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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
The National Research Council supported this study. It was prepared by Committee on the Federal Science and Technology Budget under the aegis of the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP). COSEPUP is a joint committee of NAS, NAE, and IOM. It includes members of the councils of all three bodies.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A.Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I.Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts and Dr. William A.Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND PUBLIC POLICY
MAXINE F.SINGER (Chair), President,
Carnegie Institution of Washington
BRUCE M.ALBERTS (Ex-Officio), President,
National Academy of Sciences
ENRIQUETA BOND, President,
The Burroughs Wellcome Fund
LEWIS BRANSCOMB, Professor Emeritus,
Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
GERALD P.DINNEEN (Ex-Officio), Retired Vice President,
Science and Technology Honeywell, Inc.
JAMES J.DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering,
Millennium Project, University of Michigan
MARYE ANNE FOX, Chancellor,
North Carolina State University
RALPH E.GOMORY, President,
Alfred P.Sloan Foundation
RUBY P.HEARN, Senior Vice President,
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
SAMUEL PRESTON, Dean and Frederick J.Warren Professor of Demography,
The University of Pennsylvania
KENNETH I.SHINE (Ex-Officio), President,
Institute of Medicine
EDWARD H.SHORTLIFFE, Professor and Chair,
Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, Columbia University
HUGO F.SONNENSCHEIN, Charles L.Hutchinson Distinguished Service Professor,
The University of Chicago
PAUL E.TORGERSEN, John W.Hancock, Jr. Chair and President Emeritus,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
IRVING L.WEISSMAN, Karel and Avice Beekhuis Professor of Cancer Biology,
Stanford University, School of Medicine
SHEILA WIDNALL, Abby Rockefeller Mauze Professor of Aeronautics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
WILLIAM JULIUS WILSON, Lewis P. and Linda L.Geyser University Professor,
Harvard University
WILLIAM A.WULF (Ex-Officio), President,
National Academy of Engineering
RICHARD E.BISSELL, Executive Director
DEBORAH D.STINE, Associate Director
MARION E.RAMSEY, Administrative Associate
COMMITTEE ON THE FEDERAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BUDGET
JAMES J.DUDERSTADT (Chair), President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering,
Millennium Project, University of Michigan
LEWIS M.BRANSCOMB, Professor Emeritus,
Center for Science and International Affairs, John F.Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
MILDRED DRESSELHAUS, Institute Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JACK HALPERN, Vice President,
National Academy of Sciences
RUBY P.HEARN, Senior Vice President,
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
ANITA JONES, University Professor of Computer Science,
University of Virginia
PETER H.HENDERSON, Study Director
EVELYN SIMEON, Administrative Associate
PREFACE
In 1995, the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council issued a report entitled Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, which recommended tracking federal investments in the creation of new knowledge and technologies—what the report referred to as the federal science and technology budget (FS&T).
The Academies’ Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP) has issued three reports in an annual series tracking the President’s proposed FS&T budget and commenting on its potential impact on our ability to meet national goals and sustain global leadership in science and engineering. This report is the fourth in this annual series. It is authored by the Committee on the Federal Science and Technology Budget under the aegis of COSEPUP.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: William R.Brinkley, Baylor College of Medicine; Daniel C.Drucker, University of Florida; Susan Fitzpatrick, James S.McDonnell Foundation; Christopher T.Hill, George Mason University; Kei Koizumi, American Association for the Advancement of Science; W.Carl Lineberger, University of Colorado; Ronald F.Probstein, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Paul M.Romer, Stanford University; and Daniel R. Sarewitz, Columbia University.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Floyd E. Bloom, Scripps Research Institute. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
The production of this report was the result of hard work in a short time period by the study committee, chaired by James Duderstadt and consisting of Lewis Branscomb, Mildred Dresselhaus, Jack Halpern, Ruby P.Hearn, and Anita Jones. The Committee was assisted in this study by Peter Henderson, study director, and Evelyn Simeon, administrative associate, in the NRC’s Division of Policy and Global Affairs.
James Duderstadt, Chair
Committee on the Federal Science and Technology Budget
Figures and Tables
Figures
1: |
Proposed FY 2002 federal spending for R&D and FS&T, |
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2: |
Federal science and technology budget and federal science and technology budget excluding NIH FS&T, billions of constant FY 2001 dollars, 1994–2002, |
Tables
1: |
Alternative Perspectives on the President’s FY 2002 Science and Technology Budget (millions of current dollars), |
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2: |
National Academies’ FS&T Budget, National Academies’ FS&T Budget Excluding NIH FS&T, and Research and Development Budget, FY 1994-FY 2002 (millions of constant FY 2001 dollars), |
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3: |
The National Academies’ Federal Science and Technology (FS&T) Budget, by Agency, FY 1999-FY 2002 (millions of constant FY 2001 dollars), |
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4: |
The Administration’s Federal Science and Technology (FS&T) Budget, by Agency, FY 2000-FY 2002 (millions of constant FY 2001 dollars), |