Halley's Quest: A Selfless Genius and His Troubled Paramore (2005)

The leading account of Halley’s three voyages remains The Three Voyages of Edmond Halley in Paramore 1698-1701 in two volumes. It was published by the Hakluyt Society in London in 1981 and expertly edited by Norman H. W. Thrower.

I also reviewed manuscript journals of Halley’s voyages aboard the Paramore in the British Library’s formidable manuscript room.

Dalrymple’s account published in 1773 was the first to include Halley’s first and second voyages and provides many insights for modern scholars.

A large portion of Halley’s science-based writings have been published in his books and sundry reports in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Others are found in unpublished papers in the Royal Society’s archives in London, which include journal and minute books of the society as well as unpublished notes on presentations to the society.

A top modern source for Halleiana is Correspondence and Papers of Edmond Halley by E. F. MacPike, first published in Oxford in 1932. It includes a list of primary sources.

Halley also appears in the diaries and correspondence of other key players of his time. He is mentioned in the diaries of Hooke, Pepys, and Evelyn; in the memoirs of Hearne; and in the letters of Oldenburg, Flamsteed, Newton, Charlett, and Hevelius, among others.

Miscellaneous materials from the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich and its library were also sources for Halley’s period. For example, the Navy Board’s minutes are archived there.

The National Archives harbors original copies of letters between Halley and Secretary of the Navy Burchett, lords letters to the Navy Board, and treasury papers, among others.

The most comprehensive source for Newton is the Correspondence of Isaac Newton in seven volumes, published in Cambridge in 1975.

Unfortunately, one of the best collections of Halley’s manuscripts, compiled by former Royal Society Secretary John Machin, was lost. The collection mysteriously disappeared in the 19th century from the library of the Royal Astronomical Society, which is based in London.

The collection of essays assembled to commemorate the tercentenary of Newton’s Principia and the 1985-1986 return of Comet Halley proved invaluable to properly context Halley’s achievements. The essays were published in Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: A Longer View of Newton and Halley, which was edited by Norman J. W. Thrower. Its impressive list of contributors includes W. R. Albury, I. Bernard Cohen, Sir Alan H. Cook, Suzanne V. Debarbat, B. J. T. Dobbs, Eric G. Forbes, James E. Force, Gerald Funk, Sara Schechner Genuth, Derek Howse, David W. Hughes, David Kbrin, Simon Schaffer, F. Richard Stephenson, Norman J. W. Thrower, Albert Van Helden, Craig B. Waff, David W. Waters, and Richard S. Westfall.

Very little of Halley’s personal correspondence survives.

In the United Kingdom, Cambridge University’s King’s College Library and the university library house many key documents used to construct events in the narrative. The bulk of John Flamsteed and Halley’s papers from their time as royal astronomers at the Royal Greenwich Observatory now reside at Cambridge University’s library. So do many pertinent Newton manuscripts.

Outside London the National Archives in Kew houses a plethora of documents going back hundreds of years. The most critical were the Admiralty files, including those from the High Court of Admiralty.

In addition to records of Harrison’s court-martial, available papers include the deposition books from 1650 to 1710 and miscellaneous records, including ships’ articles, account books, logbooks, apprenticeship indentures, and more. It also holds key documents covering various events in Halley’s life, such as the filing of a will and other legal actions.

Although Halley’s papers from his days as royal astronomer are now housed at Cambridge, the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich has substantial manuscript holdings pertaining to Halley and his age.

In London the British Library warehouses an impressive collection of Halley’s manuscripts and related papers.

The Royal Society’s Collectanea Newtoniana, Halley manuscripts, and Royal Society journal books, letter books, and council minutes were invaluable to the telling of this story. For example, Halley’s original papers on most categories of his work, such as those that would someday lead to the invention of scuba diving, including titles on the diving bell, conveying air into the diving bell, working in the diving bell, and protecting the eardrum while underwater, are all available there for perusing.

The British Museum’s exhibit on the Enlightenment, which opened in 2003, also inspired elements of several chapters.

The Paris Observatory’s collection of Halley letters and observations helped vivify his visits with Cassini.

Biographia Britannica, 1757, vol. 4, pp. 2494-2520 (London). Either John Machin, a secretary of the Royal Society, or historian Thomas Birch is believed to have authored this. Martin Folkes is thought to have contributed information to the biography.

Eloge by Mairan, printed by MacPike in 1932.

Memoir (anonymous), printed by MacPike in 1931. Some Halley scholars believe that Martin Folkes, then Royal Society president, authored the piece.

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