Page 273
Index
A
Abetalipoproteinemia, 99
Absorption of nutrients age and, 19, 104
ß-carotene, 83
carotenoids, 79, 80-81, 83, 86
consideration in formulating RDAs, 13
fiber intake and, 42
physiological requirements and, 11
see also specific nutrients
Adenosine triphosphate, 166, 184
Age groupings, for RDAs, changes in, 2
Alcohol (ethanol) caloric value of, 25, 39
underreporting intakes of, 36, 68
Alcoholics and alcoholism, 126, 189
American Academy of Pediatrics biotin recommendation for infants, 168
chloride recommendation for infants, 258
copper recommendation for infants, 227-228
fluoride recommendations for children, 239
linoleic acid allowance for infants, 48
thiamin allowance for infants, 128
Amino acids
age and requirements for, 56-58, 63, 64-68
conversion to glucose, 41
deficiency symptoms, 56
digestibility of, 69
excess intakes of, 53
metabolism, 142, 143, 150, 160, 166
and nitrogen balance, 56
nonessential, 262
patterns of dietary intake, 68-69
requirements for, 13, 56-58, 64-68
scoring of dietary protein quality, 58, 67-70
Amygdalin, 268
Anemia copper deficiency, 224, 226-227
definitions of, 196
hemolytic, 112
macrocytic, 152
normocytic, 133
pernicious, 5, 160, 161, 162, 195, 196-197, 200
from vitamin A deficiency, 83
from vitamin B6 deficiency, 143
Application of RDAs, 8-9, 10, 20-21
Arachidonic acid, 47
Arginine, 53
Arsenic, 267
Ascorbic acid, see Vitamin C
Avidin, 166
B
Beriberi, 125
Biotin
adult requirements, 167-168
deficiency, 166-167
dietary sources and usual intakes, 167
forms and functions of, 165-166
infant and child requirements, 168
intestinal synthesis of, 165-166, 167, 168
during pregnancy and lactation, 168
Page 274
Body composition age and, 30
and energy requirements, 29, 30
gender and, 30
Body weight
and bone fracture risk, 178
and energy allowances, 33
extrapolation of RDAs and ESADDIs by, 86, 221, 232, 245
and folate allowances, 152-153, 154
and iron allowances, 199, 201-202
and magnesium allowances, 190, 191
and manganese ESADDIs, 232
and molybdenum ESADDIs, 245
physical activity and, 27
and protein allowances, 66
and resting energy expenditure, 26
and selenium allowances, 220, 221
and vitamin A allowances, 83, 84, 86
and vitamin B12, allowances, 163
and vitamin E requirements, 103, 104
and vitamin K allowances, 111
weight-for-height ratios, reference, 2, 14-18, 33
and zinc allowances, 209
Bone
demineralization 224
formation and retention, 174, 176-178
fractures, 178
peak bone mass, 2, 5, 18, 96, 176, 177, 179
Breast milk,
see Human milk
C
Cadmium, 267
Caffeine, 263
Calcium
absorption, 5, 93-96, 175-176, 179-180
adult and adolescent requirements, 179-180
biological role of, 174-175, 176-178, 179
carbohydrate intake and, 175
changes in RDAs, 5
dietary sources and usual intakes of, 176
excessive intakes and toxicity, 180-181
excretion, 175
infant and child requirements, 180
interaction with other dietary constituents, 176, 177, 181, 189
and phosphorus intake, 5, 72, 175, 177, 178-179, 186
during pregnancy and lactation, 180
and protein intake, 72, 175, 177, 178-179
recommended allowances, 179-180
sodium intake and, 175
vitamin A and, 5, 93-94, 95, 96, 175, 176, 177
Cancer
calcium intake and, 179
carotenoids, retinoids, and preformed vitamin A, and, 86-87
and chromium, 243
fat intake and, 49
vitamin C and, 120
Carbohydrates
cariogenicity of, 41
and alcium balance, 175
complex, 39, 40; see also Dietary fiber
and copper deficiency, 226
digestible, 40-42
energy conversion factor for, 25, 41
intakes and sources, 40
metabolism of, 125, 128, 166, 169
pathophysiological significance of, 41-42
recommended intakes of, 41
value in food composition tables, 40
Carnitine, 265-266
Carotenoids
absorption and bioavailability of, 79, 80-81, 83, 86, 88
and cancer, 87
ß-carotene, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 87
contribution to vitamin A activity, 81, 84
deposition in human tissues, 79
dietary sources of, 81
efficiency of conversion to vitamin A, 13, 88
nutritional relationship with pre-formed vitamin A, retinoids, and, 80-81
precursors of retinol, 78
toxicity, lack of, 88
Ceruloplasmin, 224
Chloride
biological role of, 257-258
changes in ESADDI, 13
deficiency, 258
dietary sources and usual intakes of, 258
estimate of requirements, 253, 258
excessive intakes and toxicity, 258-259
Chlorophyll, 268
Cholesterol (blood)
biological role of, 45
biotin deficiency and, 166
determinants of, 49
fat intake and, 49
Page 275
fiber intake and, 42
structure, 44
Cholesterol (dietary)
efficiency of absorption of, 45
recommended intakes of, 50
Choline, 263-264
Chromium
absorption and excretion, 241
bioavailability of, 242
and cancer, 243
deficiency, 241
excessive intakes and toxicity, 242-243
intakes (usual), 241
Chylomicrons, 79, 94, 100, 108
Cigarette smoking, and vitamin C, 4, 119
Climate
adjustment of RDAs for, 19, 31
and energy requirements, 31-32
and nutrient losses, 213
Clinical considerations in RDAs, 20, 49, 71-72, 86-87, 96-97, 111-112, 120-121, 140, 155, 161, 178, 180
Cobalt, 267-268
Coenzymes, 268
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals energy intake data from, 36
see alsoNationwide Food Consumption Surveys
Copper
adult requirements, 226-227
bioavailability, 226
dietary sources and usual intakes, 225
evidence for human requirement, 224-225
excessive intakes and toxicity, 228
indicators of status, 224
infant and child requirements, 227-228
interaction with other nutrients, 176, 210-211, 224, 225, 226, 245
Coronary heart disease, 49
Cystine, 53, 56, 57, 66, 67, 68, 71
D
Dental caries, 41-42
Dietary data amino acid scoring patterns relative to, 58
underestimation of food intakes, 36
underreporting of alcohol intakes, 36, 68
Dietary fiber, 39, 42, 69, 175-176, 198, 206, 207, 208
Dietary recommendations
establishment of, 12-13
see also specific nutrients
Diseases,
see specific diseases
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 45, 47, 48-49
E
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 45, 47, 48-49
5,8,1l-Eicosatrienoic acid, 47
Elderly people
amino acid requirements of, 57-58
anemia in, 201
energy expenditures of, 30
energy requirements of, 33-34
intestinal absorption of minerals, 19
iron status of, 201
estimation of nutrient requirements for, 19
folate needs of, 153
malabsorption of vitamin B12, 162
referenceprotein requirement for 59-60
thiamin requirements of, 127
vitamin A status, 84
vitamin B12 deficiency in, 159
vitamin C status, 118-119
vitamin E requirements, 103
vitamin K requirements, 111
water needs of, 249-250
zinc status in, 208
Endemic cretinism, 215
Endemic goiter, 213-214
Energy
major dietary sources of, 39, 40, 45
Energy allowances
age and, 33-34
activity factor in, 28-29, 32-33, 36
adjustments in, 32
for adults, 32-34
body height and, 33
comparison with reported energy in-takes, 36
Page 276
energy requirement calculation for, 28, 31
gender differences in, 36
for infants, children, and adolescents, 33, 35-36
resting energy expenditure and, 32-33
Energy conversion factors, 25
Energy expenditures
age and, 30
body size and, 31
climate and, 31-32
day-to-day variation in, 30
growth, costs of, 31
hobbling effect of clothing, 32
measurements of, 35
in physical activity, 26-29, 32
and protein requirements, 54-55, 61
and riboflavin requirements, 134
thermic effect of meals, 25, 30
see also Resting energy expenditure
Energy intakes
and body weight and body composition, 24
comparison of RDAs with, 36
niacin allowances and, 140
and nitrogen balance, 59-60
and protein synthesis and breakdown, 54-55, 61
WHO data on, 35
Energy requirements
and activity level, 3, 19, 28-29
body size and, 31
climate and, 31-32
definition of, 24
deuterium oxide methodology for extimating, 35
distribution of, 12
individual variability in, 24
for pregnancy and lactation, 34, 140
and metabolic response to food, 29-30
physical activity and, 3, 19, 26-29
resting energy expenditures and, 25-26, 28
ESADDI,
see Estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes
Estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (ESADDI)
caution, 7
summary table, 284
see also specific nutrients
Estrogen therapy, 177-178
F
Fat
digestion of, 45
energy conversion factor for, 25
intestinal absorption of vitamins with, 45, 80, 83, 86, 108
malabsorption of, 80, 99, 108, 112
and plasma cholesterol, 49
recommended intakes of, 41, 49-50
stored during pregnancy, 35
see also Triglycerides
Fatty acids
carbohydrate intake and, 41
conversion of some dietary fiber to, 39
efficiency of absorption of, 45
as an energy source, 45
metabolism of, 45, 100, 102, 137, 166, 169
structure, 44-45
tissue differences in composition of, 102
see also Saturated fatty acids;
Monounsaturated fatty acids;
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Fiber,
see Dietary fiber
Flavonoids, 263
Fluoride
bioavailability, 237-238
and bone disease, 236
dietary sources and usual intakes, 235, 237-238
effects of food processing on, 237
excessive intakes and toxicity, 238
status as essential nutrient, 235
Folate
absorption of, 150-151, 153, 154, 155
activity, measures of, 150
adult and adolescent requirements, 152-153
bioavailability, 150-151, 153, 154
deficiency, 151-155
dietary sources and usual intakes, 150
estimation of allowances, 152
excessive intakes and toxicity, 155
excretion of, 151
Page 277
indicators of nutritional status, 151-152
infant and child requirements, 154-155
intestinal synthesis of, 151
during pregnancy and lactation, 153-154
recommended allowances, 152-155
Food fortification
with folate, 154
with niacin, 139
with vitamin A, 81
with vitamin C, 116
with vitamin D, 93, 94, 96, 177
G
Growth
energy costs of, 31
iron needs during, 202
and protein requirements, 55, 56, 62-63
riboflavin and, 135
velocity, 35-36
vitamin A and, 86
vitamin E and, 104
zinc and, 210
Growth factors, 268
H
Health and welfare programs,
use of RDAs in, 21-22
Height-to-weight ratios, reference, 2, 14-18
Hemochromatosis, 203
Hesperidin, 263
High-fructose corn syrup, 40
Human balance studies,
see Metabolic balance studies; Nitrogen balance studies
Human milk
average production, 35, 62, 72, 85, 103, 119, 210
bioavailability of nutrients in, 18, 119, 184, 227
efficiency of maternal energy conversion to milk energy, 34-35
efficiency of vitamin A transfer to, 85
electrolyte levels in, 254, 256
energy content of, 34
and infant growth rates, 63
lipid content of, 48
mineral content of, 180, 184, 186, 191
protein content of, 62, 63, 64, 145
reference protein pattern for human milk substitutes, 64
trace element content of, 209, 215, 221, 225, 227, 232, 233, 237
vitamin content of, 85-86, 93-96, 103, 104, 109, 119-120, 128, 135, 140, 145, 154, 155, 163, 168, 171
water content of, 250
Hypertension, 7, 179, 254, 255, 256, 259
I
Infants
amino acid requirements of, 53, 56-57, 63, 64, 72
average milk consumption, 18
biotin deficiency in, 166-167
copper deficiency in, 225
estimation of allowances for, 18, 35-36
hypocalcemic tetany in, 186
hyponatremia in, 254
hypoprothrombinemia in, 111
linoleic acid deficiency in, 47-48
nutrient requirements, see specific nutrients
phosphorus deficiency in, 185
premature and low birth weight, 53, 72, 96, 99, 104, 120, 153, 154, 185, 201-202, 225, 254
protein requirements of, 62-64, 72
PUFA intakes, 104
thiamin deficiency in, 125, 128
vitamin B6 deficiency in, 143, 145-146
vitamin B12 deficiency in, 163
vitamin supplements for, 64, 93, 94, 96, 104, 111, 128
International units
derivation for vitamin A, 80
derivation for vitamin D, 94
derivation for vitamin E, 100
Iodine
absorption, transport, and excretion, 213
biological role, 213
dietary sources and usual intakes, 214
environmental distribution of, 213, 214
excessive intakes and toxicity, 215-216
indicators of status, 213, 214, 215
recommended allowances, 215
value of iodized salt, 214, 216
Iron
absorption of, 13, 115, 120, 181, 195,
Continued to page 278
Page 278
Continued from page 277
adult requirements. 199-201
child and adolescent requirements, 202
deficiency, 14, 195-197, 199, 200, 201
dietary sources, 197-198
diets lacking animal protein, 202
excessive intakes and toxicity, 195, 202-203
functional and storage forms, 195, 198
indicators of status of, 120, 196, 197, 199, 200
infant requirements, 201-202
interaction with other nutrients, 13, 86, 115, 120, 181, 197, 198, 207, 208, 224
intestinal regulation of, 195
physiological requirements for, 12
during pregnancy and lactation, 201
recommended allowances, 5-6, 199-202
vitamin C and, 13, 115, 120, 197, 198
L
Laetrile, 268
Lead, 267
Lean body mass
age and, 30
and protein requirements, 55, 60
and resting energy expenditure, 25, 30
and vitamin A requirements, 86
Lecithins, 44
Lignin, 39
a-Linolenic acid, 47
Lipids
energy sources, 45
digestion of, 45
sources and intakes, 46
structure of, 44-45
transport abnormalities, 99
variations in tissues, 102
see also Fat; Fatty acids; andother specific lipids
Lipoproteins
very-low-density, 100-101
Lithium, 267
Lycopene, 87
M
Magnesium
absorption of, 188
adult requirements, 190-191
biological role of, 187-188, 189
changes in RDAs, 5
deficiency, 189
dietary sources and usual intakes, 189-190
excessive intakes and toxicity, 192
infant and child requirements, 191-192
metabolic balance studies of, 190, 191
during pregnancy and lactation, 191
recommended allowances, 190- 192
role in biotin metabolism, 166
Manganese
adult requirements, 231-232
biological role of, 230
deficiency, 230
dietary sources and usual intakes, 231
excessive intakes and toxicity, 233
indicators of status, 231
infant and child requirements, 232
during pregnancy and lactation, 232-233
Menaquinones, 107-111
Metabolic balance studies
physiological requirements determined through, 11
of trace element requirements, 8, 190, 191, 207, 208, 210, 219, 220, 226, 231-232
Metabolic rate
eating and, 29-30
environmental temperature and, 32
and protein requirements, 59
Metabolism, inborn errors of, 56, 126, 166, 203, 244;
see also specific nutrients
Methionine, 53, 56, 57, 66, 67, 68, 71, 160, 244
Minerals
deficiencies in infants, 96
fiber intake and absorption of, 42, 175-176
see also specific minerals
Molybdenum
bioavailability of, 245
biochemical role, 243
dietary sources and usual intakes, 244-245
excessive intakes and toxicity, 245
Monounsaturated fatty acids, 44-45
Myo-inositol, 266
Page 279
N
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (11)
energy intakes, 36
impaired iron status, 197, 203
iron intakes, 197
protein intakes, 68-68
vitamin A intakes, 81
weight-for-height data, 15
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey
calcium intakes, 176
energy intakes, 36
iron intakes, 198
protein intakes, 146
vitamin D intakes, 95
water intakes, 249
Niacin
adult requirements, 139
biological functions of, 137
deficiency, 137
dietary sources and usual intakes, 138-139
and energy intake, 140
excessive intakes and toxicity, 140
indicators of nutritional status, 137, 138
infant and child requirements, 140
metabolism, 137
during pregnancy and lactation, 140
recommended allowances, 139-140
riboflavin and function of, 132, 133
toxicity of, 14
tryptophan conversion to, 132, 137, 138, 140
Nickel, 267
Nitrogen balance studies
of amino acid requirements, 56
methodologic problems in, 55
of protein requirements, 3, 54-55, 58, 60-61
Nutrients
intakes, 20-21
essentiality, 263-268
losses during food processing and preparation, 13
pharmacologic and toxic effects of, 14, 72-73, 87-88, 96-97, 112, 120, 121, 129, 140, 146, 155, 160, 166, 167, 192, 238
O
Orotic acid, 269
Osteoporosis, 5, 72, 178, 179, 180, 238
P
Pangamic acid, 269
Pantothenic acid
adult requirements, 171
deficiency, 170
dietary sources and usual intakes, 170
excessive intakes and toxicity, 172
infant, child, and adolescent requirements, 171-172
intestinal synthesis of, 170, 171
physiological roles, 169
during pregnancy and lactation, 171
Pharmacologic actions, see Nutrients
Phosphorus
absorption of, 184
biological role of, 184
and calcium balance, 5, 72, 175, 177, 178-179, 184, 185, 186
deficiency, 185
dietary sources and usual intakes, 184-185
excessive intakes and toxicity, 186
recommended allowances, 185-186
zinc interaction with, 207
Phylloquinone, 107-112
Physical activity
age and patterns of, 30, 33, 36
and energy requirements, 3, 19, 26-29
health promotion through, 27
and protein requirements, 59, 60, 70-71
and riboflavin requirements, 134
Physiological requirements for nutrients
criteria for determining, 11
estimation of, 11-12
individual variability in, 11
of populations, 12
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 44-45, 47, 48, 100, 102, 103, 104
Potassium
biological role, 255
changes in ESADDI, 13
deficiency, 255
dietary sources and usual intakes, 255-256
estimation of requirements, 7, 253, 256-257
excessive intakes and toxicity, 257
interaction with magnesium, 189
Pregnancy and lactation
amino acid patterns for, 66
Page 280
calculation of nutrient needs during, 2-3, 15, 18
efficiency of maternal energy conversion to milk energy, 34-35
folate deficiency during, 153-154
tryptophan to niacin interconversion during, 138, 140
vitamin A toxicity during, 87-88
see also Human milk; and specific nutrients
Premenstrual syndrome, 146
Proline, 115
Protein
age and requirements for, 58-60, 64-68
amino acid composition, 54, 64, 67-68
biochemical indices of, 55
and calcium balance, 72, 175, 177, 178-179
criteria of adequacy, 55-56
dietary sources of, 67
digestibility, 54, 59, 64, 69-70
energy conversion factor for, 25
estimation of requirements, 53-55
excessive intakes and toxicity, 72-73
interaction with other dietary components, 4, 41, 72, 86, 143, 144, 146, 175, 177, 178-179, 206, 207-208
metabolic changes and, 59
net protein utilization, 69
nitrogen balance and, 3, 54, 55, 58, 59-62, 63
and obligatory nitrogen loss, 54
physiological requirements for, 12
during pregnancy and lactation, 54, 60-62, 66, 145
quality of, 54, 59, 67, 68, 69-71
sources and intakes, 21, 68-70, 73
turnover rates, 52, 53-54, 55, 59, 60, 62
and vitamin B6 requirement, 4, 143, 144, 146
Protein allowances
adjustment for dietary quality, 69-71
amino acid pattern and, 58, 64-70
dietary intake and, 68-70
factorial method for predicting requirements, 54, 60, 61-62, 63-65
physical activity and, 70-71
reference protein requirement in, 58-66, 69-70
standard deviation of requirement, 58
steps for establishing, 58
see also Amino acids and specific amino acids
PUFA,
see Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Pyridoxal phosphate, 142-144
Pyridoxamine phosphate, 142, 143
Pyrroloquinoline quinone, 268
Pyruvate carboxylase, 230
Q
Quercetin, 263
R
Reference individuals, 2, 14-18, 20, 37, 94-95, 135
Resting energy expenditures
body size and, 31
body weight and, 26
defined, 25
estimation of, 25-26
gender and, 31
and lean body mass, 25, 30, 31
measurement of, 25
Retinoids
absorption of, 79
and cancer, 86
nutritional relationship between pre-formed vitamin A, carotenoids, and, 80-81
vitamin A activity, 78
Retinol
esterification of, 79
metabolism of, 79
requirements, 84
toxicity, 87-88
Retinol equivalents, defined, 81
Riboflavin
absorption and excretion, 132, 134, 135
adult requirements for, 133
biological role of, 132
dietary sources and usual intakes, 133
energy expenditure and, 134
and nitrogen balance, 134
during pregnancy and lactation, 134-135
recommended allowances, 133-135
Rutin, 263
S
Safety margin in RDAs and ESADDIs, 2, 11, 20, 71, 85, 96, 103, 118, 120,
Page 281
Continued from page 280
128, 129, 135, 200, 209, 215, 220, 233, 242
Saturated fatty acids, 44-45, 49, 50
School feeding programs, 21
Selenium
adult requirements, 219-220
bioavailability of, 218-219
deficiency, 217-218
dietary sources and usual intakes, 218-219
excessive intakes and toxicity, 221-222
indicators of' status, 219
interrelationship with vitamin E, 217,
infant and child requirements, 221
during pregnancy and lactation, 220-221
recommended allowances, 6, 13, 219-221
Skinfold thickness, Tanner standards, 36
Sodium
adult requirements, 252-253
biological role of, 250-251
changes in ESADDI, 13
deficiency, 251
dietary sources and usual intakes, 251-252
estimates of requirements, 7, 252-254
excessive intakes and toxicity, 254-255
homeostatic control of, 250-251
infant and child requirements, 254
interaction with other dietary components, 41, 175, 253
obligatory losses, 252
during pregnancy and lactation, 253-254
Spermine and spermidine, 268
Stress, and nitrogen loss, 71
Supplements and supplementation
bioavailability of, 80
calcium, 181
ß-carotene, 82
excessive intakes through, 81
fiber concentrates, 42
for infants, 64, 93, 94, 96, 104, 111, 128, 155, 207, 210
pantothenic acid, 171
recommendations on, 13
retinol, 83
salt, 251
thiamin, 128
tryptophan, 138
vitamin B6, 146
vitamin B12, 163
vitamin K, 110
T
Taurine, 264
Thiamin
absorption and excretion of, 125, 127, 128
adult requirements, 126-128
and carbohydrate metabolism, 125, 128
child and adolescent requirements, 129
dietary sources and usual intakes, 126
excessive intakes and toxicity, 129
indicators of status, 127
infant requirements, 128
during pregnancy and lactation, 128
recommended allowances, 126-129
Thiaminase, 126
Threonine, 53, 57, 66, 67, 68, 71
Tin, 267
Total Diet Study, 190, 214, 225, 231, 237, 245, 251
Toxicity of nutrients, 14, 72-73, 87-88, 96-97, 112, 121, 129, 146, 202-203, 210-211,215-216, 211-212, 233, 238, 245, 257, 258-259
Trace elements
essential in animals, 267-268
metabolic balance studies of, 11, 190, 191, 207, 208, 210, 219, 220, 226, 231-232
changes in ESADDI, 13
factorial methods for, 232
fiber intake and absorption of, 198, 206, 207, 209
with no biological function, 262
summary table, 284
see also specific trace elements
Triglycerides, 41, 44, 45, 101
conversion to niacin, 137-140
Page 282
excretion of, 53
hormonal status and metabolism of, 144
load test for vitamin B6 status, 143, 146
and protein quality, 68, 70, 71
supplements, 138
U
Ultraviolet light, and vitamin D synthesis, 92, 93
V
Vanadium, 267
Vegetarians, 95, 120, 160-161, 162, 163
Vitamin A
adult requirements, 81-85
age and, 84
biological role of, 78
and cancer, 86-87
and color intensity of fruits and vegetables, 81
day-to-day variability in intakes, 21
deficiencies of other nutrients affecting utilization of, 86
deficiency signs, 80, 82, 83, 86
depletion rate of body stores, 84
depletion-repletion studies, 82-83
dietary sources and usual intakes, 81, 82
excessive intakes and toxicity, 14, 87-88, 146
fetal utilization of, 85
infant and child requirements, 85-86
nutritional relationship between retinoids, carotenoids, and, 80-81
during pregnancy and lactation, 85
recommended allowances, 81-87
storage, 79
therapeutic uses at high doses, 14
see also Carotenoids; Retinoids; Retinol
Vitamin B6
absorption of, 143
adult requirements, 144-145
bioavailability of, 144
changes in RDAs, 4
dietary sources and usual intakes, 143-144
drugs affecting metabolism of, 144
excessive intakes and toxicity, 14, 146
forms and biological functions, 142
indicators of nutritional status, 143, 145
infant and child requirements, 145-146
during pregnancy and lactation, 145
and protein intake, 4, 143, 144, 146
recommended allowances, 144-146
Vitamin B12
adult requirements, 162
basis for establishing allowances, 161
dietary sources and usual intakes of, 159
forms and functions of, 158-159, 160
infant and child requirements, 163
intestinal synthesis of, 159
metabolism, 160-161
pool size and turnover, 20, 161, 162
during pregnancy and lactation, 162-163
recommended allowances, 162-163
Vitamin C
absorption, transport, storage, and excretion, 116, 117-118
adult requirements, 117-119
and cancer, 120
cigarette smoking and metabolic turn-over of, 4, 119
and colds and respiratory illnesses, 120
dietary sources and usual intakes, 116
indicators of nutritional status, 117
infant and child requirements, 119
interaction with other nutrients, 13, 115, 120, 197, 198,226
and iron absorption, 13, 115, 120, 197, 198
losses during food preparation, 117, 118
and nitrosamine formation, 120
pharmacological intakes and toxicity, 120
during pregnancy and lactation, 119
recommended allowances, 4, 117-120
Vitamin D
absorption of, 45
adult requirements, 95-96
biochemistry and metabolism of, 93-94
biological role of, 92
Page 283
deficiency signs, 92-93
dietary sources and usual intakes, 94-95
essentiality of, 93
indicators of status, 94
infant and child requirements, 96
malabsorption of, 93
during pregnancy and lactation, 93, 94, 96
recommended allowances, 95-96
stability in foods, 94
synthesis of, 92
Vitamin E
adult requirements, 102-103
dietary sources and usual intakes, 101-102
excessive intakes of, 104-105
function and metabolism of, 100-101
infant and child requirements, 99, 103-104
interrelationship with other nutrients, 86, 217, 218
losses during cooking and processing, 101
occurrence and biological activity, 99-100
polyunsaturated fatty acids and, 48, 100, 102, 103
during pregnancy and lactation, 103
recommended allowances, 102-105
Vitamin K
adult requirements, 109-111
biological indicators of status, 110
compounds, 107
deficiency, 107, 109, 111, 112
dietary source and usual intakes, 109
excessive intakes and toxicity, 112
infant and child requirements, 111
metabolism of, 108
during pregnancy and lactation, 111
recommended allowances, 3-4, 13, 109-112
supplementation, 110
synthesis by intestinal bacteria, 108, 110
Vitamin P factors, 263
Vitamin Q, 263
W
Water
estimate of requirements, 249-250
excessive intakes and toxicity, 249, 250
intake and loss routes and magnitudes, 247-249
sources, 249
thirst sensation, 249
Weight, see Body weight
X
Xerophthalmia, 80
Z
Zinc
adult requirements, 208-209
bioavailability of, 206, 207-208
biological role of, 205-206
body pool and turnover rates, 206
dietary sources and usual intakes, 207-208
excessive intakes and toxicity, 210-211
homeostatic regulation of, 206, 208
infant and child requirements, 210
interaction with other dietary components, 86, 176, 181, 206, 207-208, 210-211,225, 226
indicators of status, 208