APPENDIX D
Cohort Results Tables
TABLE D.1 Pharyngeal Cancer and Exposure to Asbestos—Cohort Studies
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Mining |
|
|
|
Reid et al. 2004 |
5,685 male crocidolite mining and milling workers in western Australia (incidence 1980-2000—pharynx) |
16 |
1.88 (1.15-3.07) |
Piolatto et al. 1990 |
1,058 male chrysotile miners in northern Italy (oropharynx) |
6 |
2.31 (0.85-5.02)a |
|
Duration of exposure (years) |
|
|
|
< 10 |
5 |
4.55 (1.47-10.61)a |
|
10-20 |
1 |
2.00 (0.05-11.14)a |
|
> 20 |
0 |
0.0 (0.0-4.10)a |
Sluis-Cremer et al. 1992 |
7,317 male amosite and crocidolite miners in South Africa (lip, oral cavity, pharynx) |
10 |
2.14 (1.03-3.94) |
|
Amosite subcohort |
1 |
0.42 (0.0-1.97) |
|
Crocidolite subcohort |
5 |
2.94 (1.16-6.18) |
Insulation Manufacture/Insulators (laggers) |
|||
Berry et al. 2000 |
1,400 male asbestos factory workers in east London, UK (pharynx, buccal cavity) (laggers) |
0 |
0.0 (0.0-8.79)a |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Selikoff and Seidman 1991 |
17,800 male members of asbestos insulation unions in Canada and US in 1967 (oropharynx) |
48 |
2.18 (1.62-2.91)a |
Levin et al. 1998 |
783 white male asbestos pipe insulation factory in Tyler, TX (pharynx, buccal cavity) |
1 |
1.07 (0.03-5.95) |
Asbestos Textile Workers |
|
|
|
Pira et al. 2005 |
1,966 textile employees in Italy (oral, pharynx) |
7 |
2.26 (0.90-4.65) |
|
Duration of employment (years) |
|
|
|
< 1 |
4 |
3.89 (1.06-9.96)a |
|
1 to < 5 |
2 |
2.52 (0.30-9.10)a |
|
5 to < 10 |
0 |
0 |
|
10+ |
1 |
1.33 (0.03-7.41)a |
|
Time since first employment (years) |
|
|
|
< 15 |
3 |
3.36 (0.69-9.83)a |
|
15 to < 25 |
4 |
3.63 (0.99-9.30)a |
|
25 to < 35 |
0 |
0 |
|
35+ |
0 |
0 |
|
Time since last exposure (years) |
|
|
|
Ongoing to < 3 |
1 |
1.86 (0.05-10.38)a |
|
3 to < 15 |
2 |
1.79 (0.22-6.46)a |
|
15 to < 25 |
4 |
4.72 (1.29-12.08)a |
|
25 to < 35 |
0 |
0 |
|
35+ |
0 |
0 |
|
Age at first exposure (years) |
|
|
|
< 25 |
0 |
0 |
|
25 to < 35 |
2 |
2.57 (0.31-9.27)a |
|
35+ |
5 |
2.62 (0.85-6.12)a |
|
Sex |
|
|
|
889 men |
7 |
2.54 (1.0-5.23)a |
|
1,077 women |
0 |
0 |
Asbestos Cement |
|
|
|
Raffn et al. 1989 |
7,996 male asbestos-cement industry workers in Denmark (buccal cavity, pharynx) (incidence) |
13 |
0.79 (0.42-1.35) |
Giaroli et al. 1994 |
3,341 male asbestos-cement workers in Italy (mouth, pharynx) |
|
00 (0-1.37)b |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Hughes et al. 1987 |
5,492 male asbestos-cement manufacturing plant employees in New Orleans, LA (buccal, pharynx) |
|
|
|
Plants combined (20 year lag) |
11 |
0.90 (0.45-1.61)a |
|
Plant 1 |
5 |
1.13 (0.37-2.64)a |
|
Plant 2 |
6 |
0.77 (0.28-1.67)a |
Parnes 1990 |
2,057 male brake-lining and disk- manufacturing workers in Albany, NY (buccal cavity, pharynx) |
3 |
1.83 (0.37-5.19)a |
Generic “Asbestos Workers” |
|
|
|
Berry et al. 2000 |
Asbestos factory workers in east London, UK (buccal cavity, pharynx) |
|
|
|
3,000 men |
5 |
2.17 (0.70-5.07)a |
|
Low/mod < 2 years |
1 |
1.59 (0.04-8.84)a |
|
Low/mod > 2 years |
1 |
2.04 (0.05-11.37)a |
|
Severe < 2 years |
2 |
2.94 (0.36-10.62)a |
|
Severe > 2 years |
1 |
2.00 (0.05-11.14)a |
|
700 women |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-7.10)a |
Enterline et al. 1987 |
1,074 white male production and maintenance workers at US asbestos company (buccal cavity, pharynx) |
5 |
1.39 (0.45-3.24)a |
Other Occupations with Substantial Asbestos Exposure |
|
|
|
Battista et al. 1999 |
734 male railway carriage construction and repair workers in Italy (mouth, pharynx) |
3 |
2.65 (0.72-6.86)b |
Puntoni et al. 2001 |
3,984 male shipyard workers in Genoa, Italy (oropharynx) |
16 |
0.97 (0.56-1.58) |
NOTE: CI = Confidence interval; RR = relative risk. Figures are for mortality unless otherwise indicated. Data points included in meta-analyses are bolded. * Full citations can be found in the reference list for Chapter 6. a95% CIs calculated with standard methods from observed and expected numbers presented in original paper. b90% CIs reported. |
TABLE D.2 Laryngeal Cancer and Exposure to Asbestos—Cohort Studies
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Patients with Asbestos-Related Disease |
|
|
|
Germani et al. 1999 |
631 women compensated for asbestosis in Italy |
1 |
8.09 (0.21-45.08) |
|
Textile industry (n = 276) |
0 |
0.0 (0.0-60.10)a |
|
Asbestos cement industry (n = 278) |
1 |
16.09 (0.42-89.66) |
Karjalainen et al. 1999 |
Asbestos-related disease patients in Finland (incidence) |
|
|
|
Men |
|
|
|
1,287 with asbestosis |
5 |
4.2 (1.4-9.8) |
|
4,708 with benign pleural disease |
1 |
0.5 (0.0-2.7) |
|
Women |
|
|
|
89 with asbestosis |
|
00 (0.0-340.0) |
|
179 with benign pleural disease |
0 |
0 (0.0-460.0) |
Szesznia- Dabrowska et al. 2002 |
902 male workers compensated for asbestosis in Poland |
1 |
0.43 (0.01-2.40)a |
Mining |
|
|
|
Armstrong et al. 1988 |
6,505 male crocidolite miners and millers in Western Australia (mortality to 1980) |
2 |
0.68 (0.17-2.74) |
Reid et al. 2004 |
5,685 male crocidolite mining and milling workers in western Australia (incidence 1980-2000) |
19 |
1.82 (1.16-2.85) |
Liddell et al. 1997 |
8,923 male chrysotile miners and millers in Quebec (mortality 1950-1992) |
36 |
1.11 (0.79-1.55)a |
|
Cumulative exposure to age 55 (million particles per cubic foot-yrs) among 7,728 living to age 55 |
30 |
1.04 (0.70-1.48)a |
|
< 300 |
24 |
1.03 (0.66-1.53)a |
|
< 3 |
7 |
1.45 (0.58-2.99)a |
|
3 to < 10 |
6 |
1.71 (0.63-3.72)a |
|
10 to < 30 |
2 |
0.51 (0.06-1.84)a |
|
30 to < 60 |
1 |
0.34 (0.01-1.89)a |
|
60 to < 100 |
3 |
1.11 (0.23-3.24)a |
|
100 to < 200 |
2 |
0.59 (0.07-2.13)a |
|
200 to < 300 |
3 |
1.45 (0.30-4.24)a |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
|
> 300 |
6 |
1.08 (0.40-2.35)a |
|
300 to < 400 |
4 |
3.12 (0.85-7.99)a |
|
400 to < 1000 |
2 |
0.64 (0.08-2.31)a |
|
1000+ |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-3.24)a |
Meurman et al. 1994 |
Anthophyllite asbestos miners in Finland (incidence) |
|
|
|
736 men (3+ months of exposed time) |
4 |
1.75 (0.48-4.47) |
|
Moderate exposure |
1 |
1.33 (0.03-7.40) |
|
Heavy exposure |
3 |
1.95 (0.40-5.69) |
|
5+ years of exposed time |
2 |
3.03 (0.37-10.9) |
|
Moderate exposure |
0 |
0 (0.00-36.2) |
|
Heavy exposure |
2 |
3.60 (0.44-13.0) |
|
167 women (3+ months of exposed time) |
0 |
0 (0.00-123.0) |
Piolatto et al. 1990 |
1,058 male chrysotile miners in northern Italy |
8 |
2.67 (1.15-5.25)a |
|
Duration of exposure (years) |
|
|
|
< 10 |
3 |
2.31 (0.48-6.75)a |
|
10-20 |
0 |
0 (0.00-6.15)a |
|
> 20 |
5 |
4.55 (1.47-10.61)a |
|
Age at first exposure (years) |
|
|
|
< 30 |
5 |
3.57 (1.16-8.34)a |
|
30+ |
3 |
1.88 (0.39-5.48)a |
|
Time since first exposure (years) |
|
|
|
< 20 |
2 |
4.00 (0.48-14.44)a |
|
20-30 |
2 |
2.50 (0.30-9.02)a |
|
≥ 30 |
4 |
2.35 (0.64-6.02)a |
|
Time since last exposure (years) |
|
|
|
Ongoing |
2 |
4.00 (0.48-14.44)a |
|
≤ 10 |
3 |
4.29 (0.88-12.53)a |
|
> 10 |
3 |
1.67 (0.34-4.87)a |
|
Cumulative dust exposure (fiber-years) |
|
|
|
< 100 |
1 |
1.43 (0.04-7.96)a |
|
100-400 |
2 |
2.22 (0.27-8.02)a |
|
> 400 |
5 |
3.85 (1.25-8.98)a |
Sluis-Cremer et al. 1992 |
7,317 male amosite and crocidolite miners in South Africa |
5 |
1.86 (0.60-4.34) |
|
Amosite subcohort |
2 |
1.44 (0.25-4.52) |
|
Crocidolite subcohort |
3 |
3.09 (0.84-7.98) |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Insulation Manufacture/Insulators (laggers) |
|
|
|
Selikoff and Seidman 1991 |
17,800 male members of asbestos insulation unions in Canada and US in 1967 |
18 |
1.70 (1.01-2.69)a |
Berry et al. 2000 |
1,400 male asbestos factory workers in east London, UK (laggers) |
0 |
0.00 (0.0-15.38)a |
Levin et al. 1998 |
753 white male workers in asbestos pipe insulation factory in Tyler, TX |
1 |
2.21 (0.06-12.29) |
Asbestos Textile Workers |
|
|
|
Pira et al. 2005 |
1,966 textile employees in Italy |
7 |
2.38 (0.95-4.90) |
Duration of employment (years) |
|
|
|
|
< 1 |
1 |
1.05 (0.03-5.87)a |
|
1 to < 5 |
3 |
3.98 (0.82-11.63)a |
|
5 to < 10 |
2 |
3.90 (0.47-14.09)a |
|
10+ |
1 |
1.38 (0.03-7.67)a |
|
Time since first employment (years) |
|
|
|
< 15 |
1 |
1.06 (0.03-5.92)a |
|
15 to < 25 |
1 |
0.98 (0.02-5.46)a |
|
25 to < 35 |
5 |
7.32 (2.37-17.09)a |
|
35+ |
0 |
0 |
|
Time since last exposure (years) |
|
|
|
Ongoing to < 3 |
0 |
0 |
|
3 to < 15 |
3 |
2.71 (0.56-7.93)a |
|
15 to < 25 |
2 |
2.67 (0.32-9.62)a |
|
25 to < 35 |
2 |
4.99 (0.60-18.00)a |
|
35+ |
0 |
0 |
|
Age at first exposure (years) |
|
|
|
< 25 |
1 |
3.84 (0.10-21.38)a |
|
25 to < 35 |
1 |
1.57 (0.04-8.76)a |
|
35+ |
5 |
2.44 (0.79-5.71)a |
|
Sex |
|
|
|
889 men |
7 |
2.46 (0.99-5.06)a |
|
1,077 women |
0 |
0 |
Peto et al. 1985 |
Asbestos textile factory workers in Rochdale, UK |
|
|
|
283 women |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-61.50)b |
|
3,211 men |
4 |
1.55 (0.42-3.97)b |
|
< 10 years in scheduled areas |
|
|
|
Time since first employment |
|
|
|
< 20 years |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-4.24)b |
|
20+ years |
4 |
3.70 (1.01-9.48)b |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
|
10+ years in scheduled areas |
|
|
|
Time since first employment |
|
|
|
< 20 years |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-19.42)b |
|
20+ years |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-8.20)b |
Dement et al. 1994 |
3,022 asbestos textile plant workers in South Carolina |
4 |
1.55 (0.53-3.55) |
|
White males |
3 |
2.31 (0.63-5.96) |
|
White females |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-12.72)b |
|
Black males |
1 |
1.02 (0.05-4.84) |
Asbestos Cement |
|
|
|
Raffn et al. 1989 |
7,996 male asbestos-cement industry workers in Denmark (incidence) |
14 |
1.66 (0.91-2.78) |
|
Duration of employment, 15 years latency |
|
|
|
< 5 years |
2 |
0.81 (0.09-2.94) |
|
≥ 5 years 6 |
6 |
2.27 (0.83-4.95) |
|
First employment 1928-40, 15 years latency |
5 |
5.50 (1.77-12.82) |
Giaroli et al. 1994 |
3,341 male asbestos-cement workers in Italy |
2 |
0.82 (0.15-2.59) |
Botta et al. 1991 |
Asbestos-cement workers in Italy |
|
|
2,608 men |
5 |
0.70 (0.23-1.64) |
|
|
759 women |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-369.0)b |
Smailyte et al. 2004 |
1,285 male asbestos-cement producers in Lithuania (incidence) |
7 |
1.4 (0.7-2.9) |
|
Duration of employment (years) |
|
|
|
< 1 |
0 |
0.0 (0.0-4.1)b |
|
1-4 |
3 |
1.6 (0.5-4.8) |
|
5-9 |
2 |
3.0 (0.8-12.5) |
|
≥ 10 |
2 |
1.3 (0.4-5.7) |
|
25+ years since first exposure |
3 |
1.4 (0.29-4.09)a |
Gardner et al. 1986 |
2,090 chrysotile asbestos cement products workers in England |
1 |
0.91 (0.02-5.06)b |
Hughes et al. 1987 |
5,492 male asbestos-cement manufacturing plant employees in New Orleans, LA |
|
|
|
Plants combined (20 year lag) |
3 |
0.56 (0.11-1.62)a |
|
Plant 1 |
2 |
1.00 (0.12-3.61)a |
|
Plant 2 |
1 |
0.30 (0.01-1.64)a |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Friction Materials |
|
|
|
Finkelstein 1989 |
1,314 male workers in automotive parts factory in Ontario |
3 |
8.54 (1.76-24.97)a |
|
Duration of employment (years) |
|
|
|
1 to < 20 |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-36.27)a |
|
≥ 20 |
3 |
1.90 (2.46-34.79)a |
Berry 1994 |
9,104 male friction materials factory workers in the UK |
6 |
0.64 (0.23-1.39) |
Parnes et al. 1990 |
2,057 male brake-lining and disk- manufacturing workers in Albany, NY |
3 |
4.03 (0.80-11.39)a |
|
Duration of employment (years) |
|
|
|
0-4 |
2 |
6.64 (0.76-22.70)a |
|
5+ |
1 |
2.24 (0.06-12.41)a |
Generic “Asbestos Workers” |
|
|
|
Berry et al. 2000 |
Asbestos factory workers in east London, UK |
|
|
|
3,000 men |
3 |
2.05 (0.42-6.01)a |
|
Low/mod |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-5.27)a |
|
Severe < 2 years |
2 |
4.65 (0.56-16.79)a |
|
Severe > 2 years |
1 |
3.03 (0.08-16.88)a |
|
700 women |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-26.36)a |
Enterline et al. 1987 |
1,074 white male production and maintenance workers at US asbestos company |
2 |
1.14 (0.14-4.13)a |
Other Occupations with Substantial Asbestos Exposure |
|
|
|
Finkelstein and Verma 2004 |
25,285 male pipe-trade workers in Ontario 20+ years since start of membership (latency) |
14 |
1.32 (0.72-2.21) |
Tola et al. 1988 |
7,775 male shipyard workers in Finland (incidence) |
24 |
1.20 (0.77-1.79) |
Battista et al. 1999 |
734 male railway carriage construction and repair workers in Italy |
5 |
2.40 (0.95-5.05)c |
Puntoni et al. 2001 |
3,984 male shipyard workers in Genoa, Italy Time since first exposure (years) |
32 |
1.64 (1.12-2.32) |
|
0-19 |
5 |
1.36 (0.44-3.17)a |
|
20-29 |
4 |
0.93 (0.25-2.38)a |
|
30-39 |
6 |
1.58 (0.58-3.44)a |
|
≥ 40 |
17 |
2.20 (1.28-3.52)a |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
|
Duration of exposure (years) |
|
|
0-14 |
6 |
1.14 (0.42-2.48)a |
|
15-24 |
8 |
1.59 (0.69-3.13)a |
|
≥ 25 |
18 |
1.96 (1.16-3.10)a |
|
Age at hire (years) |
|||
0-24 |
15 |
2.36 (1.32-3.89)a |
|
25-34 |
9 |
1.89 (0.87-3.59)a |
|
≥ 35 |
8 |
0.96 (0.41-1.89)a |
|
Period of hire ≤ 1940 |
22 |
2.36 (1.48-3.57)a |
|
Insulation workers |
3 |
8.52 (1.76-24.91)a |
|
NOTE: CI = Confidence interval; RR = relative risk. Figures are for mortality unless otherwise indicated. Data points included in meta-analyses are bolded. * Full citations can be found in the reference list for Chapter 6. a95% CIs calculated with standard methods from observed and expected numbers presented in original paper. bSMR and 95% CIs calculated with standard methods from observed and expected numbers presented in original paper. c90% CIs reported. |
TABLE D.3 Esophageal Cancer and Exposure to Asbestos—Cohort Studies
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Patients with Asbestos-Related Disease |
|||
Karjalainen et al. 1999 |
Asbestos-related disease patients in Finland (incidence) |
|
|
|
Men |
|
|
|
1,287 with asbestosis |
1 |
1.0 (0.0-5.5) |
|
4,708 with benign pleural disease |
1 |
0.5 (0.0-2.7) |
|
Women |
|
|
|
89 with asbestosis |
1 |
10.5 (0.3-58.2) |
|
179 with benign pleural disease |
0 |
0.0 (0.0-92.6) |
Szesznia- Dabrowska et al. 2002 |
902 male workers compensated for asbestosis in Poland |
1 |
0.65 (0.01-2.40)a |
Mining |
|||
Armstrong et al. 1988 |
6,505 male crocidolite miners and millers in Western Australia (mortality to 1980) |
3 |
0.72 (0.23-2.22) |
Reid et al. 2004 |
5,685 male crocidolite mining and milling workers in western Australia |
|
|
|
Incidence |
10 |
1.11 (0.60-2.07) |
|
Mortality |
8 |
0.89 (0.44-1.78) |
McDonald et al. 1993 |
5,335 chrysotile miners and millers in Quebec (1976-1988) |
10 |
0.73 (0.35-1.34)a |
Meurman et al. 1994 |
Anthophyllite asbestos miners in Finland (incidence) |
|
|
|
736 men (3+ months of exposed time) |
3 |
1.99 (0.41-5.81) |
|
Moderate exposure |
1 |
1.70 (0.04-9.44) |
|
Heavy exposure |
2 |
2.18 (0.26-7.88) |
|
5+ years of exposed time |
2 |
5.00 (0.61-18.1) |
|
Moderate exposure |
0 |
0 (0.00-61.0) |
|
Heavy exposure |
2 |
5.92 (0.72-21.4) |
|
167 women (3+ months of exposed time) |
1 |
2.86 (0.07-15.9) |
|
Moderate exposure |
1 |
8.68 (0.22-48.4) |
|
Heavy exposure |
0 |
0 (0.00-16.1) |
Insulation Manufacture/Insulators (laggers) |
|||
Selikoff and Seidman 1991 |
17,800 male members of asbestos insulation unions in Canada and US in 1967 |
30 |
1.68 (1.13-2.40)a |
Seidman et al. 1986 |
820 men producing amosite asbestos insulation in Paterson, NJ, US |
1 |
0.49 (0.01-2.70)b |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Selikoff et al. 1979 |
632 male insulation workers in New York and New Jersey, US before 1943 |
1 |
0.71 (0.02-3.98)b |
|
<35 years |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-9.04)a |
|
35 + years |
1 |
1.00 (0.03-5.57)b |
Acheson et al. 1984 |
4,820 male insulation board factory workers in Uxbridge, UK |
2 |
1.00 (0.12-3.61)a |
Berry et al. 2000 |
1,400 male asbestos factory workers in east London, UK (laggers) |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-4.79)b |
Levin et al. 1998 |
753 white male workers in asbestos pipe insulation factory in Tyler, TX |
2 |
2.32 (0.28-8.39) |
Asbestos Textile Workers |
|
|
|
Peto et al. 1985 |
Asbestos textile factory workers in Rochdale, UK |
|
|
|
283 women |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-11.53)b |
|
3,211 men |
11 |
1.67 (0.83-2.99)b |
|
< 10 years in scheduled areas |
|
|
|
Time since first employment |
|
|
|
< 20 years |
2 |
1.11 (0.13-4.01)b |
|
20+ years |
6 |
1.92 (0.70-4.17)b |
|
10+ years in scheduled areas |
|
|
|
Time since first employment |
|
|
|
< 20 years |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-9.71)b |
|
20+ years |
3 |
2.36 (0.49-6.91)b |
Asbestos Cement |
|
|
|
Albin et al. 1990 |
Asbestos cement workers in southern Sweden (esophagus, stomach, duodenum—too broad for meta-analysis) |
23 |
1.0 (0.5-2.0) |
|
≥ 40 fiber-years/ml |
na |
1.7 (0.2-3.3) |
Gardner et al. 1986 |
2,090 chrysotile asbestos cement products workers in England |
1 |
0.29 (0.01-1.59)b |
Hughes et al. 1987 |
5,492 male employees at two asbestos- cement manufacturing plants in New Orleans, LA (20 year lag) |
12 |
0.93 (0.48-1.62)a |
|
Duration of exposure (20 year lag) |
|
|
|
≤ 1 year |
7 |
0.88 (0.35-1.80)a |
|
> 1 year - 5 years |
3 |
1.25 (0.26-3.65)a |
|
> 5 years - 15 years |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-4.61)a |
|
> 15 years |
2 |
1.11 (0.13-4.01)a |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Generic “Asbestos Workers” |
|
|
|
Woitowitz et al. 1986 |
Asbestos-exposed workers in Germany (esophagus/stomach—too broad for meta) |
|
|
|
3,070 workers with exposure after 1972 |
13 |
1.82 (0.97-3.12)a |
|
665 workers with exposure complete by 1972 |
2 |
1.42 (0.17-5.13)a |
Berry et al. 2000 |
Asbestos factory workers in east London, UK |
|
|
|
3,000 men |
7 |
1.70 (0.68-3.50)b |
|
Low/mod < 2 years |
2 |
1.80 (0.22-6.50)b |
|
Low/mod > 2 years |
2 |
2.27 (0.28-8.20)b |
|
Severe < 2 years |
2 |
1.59 (0.19-5.73)b |
|
Severe > 2 years |
1 |
1.15 (0.0-6.40)b |
|
700 women |
5 |
5.62 (1.82-13.11) b |
|
Low/mod |
1 |
6.25 (0.16-34.81)b |
|
Severe < 2 years |
2 |
3.92 (0.47-14.16)b |
|
Severe > 2 years |
2 |
9.09 (1.10-32.82)b |
Hodgson and Jones 1986 |
31,150 male asbestos workers in England and Wales, UK |
6 |
0.64 (0.23-1.39)a |
Cumulative exposure (years) |
|
|
|
|
< 10 |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-2.64)a |
|
10-20 |
2 |
0.65 (0.08-2.33)a |
|
≥ 20 |
4 |
0.80 (0.22-2.05)a |
Enterline et al. 1987 |
1,074 white male production and maintenance workers at US asbestos company |
4 |
1.36 (0.37-3.47)a |
Other Occupations with Substantial Asbestos Exposure |
|
|
|
Finkelstein and Verma 2004 |
25,285 male pipe-trade workers in Ontario 20+ years since start of membership (latency) |
30 |
1.27 (0.86-1.81) |
Puntoni et al. 2001 |
3,984 male shipyard workers in Genoa, Italy |
11 |
0.77 (0.38-1.38) |
NOTE: CI = Confidence interval; na = not available; RR = relative risk. Figures are for mortality unless otherwise indicated. Data points included in meta-analyses are bolded. * Full citations can be found in the reference list for Chapter 6. a95% CIs calculated with standard methods from observed and expected numbers presented in original paper. bSMR and 95% CIs calculated with standard methods from observed and expected numbers presented in original paper. |
TABLE D.4 Stomach Cancer and Exposure to Asbestos—Cohort Studies
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Patients with Asbestos-Related Disease |
|
|
|
Germani et al. 1999 |
631 women compensated for asbestosis in Italy |
2 |
0.45 (0.05-1.61) |
|
Textile industry (n = 276) |
2 |
1.09 (0.13-3.93) |
|
Asbestos cement industry (n = 278) |
0 |
0.0 (0.0-1.41)a |
Karjalainen et al. 1999 |
Asbestos-related disease patients in Finland (incidence) |
|
|
|
Men |
|
|
|
1,287 with asbestosis |
4 |
0.7 (0.2-1.9) |
|
4,708 with benign pleural disease |
11 |
1.3 (0.6-2.3) |
|
Women |
|
|
|
89 with asbestosis |
1 |
2.2 (0.1-12.1) |
|
179 with benign pleural disease |
0 |
0.0 (0.0-17.4) |
Szesznia- Dabrowska et al. 2002 |
902 male workers compensated for asbestosis in Poland |
5 |
0.70 (0.23-1.63) |
Mining |
|
|
|
Armstrong et al. 1988 |
6,505 male crocidolite miners and millers in Western Australia (mortality to 1980) |
17 |
1.16 (0.72-1.87) |
de Klerk et al. 1989 |
Nested analysis of 17 cases vs 343 controls among Western Australian miners |
|
|
|
5+ years of employment |
0 |
0.0 (0.0-6.4) |
|
50+ average f/ml at worksites |
1 |
0.4 (0.0-4.2) |
Reid et al. 2004 |
5,685 male crocidolite mining and milling workers in western Australia |
|
|
|
Incidence (1980-2000) |
27 |
1.31 (0.82-1.75) |
|
Mortality |
21 |
1.39 (0.91-2.14) |
Liddell et al. 1997 |
8,923 male chrysotile miners and millers in Quebec (mortality 1950-1992) |
183 |
1.24 (1.07-1.44)a |
|
Cumulative exposure to age 55 (million particles per cubic foot—yrs) among 7,728 living to age 55 |
158 |
1.26 (1.07-1.48)a |
|
< 300 |
118 |
1.16 (0.96-1.39)a |
|
< 3 |
32 |
1.41 (0.98-2.01)a |
|
3 to < 10 |
22 |
1.38 (0.87-2.09)a |
|
10 to < 30 |
15 |
0.89 (0.50-1.47)a |
|
30 to < 60 |
13 |
1.07 (0.57-1.83)a |
|
60 to < 100 |
13 |
1.16 (0.62-1.98)a |
|
100 to < 200 |
16 |
1.15 (0.66-1.87)a |
|
200 to < 300 |
7 |
0.80 (0.32-1.65)a |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
|
> 300 |
40 |
1.69 (1.22-2.32) |
|
300 to < 400 |
7 |
1.29 (0.52-2.66)a |
|
400 to < 1000 |
16 |
1.21 (0.69-1.96)a |
|
1000+ |
17 |
3.21 (1.87-5.14)a |
Meurman et al. 1994 |
Anthophyllite asbestos miners in Finland (incidence) |
|
|
|
736 men (3+ months of exposed time) |
13 |
1.42 (0.76-2.43) |
|
Moderate exposure |
6 |
1.71 (0.63-3.72) |
|
Heavy exposure |
7 |
1.24 (0.50-2.56) |
|
5+ years of exposed time |
3 |
1.26 (0.26-3.68) |
|
Moderate exposure |
1 |
2.86 (0.07-15.9) |
|
Heavy exposure |
2 |
0.99 (0.12-3.56) |
|
167 women (3+ months of exposed time) |
1 |
0.67 (0.02-3.71) |
|
Moderate exposure |
1 |
1.89 (0.05-10.5) |
|
Heavy exposure |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-3.81) |
Piolatto et al. 1990 |
1,058 male chrysotile miners in northern Italy |
12 |
0.94 (0.49-1.65)a |
|
Duration of exposure (years) |
|
|
|
< 10 |
4 |
0.69 (0.19-1.77)a |
|
10-20 |
5 |
1.79 (0.58-4.17)a |
|
> 20 |
3 |
0.75 (0.15-2.19)a |
Amandus et al. 1987 |
575 male tremolite-exposed vermiculite miners in Libby, MT |
2 |
1.24 (0.15-4.49) |
Insulation Manufacture/Insulators (laggers) |
|
|
|
Selikoff and Seidman 1991 |
17,800 male members of asbestos insulation unions in Canada and US in 1967 |
38 |
1.29 (0.92-1.78)a |
Seidman et al. 1986 |
820 men producing amosite asbestos insulation in Paterson, NJ, US |
11 |
1.90 (0.95-3.40)a |
Selikoff et al. 1979 |
632 male insulation workers in New York and New Jersey, US before 1943 |
19 |
3.52 (2.12-5.49)b |
|
Duration of exposure (years) |
|
|
|
< 20 |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-36.9)b |
|
20-35 |
6 |
4.00 (1.47-8.71)b |
|
> 35 |
13 |
3.42 (1.82-5.85)b |
Acheson et al. 1984 |
4,820 male insulation board factory workers in Uxbridge, UK |
7 |
0.94 (0.38-1.94)a |
Berry et al. 2000 |
1,400 male asbestos factory workers in east London, UK (laggers) |
2 |
0.77 (0.09-2.78)a |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Levin et al. 1998 |
753 white male workers in asbestos pipe insulation factory in Tyler, TX |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-3.35)a |
Asbestos Textile Workers |
|
|
|
Pira et al. 2005 |
1,966 textile employees in Italy |
15 |
1.20 (0.67-1.98) |
Duration of employment (years) |
|
|
|
|
< 1 |
5 |
1.42 (0.46-3.31)a |
|
1 to < 5 |
2 |
0.63 (0.08-2.27)a |
|
5 to < 10 |
6 |
2.64 (0.97-5.75)a |
|
10+ |
2 |
0.57 (0.07-2.06)a |
|
Time since first employment (years) |
|
|
|
< 15 |
5 |
1.37 (0.44-3.20)a |
|
15 to < 25 |
6 |
1.48 (0.54-3.22)a |
|
25 to < 35 |
3 |
1.00 (0.21-2.92)a |
|
35+ |
1 |
0.57 (0.01-3.17)a |
|
Time since last exposure (years) |
|
|
|
Ongoing to < 3 |
2 |
0.87 (0.11-3.14)a |
|
3 to < 15 |
6 |
1.29 (0.47-2.81)a |
|
15 to < 25 |
4 |
1.21 (0.33-3.10)a |
|
25 to < 35 |
2 |
1.20 (0.15-4.33)a |
|
35+ |
1 |
1.90 (0.05-10.58)a |
|
Age at first exposure (years) |
|
|
|
< 25 |
2 |
1.31 (0.16-4.73)a |
|
25 to < 35 |
1 |
0.38 (0.01-2.12)a |
|
35+ |
12 |
1.45 (0.75-2.53)a |
|
Sex |
|
|
|
889 men |
11 |
1.16 (0.58-2.08)a |
|
1,077 women |
4 |
1.34 (0.37-3.43)a |
Peto et al. 1985 |
Asbestos textile factory workers in Rochdale, UK |
|
|
|
283 women |
2 |
1.85 (0.22-6.69)a |
|
3,211 men |
29 |
1.00 (0.67-1.44)b |
|
< 10 years in scheduled areas |
|
|
|
Time since first employment |
|
|
|
< 20 years |
9 |
0.89 (0.41-1.69)b |
|
20+ years |
9 |
0.77 (0.35-1.46)b |
|
10+ years in scheduled areas |
|
|
|
Time since first employment |
|
|
|
< 20 years |
2 |
0.92 (0.11-3.31)b |
|
20+ years |
9 |
1.80 (0.82-3.42)b |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Dement et al. 1994 |
3,022 asbestos textile plant workers in South Carolina |
9 |
0.90 (0.47-1.56) |
|
White males |
3 |
0.77 (0.21-2.00) |
|
White females |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-1.55)b |
|
Black males |
6 |
1.60 (0.69-3.15) |
Asbestos Cement |
|
|
|
Raffn et al. 1989 |
7,996 male asbestos-cement industry workers in Denmark (incidence) |
43 |
1.43 (1.03-1.93) |
|
Duration of employment, 15 years latency |
|
|
|
< 5 years |
13 |
1.77 (0.94-3.02) |
|
≥ 5 years |
15 |
1.27 (0.70-2.07) |
|
First employment 1928-40, 15 years latency |
8 |
1.69 (0.73-3.33) |
Botta et al. 1991 |
Asbestos-cement workers in Italy |
|
|
2,608 men |
17 |
0.81 (0.47-1.30) |
|
|
759 women |
4 |
1.36 (0.37-3.48) |
Smailyte et al. 2004 |
Asbestos-cement producers in Lithuania (incidence) |
|
|
|
602 women |
4 |
1.2 (0.4-3.2) |
|
1,285 men |
14 |
0.9 (0.5-1.5) |
|
Duration of employment (years) |
|
|
|
< 1 |
1 |
0.4 (0.1-2.6) |
|
1-4 |
8 |
1.4 (0.7-2.8) |
|
5-9 |
2 |
0.8 (0.2-3.3) |
|
≥ 10 |
3 |
0.6 (0.2-1.9) |
|
25+ years since first exposure |
4 |
0.6 |
Albin et al. 1990 |
Asbestos cement workers in southern Sweden (esophagus, stomach, duodenum—grouping too broad for inclusion in meta-analysis) |
23 |
1.0 (0.5-2.0) |
|
≥ 40 fiber-years/ml |
na |
1.7 (0.2-3.3) |
Gardner et al. 1986 |
2,090 chrysotile asbestos cement products workers in England |
15 |
1.09 (0.61-1.81)b |
Hughes et al. 1987 |
5,492 male asbestos-cement manufacturing plant employees in New Orleans, LA (20 year lag) |
22 |
1.13 (0.71-1.71)a |
|
Duration of exposure (20 year lag) |
|
|
|
≤ 1 year |
14 |
1.20 |
|
> 1 year-5 years |
5 |
1.35 |
|
> 5 years-15 years |
2 |
1.54 |
|
> 15 years |
1 |
0.37 |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Friction Materials |
|
|
|
Kogan et al. 1993 |
2,834 friction product workers in Yaroslavl, Russia |
14 |
0.58 (0.32-0.98)a |
|
Males |
3 |
0.45 (0.09-1.33)a |
|
Females |
11 |
0.70 (0.35-1.25)a |
Generic “Asbestos Workers” |
|
|
|
Zhu and Wang 1993 |
5,893 chrysotile factory workers in China |
28 |
2.40 (1.60-3.47)a |
Pang et al. 1997 |
Chrysotile asbestos plant workers in China |
5 |
4.40 (1.43-10.27)b |
160 men |
5 |
7.87 (2.55-18.38)b |
|
|
370 women |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-7.37)b |
Woitowitz et al. 1986 |
Asbestos-exposed workers in Germany (esophagus/stomach—too broad for meta) |
|
|
|
3,070 workers with exposure after 1972 |
13 |
1.82 (0.97-3.12)a |
|
665 workers with exposure complete by 1972 |
2 |
1.42 (0.17-5.13)a |
Berry et al. 2000 |
Asbestos factory workers in east London, UK |
|
|
|
3,000 men |
21 |
1.24 (0.77-1.89)a |
|
Low/mod < 2 years |
4 |
0.89 (0.24-2.29)a |
|
Low/mod > 2 years |
3 |
0.82 (0.17-2.39)a |
|
Severe < 2 years |
9 |
1.82 (0.83-3.44)a |
|
Severe > 2 years |
5 |
1.30 (0.42-3.03)a |
|
700 women |
5 |
1.42 (0.46-3.32)a |
|
Low/mod |
1 |
1.50 (0.04-8.31)a |
|
Severe < 2 years |
1 |
0.51 (0.01-2.84)a |
|
Severe > 2 years |
3 |
3.41 (0.70-9.97)a |
Acheson et al. 1982 |
1,327 women in gas-mask manufacture in Lancashire, UK |
9 |
1.20 (0.55-2.28)a |
Hodgson and Jones 1986 |
31,150 male asbestos workers in England and Wales, UK |
27 |
1.00 (0.66-1.46)a |
Cumulative exposure (years) |
|
|
|
|
< 10 |
6 |
1.50 (0.55-3.27)a |
|
10-20 |
10 |
1.16 (0.56-2.14)a |
|
≥ 20 |
11 |
0.77 (0.38-1.38)a |
Enterline et al. 1987 |
1,074 white male production and maintenance workers at US asbestos company |
20 |
1.80 (1.10-2.78)a |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Other Occupations with Substantial Asbestos Exposure |
|
|
|
Finkelstein and Verma 2004 |
25,285 male pipe-trade workers in Ontario 20+ years since start of membership (latency) |
21 |
0.67 (0.41-1.02) |
Tola et al. 1988 |
7,775 male shipyard workers in Finland (incidence) |
63 |
0.80 (0.61-1.02) |
Battista et al. 1999 |
734 male railway carriage construction and repair workers in Italy |
13 |
1.31 (0.77-2.08)c |
Puntoni et al. 2001 |
3,984 male shipyard workers in Genoa, Italy |
67 |
1.14 (0.89-1.45) |
Sanden et al. 1987 |
3,787 male shipyard workers in Sweden (incidence) |
3 |
0.88 (0.18-2.58)b |
|
20 year latency |
3 |
1.07 (0.22-3.13)b |
|
Heavy exposure |
1 |
0.77 (0.02-4.28)b |
NOTE: CI = Confidence interval; na = not available; RR = relative risk. Figures are for mortality unless otherwise indicated. Data points included in meta-analyses are bolded. * Full citations can be found in the reference list for Chapter 6. a95% CIs calculated with standard methods from observed and expected numbers presented in original paper. bSMR and 95% CIs calculated with standard methods from observed and expected numbers presented in original paper. c90% CIs reported. |
TABLE D.5 Colorectala Cancer and Exposure to Asbestos—Cohort Studies
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Patients with Asbestos-Related Disease |
|
|
|
Germani et al. 1999 |
631 women compensated for asbestosis in Italy (large and small intestine, plus rectum) |
11 |
2.18 (1.09-3.90) |
|
Colon and sigma |
8 |
2.38 (1.03-3.90) |
|
Textile industry (n = 276) |
5 |
3.67 (1.20-8.60) |
|
Asbestos cement industry (n = 278) |
2 |
1.16 (0.14-4.21) |
|
Rectum |
1 |
0.62 (0.02-3.45) |
|
Textile industry (n = 276) |
0 |
0.0 |
|
Asbestos cement industry (n = 278) |
0 |
0.0 |
Karjalainen et al. 1999 |
Asbestos-related disease patients in Finland (incidence) |
|
|
|
Men—colorectal |
23 |
1.1 (0.7-1.7)c |
|
Colon |
11 |
1.0 (0.5-1.9)c |
|
1,287 with asbestosis |
3 |
0.9 (0.2-2.5) |
|
4,708 with benign pleural disease |
8 |
1.1 (0.5-2.1) |
|
Rectum |
12 |
1.2 (0.6-2.2)c |
|
1,287 with asbestosis |
4 |
1.3 (0.3-3.2) |
|
4,708 with benign pleural disease |
8 |
1.2 (0.5-2.4) |
|
Women—colon only |
3 |
4.2(0.9-12.3)c |
|
89 with asbestosis |
2 |
4.6 (0.6-16.5) |
|
179 with benign pleural disease |
1 |
3.4 (0.1-1.91) |
Szesznia- Dabrowska et al. 2002 |
Workers compensated for asbestosis in Poland |
|
|
902 men—colorectal |
3 |
0.66 (0.14-1.92)c |
|
|
Colon |
1 |
0.51 (0.01-2.84)b |
|
Rectum, anus |
2 |
0.77 (0.09-2.78) |
|
489 women—colorectal |
3 |
1.38(0.29-4.04)c |
|
Colon |
2 |
1.99 (0.24-7.19) |
|
Rectum, anus |
1 |
0.86 (0.02-4.79)b |
Aliyu et al. 2005 |
3,897 male participants in the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (colorectal) |
85 |
2.0 (1.6-2.5) |
|
1,847 with pleural abnormality: positive |
51 |
1.40 (0.88-2.23) |
|
24 with radiographic profusion: 3/2 to 3/+ |
1 |
1.38 (0.18-10.6) |
|
156 with >40 years in high-risk trade |
3 |
0.49 (0.12-2.00) |
|
707 with >41 years since first exposure |
29 |
1.20 (0.48-3.04) |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Mining |
|
|
|
Armstrong et al. 1988 |
6,505 male crocidolite miners and millers in Western Australia (mortality to 1980) |
14 |
0.70 (0.41-1.18) |
Reid et al. 2004 |
5,685 male crocidolite mining and milling workers in western Australia |
|
|
|
Incidence (1979-2000) |
88 |
1.05 (0.85-1.29) |
|
Mortality |
49 |
1.31 (0.99-1.74) |
McDonald et al. 1993 |
5,335 chrysotile miners and millers in Quebec (1976-1988) |
73 |
0.82 (0.65-1.04)b |
Meurman et al. 1994 |
Anthophyllite asbestos miners in Finland with more than 3 months exposure (incidence) |
|
|
|
736 men—colorectal |
3 |
0.55 (0.11-1.60) |
|
Moderate exposure |
2 |
1.06 (0.13-3.82) |
|
Heavy exposure |
1 |
0.28 (0.01-1.56) |
|
5+ years of exposed time (212 men) |
2 |
1.27 (0.15-4.60) |
|
Moderate exposure |
1 |
3.85 (0.10-21.4) |
|
Heavy exposure |
1 |
0.76 (0.02-4.25) |
|
167 women—colorectal |
4 |
2.61 (0.71-6.69)c |
|
Colon |
3 |
3.45 (0.71-10.1) |
|
Moderate exposure |
1 |
3.14 (0.08-17.4)b |
|
Heavy exposure |
2 |
3.66 (0.44-13.2) |
|
Rectum |
1 |
1.52 (0.04-8.44) |
|
Moderate exposure |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-15.2) |
|
Heavy exposure |
1 |
2.39 (0.06-13.3) |
Piolatto et al. 1990 |
1,058 male chrysotile miners in northern Italy (intestinal) |
6 |
0.91 (0.33-1.98)b |
|
Duration of exposure (years) |
|
|
|
< 10 |
3 |
1.03 (0.21-3.02)b |
|
10-20 |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-2.84)b |
|
> 20 |
3 |
1.30 (0.27-3.81)b |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Insulation Manufacture/Insulators (laggers) |
|
|
|
Selikoff and Seidman 1991 |
17,800 male members of asbestos insulation unions in Canada and US in 1967 |
121 |
1.37 (1.14-1.64)b |
Seidman et al. 1986 |
820 men producing amosite asbestos insulation in Paterson, NJ, US |
22 |
1.85 (1.16-2.80)b |
Selikoff et al. 1979 |
632 male insulation workers in New York and New Jersey, US before 1943 |
23 |
2.77 (1.76-4.16)c |
|
Duration of exposure (years) |
|
|
|
< 20 |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-18.45)c |
|
20-35 |
7 |
3.68 (1.48-7.59)c |
|
> 35 |
16 |
2.58 (1.48-4.19)c |
Acheson et al. 1984 |
4,820 male insulation board factory workers in Uxbridge, UK |
10 |
1.31 (0.63-2.42)b |
|
Colon |
6 |
1.37 (0.50-2.98)b |
|
Rectum |
4 |
1.24 (0.34-3.17)b |
Berry et al. 2000 |
1,400 male asbestos factory workers in east London, UK (laggers) |
8 |
2.86 (1.23-5.63)b |
|
Colon |
7 |
4.32 (1.73-8.90)b |
|
Rectum |
1 |
0.85 (0.02-4.72)b |
Levin et al. 1998 |
753 white male workers in asbestos pipe insulation factory in Tyler, TX |
6 |
1.67 (0.61-3.63)b |
|
Colon |
6 |
2.07 (0.76-4.51) |
|
Rectum |
0 |
0.0 (0.00-5.27)b |
Asbestos Textile Workers |
|
|
|
Pira et al. 2005 |
1,966 textile employees in Italy |
16 |
1.45 (0.83-2.35) |
Duration of employment (years) |
|
|
|
|
< 1 |
7 |
2.23 (0.89-4.59)b |
|
1 to < 5 |
1 |
0.35 (0.01-1.95)b |
|
5 to < 10 |
3 |
1.46 (0.30-4.28)b |
|
10+ |
5 |
1.67 (0.54-3.89)b |
|
Time since first employment (years) |
|
|
|
< 15 |
2 |
0.86 (0.10-3.10)b |
|
15 to < 25 |
2 |
0.55 (0.07-1.98)b |
|
25 to < 35 |
7 |
2.24 (0.89-4.58)b |
|
35+ |
5 |
2.64 (0.32-9.54)b |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
|
Time since last exposure (years) |
|
|
|
During to < 3 |
0 |
0.00 (0.0-2.69)b |
|
3 to < 15 |
5 |
1.34 (0.43-3.13)b |
|
15 to < 25 |
6 |
1.83 (0.67-3.98)b |
|
25 to < 35 |
3 |
1.52 (0.31-4.45)b |
|
35+ |
2 |
2.91 (0.35-10.51)b |
|
Age at first exposure (years) |
|
|
|
< 25 |
3 |
1.63 (0.34-4.77)b |
|
25 to < 35 |
2 |
0.75 (0.09-2.71)b |
|
35+ |
11 |
1.68 (0.84-3.01)b |
|
Sex |
|
|
|
889 men |
10 |
1.39 (0.67-2.56)b |
|
1,077 women |
6 |
1.56 (0.57-3.40)b |
Peto et al. 1985 |
Asbestos textile factory workers in Rochdale, UK |
|
|
|
283 women |
4 |
1.98 (0.54-5.07)b |
|
3,211 men |
20 |
0.75 (0.46-1.16)c |
|
< 10 years in scheduled areas |
|
|
|
< 20 years since first employment |
5 |
0.60 (0.19-1.40)c |
|
20+ years since first employment |
8 |
0.68 (0.29-1.33)c |
|
10+ years in scheduled areas |
|
|
|
< 20 years since first employment |
2 |
1.18 (0.14-4.25)c |
|
20+ years since first employment |
5 |
1.03 (0.33-2.40)c |
Asbestos Cement |
|
|
|
Raffn et al. 1996 |
7,887 male asbestos-cement industry workers in Denmark (incidence) |
102 |
1.22 (0.99-1.48) |
|
Years since first employment |
|
|
|
0-14 |
23 |
1.02 (0.65-1.53) |
|
> 15 |
79 |
1.29 (1.02-1.61) |
|
first employed 1928-1950 |
39 |
1.47 (1.05-2.01) |
Botta et al. 1991 |
Asbestos-cement workers in Italy |
|
|
2,608 men |
11 |
0.65 (0.33-1.17) |
|
|
759 women |
7 |
1.80 (0.72-3.70) |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Smailyte et al. 2004a |
Asbestos-cement producers in Lithuania (incidence) |
|
|
|
602 women |
3 |
0.8 (0.1-1.8) |
|
1,285 men |
17 |
1.6 (1.0-2.6) |
|
Duration of employment (years) |
|
|
|
< 1 |
4 |
2.2 (0.8-5.7) |
|
1-4 |
2 |
0.5 (0.2-2.1) |
|
5-9 |
3 |
1.8 (0.6-5.6) |
|
≥ 10 |
8 |
2.4 (1.2-4.7) |
|
25+ years since first exposure |
7 |
1.6 (0.6-3.3) b |
Albin et al. 1990 |
1,465 male asbestos-cement workers in southern Sweden (mortality 1927-1986) |
26 |
1.5 (0.7-3.0) |
|
≥ 40 fiber-years/ml |
na |
3.4 (1.2-9.5) |
Jakobsson et al. 1994 |
981 male industrial workers in Sweden (asbestos cement) (incidence 1958-1989) |
26 |
1.47 (0.96-2.15)b |
|
Right colon |
12 |
2.38 (1.23-4.16) |
|
Left colon |
1 |
0.22 (0.00-1.18) |
|
Rectum |
13 |
1.65 (0.88-2.83) |
Gardner et al. 1986 |
2,090 chrysotile asbestos cement products workers in England |
11 |
0.71 (0.36-1.28)c |
|
Colon |
6 |
0.65 (0.24-1.42)c |
|
Rectum |
5 |
0.81 (0.26-1.88)c |
Hughes et al. 1987 |
5,492 male asbestos-cement manufacturing plant employees in New Orleans, LA |
|
|
|
Plants combined (20 year lag) |
21 |
0.90 (0.56-1.38)b |
|
Plant 1 |
10 |
1.20 (0.58-2.21)b |
|
Plant 2 |
11 |
0.73 (0.36-1.31)b |
|
Duration of exposure (20 year lag) |
|
|
|
≤ 1 year |
11 |
0.79 (0.39-1.41)b |
|
> 1 year - 5 years |
5 |
1.11 (0.36-2.59)b |
|
> 5 years - 15 years |
1 |
0.67 (0.02-3.74)b |
|
> 15 years |
4 |
1.21 (0.33-3.09)b |
Generic “Asbestos Workers” |
|
||
Woitowitz et al. 1986 |
Asbestos-exposed workers in Germany |
|
|
3,070 workers with exposure after 1972 |
5 |
0.79 (0.26-1.84)b |
|
|
665 workers with exposure complete by 1972 |
3 |
2.15 (0.44-6.29)b |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Berry et al. 2000 |
Asbestos factory workers in east London, UK |
|
|
|
3,000 men |
22 |
1.36 (0.85-2.06)c |
|
Colon |
|
|
|
Low/mod < 2 years |
3 |
1.21 (0.25-3.54)c |
|
Low/mod > 2 years |
3 |
1.49 (0.31-4.36)c |
|
Severe < 2 years |
3 |
1.11 (0.23-3.25)c |
|
Severe > 2 years |
8 |
4.06 (1.75-8.00)c |
|
Rectum |
|
|
|
Low/mod < 2 years |
2 |
1.06 (0.13-3.82)c |
|
Low/mod > 2 years |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-2.38)c |
|
Severe < 2 years |
3 |
1.46 (0.30-4.28)c |
|
Severe > 2 years |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-2.41)c |
|
700 women |
7 |
1.19 (0.48-2.44)c |
|
Colon |
|
|
|
Low/mod |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-5.13)c |
|
Severe < 2 years |
2 |
0.87 (0.11-3.15)c |
|
Severe > 2 years |
1 |
1.00 (0.03-5.57)c |
|
Rectum |
|
|
|
Low/mod |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-10.85)c |
|
Severe < 2 years |
4 |
3.70 (1.01-9.48)c |
|
Severe > 2 years |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-7.85)c |
Hodgson and Jones 1986 |
31,150 male asbestos workers in England and Wales, UK |
16 |
0.54 (0.31-0.88)c |
Colon—cumulative exposure (years) |
6 |
0.36 (0.13-0.78)b |
|
|
< 10 |
1 |
0.40 (0.01-2.23)b |
|
10-20 |
2 |
0.36 (0.04-1.31)b |
|
≥ 20 |
3 |
0.54 (0.11-1.57)c |
|
Rectum—cumulative exposure (years) |
10 |
0.77 (0.37-1.43)b |
|
< 10 |
1 |
0.52 (0.01-2.93)b |
|
10-20 |
2 |
0.47 (0.06-1.72)b |
|
≥ 20 |
7 |
1.03 (0.41-2.12)b |
Enterline et al. 1987 |
1,074 white male production and maintenance workers at US asbestos company |
23 |
1.15 (0.73-1.73)b |
|
Colon |
14 |
0.98 (0.54-1.65)b |
|
Rectum |
9 |
1.59 (0.73-3.02)b |
Reference* |
Study Population |
Exposed Cases |
Estimated RR (95% CI) |
Other Occupations with Substantial Asbestos Exposure |
|||
Finkelstein and Verma 2004 |
25,285 male pipe-trade workers in Ontario 20+ years since start of membership (latency) |
96 |
1.16 (0.94-1.42) |
Tola et al. 1988 |
7,775 male shipyard workers in Finland (incidence) |
35 |
0.79 (0.55-1.10) |
Battista et al. 1999 |
734 male railway carriage construction and repair workers in Italy |
6 |
0.93 (0.41-1.84)d |
Puntoni et al. 2001 |
3,984 male shipyard workers in Genoa, Italy |
59 |
1.00 (0.76-1.29) |
Sanden et al. 1987 |
3,787 male shipyard workers in Sweden (incidence) |
3 |
0.38 (0.08-1.1) |
|
Rectum |
3 |
0.45 (0.09-1.33)c |
|
Heavy or very heavy exposure |
2 |
0.65 (0.08-2.33)c |
|
Colon |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-3.00)c |
NOTE: CI = Confidence interval; na = not available; RR = relative risk. Figures are for mortality unless otherwise indicated. Data points included in meta-analyses are bolded. * Full citations can be found in the reference list for Chapter 6. aStatistics from original paper presented here; when RRs were calculated for colon and rectum separately, combined RRs for colorectal cancer were derived for use in meta-analysis. b95% CIs calculated with standard methods from observed and expected numbers presented in original paper. cSMR and 95% CIs calculated with standard methods from observed and expected numbers presented in original paper. d90% CIs reported. |