343 longevity, 76, 87-88, 97-98, 141-142, 182, 203, 342, 344 Read the entire page →
From page 360... ... see also Geneenvironment interactions adoption studies, 4344 association studies, 69-70, 78 biological sample collection in household surveys, 42-43, 51-53 biosocial opportunities in, 332 cohort studies, 88-89, 235 confounding in, 235 defined, 66, 111 and demogenes, 94-99 and demographic models, 88-89, 94-100, 101-102, 242 developments in, 66 examples of studies, 76 family studies, 68 Human Genome Project and, 72 inheritance patterns of traits, 68-69 linkage analysis, 70-71, 78 origins of human populations, 72 outline of, 66-72 research areas, 67 revolution in, 65, 75 sample sizes, 42, 51, 52 segregation analysis, 68-69, 77 twin studies, 45, 68 Genetic exceptionalism, 281 Genetic factors adoption studies, 4344 in cardiovascular disease, 48, 50, 73, 74, 78-79, 83, 91, 92-93, 94, 96, 143, 145, 340 in dementias, 48, 239 in fertility, 4647 INDEX in individual differences in outcomes, 76-81 shared, 115, 118 Genetic linkage, 239, 343, 346. see also Linkage analysis Genetic markers. Read the entire page →
From page 361... ... , 20, 21, 25, 29, 160, 184-185, 254, 256 GNB3 gene, 825T allele, 79, 95 Gompertz-Makeham models, 97 Gonadal atrophy, 142 Great Britain, 22 Growth hormone, 194, 205 H Hair graying and thinning, 142 Haseman-Elston approach, 121 HDL cholesterol, 19-20, 22, 29, 256 Head trauma recovery, 52 Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) access to database for, 309-310 administrative data linkages, 3, 262 biomarker collection in, 263-264, 265, 267 defined, 343 dementia assessment in, 258, 266, 267 design, 255, 258, 262 ethical and confidentiality issues, 255 361 future directions, 271 limitations, 265 overview, 2, 251-253 self-reports, 262 Health behavior/practices gender differences in, 254 and health outcomes, 14, 332 indicators of, 14, 19 and lung function, 24 self-reports of, 17 Health Care Financing Administration, 236 Health care usage and availability, 14, 17, 19 Health insurance, 264-265, 276, 281, 291292, 307, 313 Health Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act, 308 Health outcomes APOE gene and, 18, 85 bidirectionality of relationships, 14 bioindicators, 14-16 challenge and, 260-262 collection of data on, 12-13 demographic models, 9, 13-14, 76-81, 84-85 dimensions investigated, 11-12 health behavior and, 14 incident vs. Read the entire page →
From page 362... ... , 70, 72, 87, 99, 100, 114, 122, 303, 306, 311, 320, 322-323, 343 Human radiation experiments, 278 Human subjects, defined, 284 Huntington chores, 43, 64, 65, 314 INDEX Hyperglycemia, 171, 172 Hyperlipidemia, 170 Hypertension, 15, 17 antioxidants and, 24 gene-environment interactions, 233 heritability of, 46, 95-96, 233 indicators of, 19, 170 race/ethnicity and, 256 self-reports of, 257 SNS activity and, 23 Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, 20, 22-23, 25, 29 Iceland, 70, 93, 239, 311-312 Identity by descent, 121, 139 Identity by state, 139 Idiopathic epilepsy, 46 IGF-1, 205 Immune function, 182, 186, 189, 201, 203, 206, 263 Imputation of missing data, 77, 258 Inanition, 197 Inborn alterations in gene dosage, 139 Inborn errors of metabolism, 151 Inbreeding, 140, 217-219, 221, 222, 223 India, 140 Individual choice, and health outcomes, 14 Individual variability in health outcomes, 76-81 sources of, 110-111 Indonesia, 271 Inflammation processes, biomarkers of, 19, 20, 21-22, 25 Informed consent abuses of, 278, 299, 310-311 advocacy group brochure, 320 basic principle, 278, 299 benefits information, 290 for children, 296-298 cognitive function of participants and, 270, 298 for collection of biomarkers, 270, 279280 communication of research results, 288290, 297, 313-314 for demographic data, 279 elements of, 280-281, 286-296 ethical issues, 265, 276, 297 family contact, 296 Read the entire page →
From page 363... ... , 278 K Kungsholmen Project, 75, 89 L Laboratory assays for clarification of disease status, 148149 CLIA-app rove d, 2 8 9 costs, 136, 137, 267 methods, 29, 151 quality control, 268 reliability and validity, 26 robotic methods, 137 Lactose malabsorption, 72 Language function, 166 Latent effects, 113, 114, 116, 126, 127, 151 LDL cholesterol, 19-20 Life circumstances, indicators of, 14, 19 Life-cycle research approach, 14, 134-138 Life expectancy, 15, 186, 233 Life span, 11. See also Age/aging; Longevity gender and, 15 genetic factors, 46, 68, 142, 182 height and, 204-206 stochastic events and, 142 twin studies of, 46, 142 Lifestyle factors, 15 Read the entire page →
From page 364... ... , 27 Longitudinal Study of Aging Danish Twins (LSADT) , 53-54, 55, 56, 59 Longitudinal Study of Middle-Aged Twins, 53,54,56,59 Low-density lipoproteins, 19-20, 24 INDEX Lung cancer, 73-74, 241 Lung function, 19, 20 and cognitive function, 24 health behavior and, 24 measurement, 3, 28, 54, 161-162,174 Lymphoma, 189,196,197, 198 M MacArthur Study of Successful Aging, 10 biomarker correlates in, 21, 22, 24, 25 biomedical assessments, 28 cholesterol risk stratification, 20 collection of biological information in, 26-30, 31 cross-cultural comparisons, 255-256 description of, 27-28, 30-31, 262 LSOA compared, 27 physiological measures from blood and urine, 28-30 Macular degeneration, 234 Major affective disorder, 45, 86 Major genes and age-related risks, 73-74 for blood pressure, 95-96 for BMI, 95 defined, 67 demographic models for, 73-74, 89 disease registries, 239 and genetic variance, 113 interactions in diseases, 74 life-span modulating, 140-142 with multiple disease associations, 74 Mammary carcinoma, 189 Masoro, Edward, 182 Measurable effects environmental, 116-117 genotypic, 114-115, 126 Measurement of allostatic load, 25 of BMI, 20 of cholesterol, 20, 29 error, 26 of gene-environment interactions, 51,150 Measurement of function ADLs, 67,163,168, 339 auditory, 168 biological samples, 169,171-173 blood pressure, 19, 20, 25, 28, 161 cardiovascular system, 161,162 clinical-level, 159,161, 169 Read the entire page →
From page 365... ... challenge, 170-171 self-reports, 163,173, 174 at total-organism level, 173-174 types of measures, 171-175 vision, 168 Medical Outcomes Study SF-36, 167 Medical records, 3,13, 17, 263 Medicare claims records, 3,13,149, 251, 252, 258 Mediterranean fruit flies, 184 Meiosis, 120,140, 344 Memory, 47, 144, 166, 260 Mendelian major factors for disease loci, 120 models of inheritance, 68, 71, 99,112, 113, 222, 263 Mental health/illness, 11. See also specific disorders adoption studies, 234-235 data collection issues, 236 gene-environment interactions and, 44, 86, 241-242 performance testing of, 12 stress and, 260 Mental Health Index, 167 Mental retardation, 49 Messenger RNA (mRNA) Read the entire page →
From page 366... ... , 10, 27, 89, 168, 257, 271, 277, 289, 332, 344 National Health Insurance exam, 254 Read the entire page →
From page 367... ... See also Selective pressures Nature-nurture debate, 43 Needle biopsy, 173 Nematode worms, 182, 205, 217, 222 Nested case-control studies, 51, 240 Neural network model, 122 Neuroendocrine function, 23 Neuronal cells, 137 Neuroticism, 47 Nicotine, 78n.11 Nigeria, 92, 94 Norepinephrine, 20, 23, 25, 29, 254 Nuclear family studies, 118, 240-241 Nucleic acid probes, 145 Nucleotides, 345 Nun Study, 4-5 o Obesity, 19, 44, 79, 95, 205 Observer rating, 175 Occupational exposures to toxic substances, 15 Odense University Hospital, 59 Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR) , 284, 286, 297, 304, 310-311 Office of Technology Assessment, 304 Oligogenes, 67, 69, 89, 345 Oligonucleotides, 135, 139, 345 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 113 Onset of disease, age factors in, 48, 76, 94, 140, 141, 143, 234, 238, 263, 314 Opossum longevity, 182 Organ damage aging and, 182 detection of, 170 Organ/organoid cultures, 145 367 Organic acid metabolism, 151 Orofacial birth defects, 236 Osteoarthritis, 74 Osteoporosis, 70, 74, 94-95, 96-97, 142 Ovarian cancer, 91, 92, 93, 237, 320 p P-glycoprotein, 191, 201 PAH gene, 69n.4 Pakistan, 257, 267 Panic disorder, 86 Parent-offspring pairs, 119, 125, 208 Parent-offspring transmission-based TOT, 125 Parkinson's disease, 46, 48, 234, 237 Participants, survey/study benefits of, 269, 282, 290 for children, 296-298 communication of research results to, 265, 268-269, 288-290, 297, 313-314, 341 familial coercion, 316 family contact, 296 mentally impaired, 270, 298 obligations to, 269-271 ownership of specimens, 295-296, 313315 partnership role, 320-321 psychological risks to, 315-317 recontacting tissue sources, 276-277, 290, 293-294 risk information, 291-292 vulnerable, 296-298 withdrawal from protocol, 295 Paternal age, and mutations in offspring, 139 Paternalism in medicine, 278 Paternity issues, 236, 292 Pathobiology of aging, 15, 146 Pathology samples autopsy, 148-150 clinical, 150-152, 245 colorectal, 146-147 costs related to, 146 cryopreservation, 145, 146 cytological materials, 148 genetic analysis of archived samples, 145-148 organ/organoid cultures from, 145 sample handling, 144-145, 146 surgical, 144-148, 245 Read the entire page →
From page 368... ... See also Cognitive function aging and, 143-144,159-176,182 cellular, 161 challenge and, 260-262 cholesterol and, 22 differential rates of change, 143-144, 161 home monitoring/assessment of, 161 molecular, 160 neuropsychological, 23,166-167, 173 organ, 161-162 sensory, 167-168, 174 total organism/integrated, 162,163-169, 173-174 Physiological measures APOE genes, 18 from blood and urine, 19, 28-30 in MacArthur Study, 28-30 Pituitary adenoma, 205 Pleiotropic effects, 97, 200, 205, 331, 345 antagonistic, 97, 340, 342 Point estimates, 77 Poisson regression, 77 Polyenvironmental influences, 115-116 Polygenes, 69, 90, 95, 222 Polygenic variance, 69, 86, 113, 222, 223, 345 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , 137, 345 inter-simple sequence repeat, 146 quantitative reverse transcriptioncompetitive, 137 tissue analysis, 139 Polymorphisms, 67, 70, 72, 84, 85 APOE, 73, 91, 92-93 BCRA, 84, 92-93 defined, 345 for longevity, 195 microarray analysis of, 139 single-nucleotide, 67, 70, 72, 99,100, 120, 139, 346 Population admixture, 70, 123-124 aging-rate differences within, 194 allele frequencies, 239 bottlenecks, 123 differences, gene studies of, 84-85, 238 ethnohistorical distance between, 84 Read the entire page →
From page 369... ... prevalent outcomes, 237238 large-scale, 2, 100-101, 111, 114, 123, 141, 262-263 longitudinal design advantages, 255 methodological issues, 237-238 participation issues, 6, 29, 30, 55-56, 59, 242-243, 251 pathology samples, 134, 150, 151-152 pedigree data from, 235, 236, 240-241 369 phenotypic outcomes specified in, 231234 proxy reports/interviews, 12, 59, 173, 175, 236, 252, 253, 270 public health and clinical applications, 241, 242 representativeness of nonclinical data in, 254-256 respondent burden, 6, 266-267 sample size considerations, 42, 51, 52, 77, 122, 234, 237, 238, 251 self-reports, 12, 16-17, 26, 30, 174, 175176, 256-259, 262 spurious associations in, 123-124, 237238 value of, 30, 141, 235 Positional cloning, 64, 70, 71, 194, 345 Postal surveys, 235 Power simulation results, 126 Premature death, 44 Preparative cell sorting, 139 Presenilin genes, 101, 140, 141 Privacy of genetic information. See also Confidentiality issues Certificate of Confidentiality, 309 on databases, 310-312 discrimination and social stigma considerations, 264-265, 276, 281, 291-292, 297, 307-310 individual, within families, 310-311 informed-consent protections, 280-281, 291, 292-293, 308-309 medical information distinguish from, 306-307 publication of results and, 309-310 sample identification issues, 283-287, 292-294, 297 Probands, 113, 121, 345 Processing speed, 47 Prospective epidemiologic surveys genetic information in, 88-89 sample size considerations, 237 Prostate cancer, 139, 237, 241 Proteins age-dependent changes in, 203 beta amyloid precursor, 140-141, 150 C-reactive, 20, 21, 22, 25, 30 cross-linking, 182, 201 eye lens, 201 gene expression modulators, 146 isoforms, 343 Read the entire page →
From page 370... ... 370 oxidation, 189, 203 physiological modulation role, 134, 146 Proteomics, 134, 346 Proxy reports/interviews, 12, 59,173,175, 236, 252, 253, 270 PS-1 gene, 74 PS-2 gene, 74 Psychology and health outcomes, 14 twin studies, 48 Pubescence, 134 Pulmonary adenosarcoma, 198 Pure-tone audiometry, 168 Q Qualitative traits case-control studies for, 123 defined, 66 TDTs for, 124 variability, 110 Quality control, 60, 244, 268 Quantitative analysis, of gene expression, 139 Quantitative genetic models animal studies, 113, 226 basis of, 113 compromise approaches, 114,116 covariation among relatives in, 113,115 environmental variance components, 115-117, 125, 127 gene mapping in, 113,119 genetic variance components, 113-115, 127 latent components, 113,116,119,127 major-gene effects, 113 measurable effects, 114-115,116-117,127 polyenvironmental influences, 115-116 QTL effects in, 113 sib-pair tests, 125 of variance decomposition, 119 Quantitative reverse transcriptioncompetitive PCR, 137 Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) allele-sharing methods, 121-122 in animal models, 222, 223, 225 for behavior, 86 defined, 69, 346 for latent genetic effect, 114 mapping, 86,121-122,125,194-195, 201, 203, 222, 322 INDEX in mouse longevity studies, 194-195, 201, 203 polygenic influences and, 113, 222 Quantitative traits continuously distributed, 124 defined, 66, 346 multifactorial variance, 69, 126 oligogenes for, 67, 69 polygenic influences, 69, 222 variability sources, 110, 112-117 variance component models applied 68 Questionnaires, 53-54, 173,174 R Race/ethnicity, 76 and Alzheimer's disease, 94,142-143 and antioxidant levels, 24 APOE gene and, 18, 79, 85, 92-93,102, 143 and association studies, 70, 123,142-143 and blood pressure, 256 and cholesterol, 85 and control selection, 51 and cortisol, 22-23 and diabetes, 16, 21, 319 genetic testing issues, 282-283 and glucose metabolism, 16, 21 GNB3 gene and, 79 and health outcomes, 15-16 and homocysteine metabolism, 21 and mutations, 140,141 and SNS activity, 23 Reading disability, 45, 86-87 Recombinant inbred strains, 223 Recombination, 71,123, 341, 346 Regression analysis, 51, 88,122,124,188,191 Reliability of laboratory assays, 26 of self-reports, 16-17, 26, 257 Religious activities, 22 Renal function, 19, 20, 24,159,161, 170, 172,237,288 Replicability of studies, 218, 219-220 Repository specimens, 60 commercial use of, 295-296, 311-312 cryopreservation of, 145,146, 245 defined, 283 identification/labeling issues, 283-287, 288, 292-293 Read the entire page →
From page 371... ... , 29 Sex steroids, 207 Sexuality, 68 Shapiro, Harold, 294 Shared effects environmental, 117, 118 genetic, 115, 118 Short tandem repeats (STRs) Read the entire page →
From page 372... ... bioindicators of health status related to 21, 22-23, 24, 25 and fertility, 47 INDEX genetic influences, 116 and health outcomes, 14, 15, 22, 47, 260 Somatic cells, 346 Somatic mutations, 90-91, 142, 146, 232 Somatic symptoms of illness, 167 Spatial reasoning, 47 Speech function, 166 Spontaneous activity, 189, 201 Spurious correlations/associations, 70, 98, 100, 126, 222 in genetic association studies, 123-124 Stanford University, 135 Statistical analysis development of techniques, 64-65, 114 of microarray results, 135, 137 Statistical power, 51, 52, 144, 219, 250 Stereotypes expectations of aging, 162-163 genetic basis for, 282-283 Stochastic events, 142, 218, 346 Strategene, 136 Strength, 3, 18, 48, 189, 190 Stress, 3, 22, 23, 207, 260-262 Stroke, 16, 21, 24, 163, 166 Study of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan. See Taiwan Study Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Read the entire page →
From page 373... ... , 120, 347 Variance component models, 68, 117, 121122, 125 Variance decomposition models, 114, 117, 119 Verbal reasoning, 47 Virginia Commonwealth University, 310-311 Visual function, 167 Visual spatial function, 166-167 Vitamin B6, 21 Read the entire page →
From page 374... ... 374 Vitamin B12, 21, 30 Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, 70, 74, 96 Vitamin supplements, 24 Vocational interests in adolescence, 47, 48 W Waist/hip ratio, 20, 25, 28, 256 Weibull functions, 82n.13 Weight, 15,19, 205 Welch Allyn Audioscope�, 168 Wellcome Trust, 72 Werner syndrome, 142,194 Whispered voice test, 168 Whole-genome scan, 70, 72 Willis, Robert, 333-334 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, 271 Within-population variation, 80-81 INDEX X X chromosome, 87,139 a' y Yeast, 222 Yi-Li, Chuang, 268 Yu-Hsuan, Lin, 268 z Zimbabwe, 95n.22 Zygosity misclassification, 118 Zygotes, 347 Zygotic twins, 347 Read the entire page →

From page 349...

... See also Race/ethnicity Age/aging. See also Biomarkers of aging; Life span; Longevity; Mortality; Mouse models of aging actuarial quantification approach, 183184 and antioxidant levels, 24 biological, indices of, 184-185, 231-232 caloric restriction and, 182, 187-188, 204, 206-207, 232 definition, 181, 232 and disease processes, 231, 232 "elite" vs.

Index Pages 349-374

Index
Pages 349-374