The Funding of Social Knowledge Production and Application: A Survey of Federal Agencies (1978)

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20 Independent Agencies The Study Project surveyed 21 independent agencies—that is, agen- cies that are not part of any cabinet-level department—that support social knowledge production and application activities. These agencies vary widely in the amount of their support: in 1977, the National Sci- ence Foundation, one of the federal government's leading supporters of scientific research, obligated almost $100 million for social knowl- edge production and application; the Federal Mediation and Concilia- tion Service, which funds a small amount of in-house research on labor and management issues, obligated $0.1 million. Table 20-1 presents the 21 agencies and their estimated fiscal 1977 obligations. 420

Independent Agencies 421 ACTION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 167 95 262 262 1976 395 858 1.253 1.253 1977 295 650 945 945 ACTION is the federal agency for volunteer service. Its purpose is to strengthen the effect and appeal of citizen participation on programs providing personalized services to people in need, both at home and abroad. ACTION brings together the following volunteer programs: the Peace Corps, Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), Foster Grand- parents, Retired Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP), and the University Year for ACTION. Research The goal of the social research funded by ACTION is to provide the agency with information that it can use in planning future agency ac- tivities. A secondary goal is to provide more information on the general topic of volunteerism. Research projects funded by ACTION include: o a study of possible new models for the Peace Corps, with empha- sis on having Peace Corps volunteers work in partnership with the national service volunteers from the host country; o a study of the structure of volunteerism in the United States, with emphasis on its social, economic, and political dimensions; o a study of the New York City Urban Corps, with emphasis on identifying elements that tend to foster career development of the vol- unteers; and o an assessment of the effect of volunteer service on both the volun- teers themselves (career development, personal satisfaction, and at- titude and educational changes) and the organizations in which the volunteers served. Program Evaluation A major effort is now being made to measure whether ACTION pro- grams are accomplishing their respective goals. In addition to these

| i 1 i . 9 '> '6 ,o -s S JD n u > ^ X s e? •o 'g 5 O *^ 'S i § - E .o u e a: V -C s C 1 1 £ g 1 o O = •«•: 1 1 1 Science and Education Natural resc Education/si Economic g: ™— 'i I u in "» .E si Diverse1* 9 Jl Z '3 yi I O u § 03 X X I C .o u M CA c m 3 -O Advancement of Knowledge for third parties Knowledge for third parties Advancement of knowledge Knowledge for third parties Improvement of federal policie Improvement of federal policie Improvement of federal progra Improvement of federal policie Knowledge for third parties 1 11 knowledge U O g 00 -o .u 0 c SC ^ >> ^ u u u i 'O e e e e D§ cd e | 00 00 u C 00 00 Si o C CQ x ^ 00 >. a e 12 fl e C/3 O 'O r- C u u S 0 1*1 ' 'S 00 K O e 1 e o I 1 | f of si e r= -a .2 -a o s e N O -2 .4* ^ d3 >» 00 CO e „ o I B <S 1 •§ 's. -S I 3 1 **» i— C4 D. Q ^ Q 1° .y fc s °l a ™ O .„ Cg Q. u o3 06 '5 ft. oS o J o i<: £ < < O a: S3 3 B f g - -o (A 'g s.! -s § 'G 5° .s ~ a -o C — ? 3 •— eso 3 o '9 '0.= 1 oc •* ri oo oo v^ 2 « u 1d 00 0 c g D. JD 0 <^-N VI H if! (fc < O — — C C 0 U S c 'E <u c o> g e o B CJ -o r-» o '§ 0 -3 ,o £ 2 § u -s o 3 § £ I 1 •5 TABLE 20-1 Profile (fiscal National Science National Foundat: the Arts and Humanities Environmental Pr Agency Smithsonian Instil Appalachian Regi Commission Federal Reserve ! Commission on C Rights Veterans Adminis Executive Office President Tennessee Valley Authority X Foundation u e 00 422

e E <S1 I 3 1 9 9 1 X TJ X e E c e 00 'e tX) 'e c 1 'I u 3 •o 09 (- 09 i 1 i 1 U -g >, ? S 1 !5 -o 0 o e s a o 9 •c O 0 Cti w u • Employment Employment Education/ec -o e a Income secu Economic gr Economic gr International International Housing and Employment a* § >* d i 1 •SI Improvement of federal progra E _. 09 i i Improvement of federal progra I i inds activities in a • and community res Improvemeni of federal progfa Knowledge for third parties Improvement of federal policie Improvement of federal progra Improvement of federal progra Knowledge for third parties Improvement of federal progra Improvement of federal policie Improvement of federal progra e (« £ 1 X X X •. X X ^ X X ^, 4> S? u u u u U o e e e CO e e c e e e C 5 1 1> e 1 U V 1 1 i a- 00 If % 00 00 w a W .1 1 f 3 I .i .1° 3 3 00 | | 1 1 E « .= B 1 s <§- I1 a cd CQ a b b i u o. i 1 Q. <s- § § o a s O O O n g 1 8 i d V «i in in e •» Ov OO w-| m -» t*> »S <^ . u — j- ^ r~i _ O o e> o o o c> 25 o o 5 Ja e g-o §1 If '« a ,1 Is 11 Equal Employment Opp tunity Commission C Quality of Work Life U.S. Information Agenc X "See Chapter 2 for a more c *RANN (now the Directorate The Appalachian Regional 'See Table 20-2 for a more < U.S. Civil Service Commission Community Services Administration Advisory Commission o Intergovernmental Small Business Administration National Center for Productivity and U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency General Services Administration Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service Relations ACTION TOTAL 423

424 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES studies, ACTION will evaluate the various mechanisms used to deliver volunteer resources to identify procedures that can be improved. A major evaluation of domestic operations was conducted on a random sample of projects. The evaluation will produce regional profiles and project-specific profiles. Other program evaluations include: o the effect of the Older American Programs on the volunteer as well as on the client or agency served; o the effectiveness of the career development components of ACTION programs for low-income volunteers; and o the effectiveness of ACTION technical assistance activities in sup- port of private volunteerism. For Further Information Write ACTION, 806 Connecticut Avenue. N.W., Washington. D.C. 20525. ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Kvalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onst rations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 967 no 1.097 Ml Ml 1.238 1976 fl\ 108 1.079 182 182 1.261 1977 I.1 12 124 1.236 M6 166 1.402 The Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR) is an independent, bipartisan body that attempts to identify and analyze the causes of intergovernmental conflicts. The commission is made up of 26 members from all levels of government. Research The commission's research agenda is determined by the members' own wide-ranging experiences, their observations and contacts, and staff recommendations. Once a topic is selected, staff gather information by a variety of methods, including library research, commission hearings, staff surveys, and field studies.

Independent Agencies 425 The commission undertakes both continuing projects and one-time studies. Continuing projects include monitoring of general revenue sharing, the Safe Streets Act, and the legislative activities of state and local governments and a survey of public attitudes on government and taxes. Projects that have been performed on a one-time basis include studies of intergovernmental aid (categorical and block grants), crimi- nal justice, national growth policy, taxation of military personnel, the municipal bond market, housing and redevelopment, transportation, local government modernization, and city financial emergencies. General Purpose Statistics The commission periodically publishes a fiscal "encyclopedia" enti- tled State and Local Finances: Significant Features of Fiscal Federalism. The report is a compilation of statistical tabulations from ACIR studies and other sources that serves as a handbook on state-local fiscal systems. Dissemination The primary dissemination activity of the commission is the publica- tion and dissemination of the results of commission research. In addi- tion, the commission provides assistance and information services to state and local governments. For Further Information See Annual Report, ACIR: The Year in Review, a publication of ACIR, or write Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 726 Jackson Place, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20575.

426 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMISSION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 1.405 2.641 724 4.770 4.384 4.384 9.154 1976 1.155 3.540 500 5.195 7.614 7.614 12.809 1977 1.155 3.830 500 5.485 6.040 6.040 1 1 .525 The Appalachian Regional Commission was established in 1965 to as- sist that region in meeting its special problems, promoting economic development, and providing a framework for joint federal and state efforts to provide the basic facilities essential to the region's growth. The comprehensive goals of the commission are to provide the people of Appalachia with the health and skills they need to compete for opportunities and to develop a self-sustaining economy and environ- ment capable of supporting a population with rising incomes and stan- dards of living and increasing employment opportunities. To accom- plish that task, the commission has concentrated on the greatest prob- lems of development: community development and housing, educa- tion, environment, health and child development, industrial develop- ment and management, tourism, and transportation. Research Research funded by the Appalachian Regional Commission has a vari- ety of objectives: to advance the understanding of conditions in Ap- palachia, to identify opportunities for stimulating growth and develop- ment, to facilitate the regional planning process, to assist in program design and implementation efforts, and to contribute to the overall goals of the Appalachian Regional Development Program. Research undertaken directly by the commission has concentrated on the study of specific problems or conditions that have regionwide significance. Examples of studies funded by the commission include: o a study of the status of Appalachian migrants, current migration patterns, and implications; o the impact of critical energy shortages on the region's develop- ment;

Independent Agencies 427 o a study of the second-home industry (recreational property) in Appalachian Tennessee; o an analysis of banking in Appalachia; and o a study of intergovernmental coordination in multistate programs. Policy Formulation Demonstrations A major activity of the commission is funding area development ac- tivities via demonstration projects. An analysis of the demonstration program showed that the projects fall into three categories: policy for- mulation demonstrations, policy implementation demonstrations, and limited service program demonstrations. The last category is by far the largest—the provision of services to residents of Appalachia to im- prove their individual and community well-being. These programs were excluded from the survey. The commission does, however, sup- port a limited number of demonstrations to test and evaluate alterna- tive solutions or innovative programs in Appalachia. Demonstrations are supported in five major areas: health and child development; edu- cation; transportation; community facilities and housing; and energy, environment, and natural resources. Examples of of policy formulation demonstrations include: o a program to test the effectiveness of using social and token rein- forcement by teachers to reward pupil success, with the aim of reduc- ing the number of dropouts; o a program to test innovative methods for recruiting and placing rural unemployed and underemployed persons in job training pro- grams; and o a pilot program to provide counseling assistance to Vietnam-era veterans in Appalachian Mississippi. Program Evaluation Evaluation funds are aimed at improving the monitoring and program design capability of the commission. During fiscal 1975, the commis- sion focused its evaluation and monitoring activities on its human re- source programs. The vocational educational facilities construction program and the Regional Education Service Agency (RESA) program were evaluated. In addition, a system is being developed, with state cooperation, to evaluate the commission's health and child develop- ment program.

428 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES Policy Implementation Demonstrations In addition to policy formulation demonstrations, policy implementa- tion demonstrations are supported to promote and disseminate effec- tive programs throughout the Appalachian region. These demonstra- tions are funded in three major programs. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING The general purpose of these demonstrations is to show ways in which education and training can become more relevant in assisting Appalachians in choosing occupa- tions and employment. Such demonstrations include: o improved ways to fully utilize vocational and technical education facilities; o home-based multimedia individual study programs or self-paced programs; and o innovative approaches to guidance counseling and placement ser- vices. HEALTH AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT These demonstrations are aimed at showing new methods to reduce the costs of health and child care through efficient use of all health personnel, new systems of communi- cation, and improved transportation. These programs seek to demon- strate the cost-effectiveness of enhanced preventive measures and in- novative approaches to health manpower training. The major goal is thus to demonstrate in selected areas that modern, comprehensive health care can be made available and accessible in rural areas and that other similar areas can adopt these same programs. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT This program consists of demonstrations, other than health and education programs, that are deemed essential to assisting community and economic development in the Appalachian states and subregions. Examples of such demonstrations include tech- nical assistance programs to accelerate industrial and enterprise devel- opment. For Further Information See Appalachian Regional Commission Research Catalogue, a publication of the com- mission, or write Appalachian Regional Commission. 1666 Connecticut Avenue. N.W.. Washington, D.C. 20235.

Independent Agencies 429 COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose lation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search ons (rations ation Statistics Total on st rations Materials ination Total TOTAL 197? 4.525 4.525 1.19 6 1.19 6 5.721 1976 5.063 5.063 1.597 1.597 6.660 1977 6.249 6.249 1.911 1.911 8.160 The Commission on Civil Rights was created in 1957 as an indepen- dent, bipartisan, fact-finding agency. It has no enforcement powers; its role is to collect and analyze information and encourage constructive steps toward equal opportunity, particularly for minority groups and women. The commission investigates complaints, holds public hear- ings, and collects and studies information on denials of equal protec- tion of law because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Voting rights, the administration of justice, and equality of opportunity in education, employment, and housing are among the many topics that have been examined by the commission. Research The commission's research activities fall into two major categories. The first category can best be described as "reports and studies." These studies are the result of federal and state fact-finding investiga- tions, field hearings, and legal analyses. The second category, con- ducted by the Office of Research, relies on the use of social science methods and theories. The goal of the first category of research is to obtain information, establish facts, and present them to the public in an effort to increase the awareness of problems and to develop information that can help solve them. Commission studies frequently recommend corrective ac- tions, such as remedial legislation. Examples of such reports and studies are: o Twenty Years After Brown, a series of reports o Voting Rights Act: Ten Years Later o A Better Chance to Learn: Bilingual-Bicultural Education o Labor Unions and Equal Employment Opportunity

430 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES o Desegregating the Boston Public Schools: A Crisis in Civil Re- sponsibility A standing area of inquiry for the commission is the civil rights en- forcement efforts of federal agencies. Since 1973, in-depth reviews of agency civil rights enforcement activities have been conducted annu- ally. The goal of the second category of research, basic and applied social science research, is to discover the underlying causes of the dynamics of discrimination so that effective corrective measures can be devel- oped and disseminated. This research also attempts to document the personal, social, economic, and political consequences of discrimina- tion and subtler forms of bias. The following studies are either under way or planned: o a large-scale basic inquiry into American attitudes on race and sex roles and the situational factors that determine whether, when, and how these attitudes shape behavior toward minority groups and females; and o a nationwide survey to assess the extent and causes of progress in desegregation. Reviews of the literature have also been supported by the Office of Research on: o whether alleged IQ differences among racial and ethnic groups exist; o whether schools have the potential to educate minority pupils ef- fectively; and o whether sex- and race-biased school books have adverse effects on students. Dissemination The commission conducts a variety of dissemination activities. Prior to 1964, the major audience of commission studies was the executive and legislative branches of the federal government. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 expanded the commission's responsibility to include providing information to national and community organizations and institutions, government agencies, and the public. The dissemination activities de- scribed below are supported by the commission.

Independent Agencies 431 PUBLICATIONS The commission has a large publications program. The agency publishes Civil Rights Digest, a quarterly forum for discussing civil rights issues. MONOGRAPHS The commission prepares monographs, statements, and short reports on civil rights subjects that have become matters of public debate. All pertinent views are gathered, analyzed, and subjected to facts revealed by studies and conferences. CONFERENCES The agency sponsors conferences to discuss and pro- mote commission projects. For example, a conference was held to discuss the publication Twenty Years After Brown. A group of schol- ars, educators, and community leaders was invited to comment on the report. SEMINARS AND coLLoouiA A series of colloquia have been held at which researchers from other government agencies and universities presented work of interest to commission staff. A seminar was also held to develop a research approach to the study of affirmative action. For Further Information See Catalog of Publications, a publication of the Commission on Civil Rights, or write Commission on Civil Rights, 1121 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20425. COMMUNITY SERVICES ADMINISTRATION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 1.437 700 2.137 6.155 6.155 8.292 1976 1.900 725 2.625 5.300 5.300 7.925 1977 1.000 1.000 2.000 2.000 The major goal of the Community Services Administration (CSA) is to reduce poverty in America. CSA was created in 1974 as the successor agency to the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO). The goal of CSA is to reduce poverty by helping low-income families and individuals attain economic self-sufficiency. The basic technique of its antipoverty pro- gram is the combined use of federal, state, and local funds in the organization and operation of community action and other programs that are directed and overseen by locally operated boards.

432 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES Research The research activities of CSA focus on the issue of community eco- nomic development. Research is supported to develop plans, pro- posals, program designs, and methods to implement more effective ways for CSA to assist in community economic development activities. Research has been conducted on: economic development strategies; organizational structures and internal management of community eco- nomic development organizations; and the financial management of community economic development organizations. Policy Formulation Demonstrations CSA supports a limited number of policy formulation demonstrations on community economic development. Along with its research program, the demonstration program seeks more effective methods of commu- nity economic development. The demonstration program tests varying models of community economic development programs. Policy Implementation Demonstrations In 1974, statutory responsibility for the research and demonstration activities of the OEO was transferred to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Department of Labor, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development. CSA was, however, given respon- sibility for the completion of demonstration projects that were started by OEO. These policy implementation demonstrations were completed in fiscal 1975 and fiscal 1976; their goal was to support pilot projects designed to develop and promote new approaches to the problems of poverty. No new funds for demonstrations were requested by CSA in fiscal 1977. Examples of some of the policy implementation demonstra- tions funded in fiscal 1975 and fiscal 1976 include: o a series of rural housing projects in which housing rehabilitation techniques were demonstrated and poor families were assisted in find- ing low-cost housing; o an outreach program to assist Vietnam-era veterans find jobs; o a basic skills instructional program for low-income children, which attempted to improve the reading and mathematical skills of children below the national norm; o a program to work with young offenders during their reentry into the community; and o a residential home program for neglected, abandoned, or other youths separated from their families because of status offenses.

Independent Agencies 433 For Further Information Write Community Services Administration. 1200 Nineteenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20506. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy l .-mini1i1 Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 12.100 700 12.800 12.800 1976 12.100 700 12.800 12.800 1SI77 12.100 700 12.800 12.800 The purpose of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to pro- tect and enhance the environment to the fullest extent possible. The agency's mission is to control and abate pollution involving air, water, solid waste, pesticides, and radiation. EPA'S mandate is to mount an integrated, coordinated attack on environmental pollution in coopera- tion with state and local governments. EPA attempts to abate and con- trol pollution by a variety of research, monitoring, standard-setting, and enforcement activities. EPA also reinforces the efforts made by other federal agencies with respect to their effect on the environment. Research There is no distinct organizational element in EPA concerned exclu- sively with socioeconomic research; it does, however, support socioeconomic research that uses interdisciplinary techniques and skills to define and attempt to solve both short- and long-term en- vironmental problems. This research is conducted throughout the Of- fice of Research and Development (ORD) making exact figures hard to obtain. The figures above represent EPA'S estimate of the social re- search activities of ORD and the Office of Planning and Evaluation. EPA estimated that no growth took place in the agency's socioeconomic research between fiscal 1975 and fiscal 1977. EPA'S socioeconomic research falls into the areas described below. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT The goal of this research area is to provide regional environmental planners and managers with methods

434 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES and techniques to determine feasible alternative solutions, at a reason- able cost, to specific environmental problems. Research has focused on the development of improved multimedia planning techniques and improved methods for selecting and analyzing environmental quality and economic information, the evaluation of alternative institutional arrangements, and the development of comprehensive systems analysis and evaluation methods. Institutional analysis is designed to analyze existing and necessary institutional arrangements for improv- ing environmental management programs. Specific research studies have been conducted on environmental quality and public involvement to determine the factors that govern the nature and magnitude of public involvement in decisions on environmental management in various ge- ographic and institutional contexts. Research is planned on ways to increase public involvement in stimulating constructive changes in existing institutions and in implementing environmental changes in communities. ECONOMIC STUDIES This area develops and uses cost-benefit method- ology to determine gains in environmental programs. These studies analyze the economic aspects of environmental actions, including cost-benefit studies, costs/risk-benefit studies, and trade-off analysis. Examples of such studies include: o an economic analysis of the benefits of pollution abatement; o an economic analysis of noise control; o a study of the economic consequences of specific situations as- sociated with pollution abatement; and o an analysis of economic means of controlling pollution. METHODS AND MODEL DEVELOPMENT EPA alSO SUppOrtS the ment of methods and models that can be used in environmental analysis. EPA supports the development of forecasting methodology to enable the agency and other decision makers to anticipate the long- range effect of human and institutional activities on the environment. Methodological tools have also been supported to assess environmen- tal problems, to measure the effectiveness of environmental controls. and to predict the consequences of alternative pollution control strate- gies. SOCIOECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS Comprehensi ve environmental and socioeconomic assessments are supported to enable decision makers to compare the risk, benefits, and costs of proposed actions and assist them in making decisions as to what pollution levels are tolerable in the environment. In addition, the environmental, economic, and social

Independent Agencies 435 consequences of energy alternatives have also been analyzed to assist in the development of EPA policies. OTHER AREAS A limited amount of social research is funded in the following areas: economic epidemiology, water quality implementation research, future pollutant problems and pollutant assessment, waste reduction, conservation issues, environmental standards, and regula- tions research. Program Evaluation The program evaluation activities are conducted by the Office of Plan- ning and Evaluation. Studies are funded to assess the effectiveness of EPA programs. A major evaluation was supported to assess the effec- tiveness of the EPA construction grant program. That study examined such factors as the initial planning of sewage treatment plant construc- tion projects and operations and maintenance practices. For Further Information See A Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Research Outlook. FY 1976 through 1980. Chapter VI, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology As- sessment, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976; the following pub- lications of ERA'S Office of Research and Development: Report to the Congress: En- vironmental Research Outlook 1976-1980; Report to the Congress: Environmental Re- search Outlook 1977-1981; Office of Research and Development Program Guide, FY77; and ORD Publications Summary; or write Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street, S.W.. Washington, D.C. 20460. EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1175 301 360 570 1.231 1.273 1.273 2.504 1976 330 193 360 1.160 2.043 1.441 1.441 3.484 1977 555 793 360 1.237 2.945 1 .505 1 .505 4.450 The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Its major purpose is the ending of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The commission is involved in ending discrimination on all aspects of

436 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES employment, including hiring, promotion, firing, wages, testing, train- ing, apprenticeship, and other conditions of employment. In addition to receiving discrimination complaints, the commission promotes volun- tary action programs by employers, unions, and other community or- ganizations. Research The research program of the commission focuses on analyzing the characteristics and profiles of participants in equal employment oppor- tunity cases. An example of such a project is a study of Asian- American employment in the San Francisco Bay area. Another project examined the attitudes and perceptions of participants in EEOC cases. The commission designs, administers, and processes research surveys relating to minority employment and analyzes the economic, social, and psychological determinants involved in starting equal employment opportunity actions. Policy Formulation Demonstrations The commission increased its support of policy formulation demonstra- tions in fiscal 1977. Forty state and local agencies received funding to test the effectiveness of innovative equal employment programs. The outcomes of these projects will be used by the agency in determining future policy directions and programs. In addition, a prototype demon- stration model was implemented in two regions to test new complaint resolution procedures. Program Evaluation The commission is interested in analyzing the effectiveness of its pro- grams. Evaluations have been made of the EEOC training center, state and local program operations, voluntary programs, and compliance and litigation programs. General Purpose Statistics EEOC is the primary source in the U.S. government for detailed statis- tics on equal employment opportunity by private employers, labor unions, state and local governments, elementary and secondary educa- tion institutions, and colleges and universities. Reports are prepared on each sector's employment patterns regarding employment by race, sex, and national origin. In addition, the commission gathers, analyzes,

Independent Agencies 437 and interprets economic data with special emphasis on how they per- tain to employment. Dissemination The commission has a major program of dissemination for its publica- tions about equal employment opportunity. In addition, an entire divi- sion of EEOC is devoted to providing educational seminars, technical assistance, and publications. The major dissemination activities are technical assistance and the distribution of publications. For Further Information Write Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2401 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20506. EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstradons ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 4.335 300 4.635 505 505 5.140 1976 4.052 Mt 4.352 1.198 1.198 5.550 1977 3.506 300 3.806 1.463 1.463 5.269 A limited amount of social research is funded in the Executive Office of the President. Of the 13 components of the office presented in Figure 20-1, four were found to support or conduct social knowledge produc- tion or application activities. (The Office of Science and Technology Policy was not in existence when the Study Project survey was con- ducted and thus not included.) The activities of the Office of Management and Budget, the Domes- tic Council, the National Security Council, and the Council on Interna- tional Economic Policy were judged not to support or conduct "re- search." Instead, the activities of those offices were deemed closer to in-house policy analysis or staff work, which did not meet the defini- tion of research established by the Study Project. Table 20-2 lists the four agencies that support social knowledge pro- duction and application activities in the Executive Office of the Presi- dent and their estimated fiscal 1977 obligations.

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Independent Agencies 439 TABLE 20-2 Executive Office of the President Social Knowledge Production and Application Activities (fiscal 1977, $millions) Estimated Social Knowledge Production and and Application Predominant Agency Component Obligations Policy Area Office of Telecommunications Policy 1.9 Transportation" Council of Economic Advisers 1.4 Economic growth Council on Environmental Quality 1.2 Energy development and conservation/ natural resources and environment Council on Wage and Price Stability 0.8 Economic growth TOTAL 5.3 'Communications research is included in the transportalion policy area. COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem* Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 1.223 1.223 1.223 1976 1.345 I.345 1.345 1977 1.426 1.426 1.426 The Council of Economic Advisers performs a variety of functions, which include: o analyzing the national economy and its various segments; o advising the President on economic developments; o recommending policies for economic growth and stability; o appraising economic programs and policies of the federal govern- ment; o assisting in the preparation of the annual Economic Report to the President.

440 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES The council consists of 3 members appointed by the President, a staff of approximately 12 senior economists, and 7 research assistants. Research The council's research activities are conducted almost solely in-house. While outside economists are frequently consulted, little money is spent on extramural research, and little primary research is conducted. The council staff primarily perform secondary analysis. The council depends heavily on existing knowledge and data bases developed out- side the council. Staff research activities consist of analyzing and ap- plying the results of outside research, including econometric models. During 1976, the council staff performed research and analyses on foreign economic conditions and international financial developments; proposals regarding agriculture and food, agricultural exports, and commodity trade; measures and programs to support housing construc- tion and stimulate investment; proposals for dealing with a wide range of energy issues and problems; and proposals for improving the effec- tiveness of unemployment compensation, health insurance, social se- curity, and income maintenance. For Further Information See Economic Report of the President, Appendix A, or write Council of Economic Advisers, Old Executive Office Building, Washington, D.C. 20506. COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dtssem- Year search onstrations anon Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 400 W0 400 1976 1.100 1.100 1.100 1977 1.200 1.200 1.200 The Council on Environmental Quality was established by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 to formulate and recommend na- tional policies to promote the improvement and quality of the environ- ment. The council performs a variety of functions, such as:

Independent Agencies 441 o developing and recommending to the President national policies that promote environmental quality; o conducting a continuing analysis of changes or trends in the na- tional environment; o administering the process of national environmental impact state- ments; and o conducting a continuing analysis of non-nuclear energy research and development activities with regard to the adequacy of the pro- grams in meeting energy conservation requirements. Dissemination The council does not conduct or support any research; instead, it sup- ports a variety of dissemination activities aimed at synthesizing and distributing existing knowledge concerning the environment. The council has supported several conferences at which research findings are synthesized and discussed. In addition, publications are prepared and disseminated that present "state of the knowledge" summaries in a variety of areas. (These activities are considered to be dissemination activities and not research activities.) Examples of such reports are: o The Growth Shapers, The Land Use of Infrastructure Invest- ments, a synthesis of research findings on the land use effects of water and wastewater systems, power supplies, highway and secondary road networks, mass transit, etc. o The Costs of Sprawl, a synthesis of knowledge on patterns of land development and its effect on the resulting environmental, economic, natural resource, and social costs. o Recreation on Water Supply Reservoirs, a handbook designed for use by citizens and public officials interested in using water reservoirs to provide both safe drinking water and greatly expanded outdoor rec- reation facilities. For Further Information See The Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality, a council publication, or write Council on Environmental Quality, 722 Jackson Place, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006.

442 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES COUNCIL ON WAGE AND PRICE STABILITY Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrauons ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 345 345 345 im 730 730 730 1977 750 750 750 The Council on Wage and Price Stability was created in 1974 to monitor the economy as a whole with respect to such key indicators as wages, costs, productivity, profits, and prices. The council also has the responsibility to review and appraise the various programs, policies, and activities of federal government agencies for the purpose of deter- mining the extent to which those programs and activities contribute to inflation. Research The council conducts research on various aspects of the inflation prob- lem. While the great majority of its research is conducted in-house, several small, extramural projects have been funded on the causes of inflation. Another extramural research project analyzed the Wholesale Price Index and developed alternatives to the current system. Like their counterparts in the Council of Economic Advisers, the staff of the Council on Wage and Price Stability rely heavily on existing data resources and the results of outside research. The council staff primarily perform secondary analyses on the problem of inflation in various sectors of the economy. The council has conducted research and analyses on the causes of inflation in the paper, chemical, agricul- tural machinery, automotive, steel, and health care industries. For Further Information Write Council on Wage and Price Stability, 726 Jackson Place, N.W., Washington. D.C. 20506.

Independent Agencies 443 OFFICE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1*75 2.767 300 3.067 I05 105 3.172 1976 1.977 300 2,277 98 96 2.375 1977 1.330 360 1.630 263 263 1.893 The Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTP) was created in 1970. In July 1977, the functions of OTP were transferred to the Department of Commerce. While in the Executive Office of the President, OTP ad- vised the President on telecommunications matters, helped formulate national telecommunications policies, and presented executive branch views on telecommunications matters to the Congress and the Federal Communications Commission. Research OTP'S social research program was designed primarily to augment the policy-making role of the office through the exploration of policy op- tions, the effect of those options, and the study of major issues of national telecommunications concerns. Through extramural and a lim- ited amount of in-house research, studies were supported to enhance the ability of OTP to choose policy positions based on a sound knowl- edge of all relevant issues and an understanding of the ramifications of potential policy choices. Research studies were funded in the areas described below. ECONOMICS OF THE COMMON CARRIER INDUSTRY StllclJCS WCrC funded on the cost economics of the industry, installation charges, separation procedures, cost allocation and rate structures, and mobile communi- cations. CABLE TELEVISION AND BROAD BAND COMMUNICATIONS Specific studies focused on rural extension of television services, subscription cable services, urban cable construction costs, and assessment of the demand for pay television. PLANNING THE USE OF GOVERNMENT COMMUNICATIONS SCVCra] SllldlCS were funded on the responsibilities and functions of the executive

444 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES branch of government concerning telecommunications policy. A study of executive authorities in telecommunications was supported. PROCUREMENT POLICY FOR GOVERNMENT COMMUNICATIONS A COm- prehensive analysis of the procurement practices of the federal gov- ernment as they relate to communication services and facilities was commissioned. COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS AND PRIVACY ISSUES A SCrJCS Of StUdJCS was funded in the area of privacy and telecommunications. GOVERNMENT APPLICATIONS OF NEW TECHNOLOGY SCVCral SllldlC> analyzed the role of current policies and strategies by government, industry, and users in printing new technology to meet public needs. INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS A number of studies were funded that examined a variety of issues related to international facilities, organizations, and telecommunications. Program Evaluation OTP allocated a portion of its resources to the evaluation of several federal telecommunications programs. Dissemination The office supported a limited number of dissemination activities. Sev- eral small conferences were supported during the last several years. In addition, OTP examined the feasibility of developing an information retrieval system for telecommunications. For Further Information See Activities and Programs 1975-1976, Office of Telecommunications Policy, Appen- dix, a publication of the OTP, or write Office of Telecommunications. Department of Commerce, 1325 G Street, N.W.. Washington, D.C. 20005.

Independent Agencies 445 FEDERAL MEDIATION AND CONCILIATION SERVICE Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Rscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose t.ition Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 59 59 46 46 105 1976 110 110 69 69 179 1977 112 112 70 70 162 The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service assists labor and man- agement in the mediation and prevention of disputes that affect indus- tries engaged in interstate commerce and defense production (other than rail and air transportation), whenever such disputes might threaten to cause a substantial interruption in commerce. Its mandate is to encourage the voluntary settlement of labor disputes through mak- ing available government mediators and facilities for mediation and voluntary arbitration. Research The small amount of research conducted by the service is performed by the Office of Technical Services. Background research is done on major labor disputes and national issues. An energy study was per- formed to inform the service about energy-related issues being raised at the bargaining table, layoffs, work schedule changes, and other reac- tions to fuel shortages. Research has also analyzed new arbitration practices. Dissemination A clearinghouse is supported to provide federal mediators with new information, approaches, and techniques developed in industrial rela- tions. For Further Information Write Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, 2100 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20427.

446 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search on st rations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 5.442 2.332 7.774 7.774 1976 6.162 2.641 8M3 8.803 1977 7.064 3.027 10.091 10.091 The Federal Reserve System1 is the nation's central bank and is charged with administering and making policy for the nation's credit and monetary affairs. Through supervisory and regulatory banking functions, the Federal Reserve System helps to maintain soundness in the banking industry, making it capable of responding to the nation's domestic and international financial needs and objectives. The Federal Reserve System is supervised by the Board of Governors, which de- termines general monetary, credit, and operating policies and formu- lates the rules and regulations necessary to carry out the purposes of the Federal Reserve Act. Research Research in the Federal Reserve System is conducted by the Division of Research and Statistics, which is responsible for the domestic as- pects of the board's activities, and the Division of International Fi- nance, which is responsible for the international aspects. The role of research is threefold: o to apprise the Board of Governors of current economic devel- opments and to analyze them; o to give advice to the board with respect to the conduct of mone- tary policy; and o to do basic long-term research to improve the policy advice given to the board. 'The Federal Reserve System is on a calendar year budget; figures have been trans- formed from calendar year to fiscal year to facilitate survey consistency.

Independent Agencies 447 The predominant activity of the board is analyzing current monetary developments and the implications of alternative board policies. The Federal Reserve System's research staff tests the implication of any new policy or changes in existing policies through econometric analysis. During the last 10 years, the research staff has developed a series of econometric models, including a model for the economy as a whole as well as more specific models dealing with monetary plans. The research staff also attempts to make its analyses sensitive to social implications such as unemployment, small business, housing, etc. These aspects are included in the analyses of possible changes in mone- tary policy. General Purpose Statistics In addition to its research activities, the Division of Research and Statistics collects statistics on money and banking, especially Federal Reserve Banks and "member banks" of the Federal Reserve System. Statistics are also collected on industrial production, consumer credit and finances, the flow-of-funds system of national accounts, and sav- ings statistics. The Federal Reserve System publishes statistics in both principal periodic reports (the Annual Report, the Federal Reserve Bulletin, and the Historical Chart Book) and special studies, which have focused on industrial production, financial characteristics of consumers, changes in family finances, and fluctuations in housing construction. For Further Information See Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, a publica- tion of the Federal Reserve System, or write Federal Reserve System, Twentieth and Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20551.

448 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 280 280 280 1976 350 350 350 1977 330 330 .V'O The General Services Administration (GSA) has responsibility for the management of government property and records. Within GSA, the only program that was found to support social knowledge production and application activities was the Federal Preparedness Agency (FPA). The FPA is the government-wide civil emergency preparedness program that is responsible for the formulation, development, and coordination of national civil preparedness policies and plans. In addition, the agency is responsible for fostering state and local participation in pre- paredness programs. Research The Federal Preparedness Agency supports a limited number of re- search projects annually. The following projects have been supported during the last several years. STUDY OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF CONTROLLED CONFLICT This sought to develop a methodology to estimate the economic, political, and social costs to the United States of nuclear attacks of different magnitudes. ECONOMETRIC PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT This project sought to improve agency capability to project economic activity under emergency condi- tions, especially to estimate stockpile requirements and the effect of materials shortages. EMERGENCY CAPACITY PROJECTION STUDY Emergency Cap,!Clt\ ifl- cludes such factors as changes in productivity, overtime, and produc- tion standards. This study seeks to examine emergency capacity for production sectors in order to analyze the adequacy of the industrial mobilization base and to determine stockpile objectives.

Independent Agencies 449 For Further Information Write General Services Administration, Eighteenth and F Streets, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20405. NATIONAL CENTER FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Ftscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 100 100 70 70 170 OT6 100 25 125 140 140 265 1977 200 30 230 300 82 530 The National Center for Productivity and Quality of Working Life, established in 1975, absorbed the functions of the National Commis- sion on Productivity and Work Quality. The center was established to: o assist in the formulation of national policies for productivity; o coordinate federal activities affecting productivity; o report to Congress on the effect of public regulatory agencies on productivity; and o stimulate and support both private and public sector efforts to improve productivity and the quality of working life. Directed by a Board of Directors, the center places particular emphasis on federal productivity program coordination. Research The center supports a small amount of social research to improve the range and quality of productivity measurement techniques. In order to implement productivity improvement programs, the center feels it is necessary to have measurement tools that accurately gauge productiv- ity changes. In another area of research, methods of productivity im- provements are examined. One study identified and reported on man- agement techniques used by various small businesses to improve pro- ductivity.

450 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES Dissemination Since the center has a very small program of original research, it has relied on a strategy of "synthesizing" existing research and disseminat- ing information through publications and conferences. A national clearinghouse has been established. Knowledge syntheses and hand- books have been published on a variety of productivity issues. For Further Information Write National Center for Productivity and Quality of Working Life, Room 3002. 2000 M Street. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 197.1 190 260 450 14.412 2.649 17.061 17.511 1976 500 297 797 14.300 3.300 17.600 18.397 1977 500 440 940 11.600 3.900 15.500 16.440 In order to encourage and support national progress in the humanities and the arts, the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities provides catalytic support to cultural institutions and individuals throughout the country. This support, while designed to provide in- creased access by all citizens to artistic and humanistic activities and works, is also aimed at increasing private and other forms of support. The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities, created as an independent agency in 1965, consists of the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities. Each endowment has its own council, which advises the chairman of each endowment with respect to policies and procedures, reviews applications for financial support, and makes recommendations on those applications. Table 20-3 presents the fiscal 1977 obligations for the National En- dowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts.

Independent Agencies 451 TABLE 20-3 National Foundation for the Arts and Humanities Obligations for Social Knowledge Production and Application (fiscal 1977, $millions) Social Knowledge Production and Application Component Obligations National Endowment for the Humanities 15.7 National Endowment for the Arts 0.7 TOTAL 16.4 For Further Information Write National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities, 806 Fifteenth Street. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20506. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem* Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 190 260 450 450 1976 mo 197 697 697 1977 500 140 740 740 The activities of the National Endowment for the Arts are designed to foster the growth and development of the arts in the United States, to preserve and enrich the nation's cultural resources, and to provide opportunities for wider experience in all the arts. The endowment awards grants to individual, state, and regional art agencies and non- profit organizations. These awards have three major goals: to encour- age broad dissemination of arts of the highest quality across the coun- try; to assist major cultural institutions to improve standards and pro- vide greater public service; and to give support that encourages creativ- ity among gifted artists, preserves the cultural heritage, and advances the quality of life of the nation.

452 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES Research In 1975, the endowment created a Research Division to plan, coordi- nate, support, monitor, and evaluate research on the arts and cultural activities. The goal of the division's research projects is to provide the knowledge needed to improve the accomplishment of agency goals. The following research projects have been planned by the division: o a feasibility study for an economic data program on the conditions of arts and cultural institutions; o a consumer demand analysis of arts and cultural services for the South; o an analysis of the economic impacts of art activities and cultural institutions on their communities; and o a critical review and evaluation of audience studies of museums and performing arts organizations. Program Evaluation The endowment has an Evaluation Division. Two of the evaluation projects supported by the division are: o an evaluation of the artists-in-schools programs and o an evaluation of the master craftsmen apprenticeship program. For Further Information See National Endowment for the Arts Guide to Programs 1975-1976 (August 1975), a publication of the endowment, or write Research Division, National Endowment for the Arts, 2401 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20506. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 14.412 2.649 17.061 17.061 IHV W0 100 14.300 3.300 17.600 17.700 1977 200 200 11.600 3.900 15.500 15.700 The activities of the National Endowment for the Humanities are de- signed to promote and support the production and dissemination of

Independent Agencies 453 knowledge in the humanities, especially as it relates to the serious study and discussion of contemporary values and public issues. Sup- port is provided to foster humanistic activities on a broad scale through grants to institutions, individuals, and state- and community-based groups. The activities are designed to improve the quality of knowledge and teaching in the humanities and to increase public participation in humanistic endeavors. The term "humanities" includes, but is not limited to, the study of the following: language, both modern and classical; linguistics; litera- ture; history; jurisprudence; philosophy; archaeology; comparative religion; ethics; the history, criticism, theory, and practice of the arts; those aspects of the social sciences that have humanistic content and employ humanistic methods (studies in which historical or philosoph- ical approaches predominate); and the study and the application of the humanities to the environment, with particular attention to the rele- vance of humanities to the current conditions of national life. The National Endowment for the Humanities was a question mark for the Study Project. Should all or some of its activities be included in a survey of "social knowledge production and application"? The Study Project decided to include the development of educational materials and dissemination activities of the endowment and to exclude the re- search activities of the agency. It was felt that the research activities of the endowment fell outside the definition of social research used by the survey. Research As noted above, the survey excluded the endowment's two major re- search programs. The Independent Study and Research Program is aimed at individuals with specific, important projects in the humanities. The General Research Program supports large-scale, long-term, or collaborative research projects in the humanities. In fis- cal 1977, the two research programs obligated over $6 million. As noted above, the Study Project felt that while the research activities of the endowment were clearly on the border between social and nonsocial research, humanistic research fell outside the definition of social re- search used by the Study Project. Program Evaluation Since fiscal 1976, the endowment has been conducting a limited number of program evaluation studies to assess the effectiveness of its major programs. In fiscal 1977, four evaluation studies of major pro- grams were performed.

454 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES Development of Materials The endowment supports four major programs of materials develop- ment, described below. EDUCATION PROJECTS The purpose of this program is to promote the development and testing of new and exemplary approaches to humanities education by supporting the development of projects or materials. Two types of projects are supported. Higher Education Projects This program supports the following types of activities: development of experimental courses or programs; development of curriculum materials, including film and TV materials, by which colleges and universities try to reach nontraditional audi- ences; development of cooperative programs between schools. Exam- ples of projects include: o the development of classroom materials (workbooks, films, sound recordings) on aspects of Southern folklore; and o the development of self-instructional materials in art history that are suited for community college students. Elementary and Secondary Education Projects This program sup- ports the following activities: projects that combine teacher training with curriculum development; development of courses or programs that use either an interdisciplinary or single discipline approach; devel- opment of cooperative endeavors between schools and institutions of higher learning and cultural institutions. Examples of projects include: o the development of program and curriculum materials on South Asia for inclusion into high school social studies courses; and o the development of interdisciplinary humanities programs for high schools. HUMANITIES INSTITUTES In fiscal 1974, the National Humanities Insti- tute program was established to improve humanities curricula. The institutes were designed to provide opportunities for scholars and teachers to come together and create new courses outside the pattern of disciplinary education. After new curricula are developed, they are tested at the home universities of institute participants. The following curricula have been developed through this program: o The Humanities and the National Life; and o Technology and the Humanities.

Independent Agencies 455 RESEARCH MATERIALS This program has two major components: de- velopment of research tools and editing projects. The two programs are intimately related to each other and comprise the most basic materials from which humanistic research proceeds. In the research tools pro- grams, grants are given for the development of bibliographies, dic- tionaries, and source guides. These research tools are deemed essential for current and future humanistic scholarship and research. The editing program supports the editing of literary texts, philosophical writings, and historical manuscripts and correspondence. Editing projects serve to make available an author's or musician's work in a definitive form or to provide access to the papers of an historic figure. BICENTENNIAL HISTORY PROGRAM This program ended in fiscal 1976. The purpose of the program was to develop historical texts and inter- pretative essays on each state plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. This activity was classified as the development of materials, as the volumes were aimed for use as reference and teaching tools. Dissemination The endowment supports a variety of dissemination activities. The largest program is the Centers of Research program. The endowment supports documentation, reference, and information services at local, regional, and national institutions that house humanistic research ma- terial. The development of improved information retrieval systems is also supported. In addition to the Centers of Research program, other dissemination activities are supported. The endowment has a program of providing technical assistance, via consultants, to colleges, universities, profes- sional schools, and other cultural institutions in order to assist them in developing new programs in the humanities or to evaluate and strengthen existing curricula. Conferences are also supported. During the Bicentennial period, the endowment supported 20 international congresses and conferences, which were held in the United States and abroad. The endowment also supports the annual Jefferson Lecture. Other dissemination activities include: a newsletter, the establishment of a humanities information center/clearinghouse, and the establish- ment of a reports dissemination system. ' For Further Information See the Annual Report of the National Endowment for the Humanities; Humanities, the newsletter of the endowment; and Program Announcement and Research Programs, which are publications of the endowment, or write National Endowment for the Humanities, 806 Fifteenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20506.

I 1 1 I 5£l 1 I—I 3i5 si? i a. IU Q s I u 1 3 C — o '•= LU ai D O 456

Independent Agencies 457 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Pobcy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 65.797 992 845 1.842 69.476 5.891 21.769 12.608 40.268 109.744 1976 75.758 1.600 800 1.470 79.628 3.475 13.362 250 17.087 96.715 1977 78.854 1.000 500 2.050 82.404 4.090 11.700 1.700 17.490 99.894 The National Science Foundation (NSF) was established by Congress in 1950 to strengthen scientific research in the mathematical, physical, medical, behavioral, engineering, biological, social, and other sciences in this country. The majority of NSF programs support extramural re- search. Other NSF goals are to apply scientific resources to selected national problems, to strengthen science education at all levels, to stimulate international scientific cooperation, to assist in the support of training in the sciences and engineering through a program of fellow- ships, to make science information more readily available, to appraise the effect of research on industrial development and general welfare, and to gather and publish scientific and technical data pertinent to national science policy. Responsibility for NSF'S functions is currently divided among seven directorates, five of which support social knowledge production and application activities (see Figure 20-2). One of these, the Directorate for Applied Science and Research Applications, was reorganized in 1977; the others were reorganized in 1976. The Study Project figures report the arrangement of programs, divisions, and offices as of Sep- tember 1977 (see Table 20-4). For Further Information See Publications of the National Science Foundation and National Science Foundation Guide to Programs, or write National Science Foundation. 1800 G Street. N.W.. Washington. D.C. 20550. NOTE: This section on the National Science Foundation was written by Sara B. Kiesler.

458 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES TABLE 20-4 National Science Foundation Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (fiscal 1977, Smillions) Estimated Social Knowledge Production and Application Component Obligations Directorate for Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences 41.7 Research Applications Directorate 29.0 Directorate for Science Education 18.4 Directorate for Scientific, Technological, and International Affairs 10.1 Directorate for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences 0.7 TOTAL 99.9 DIRECTORATE FOR BIOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 33.805 33.805 33.805 IV76 35.406 35.406 35.406 1977 41.692 41.692 41.692 The Directorate for the Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences is designed to support basic research in physiology, cellular and molecu- lar biology, environmental biology, psychology neuroscience, sociol- ogy, economics, and other social sciences. The directorate has four divisions, two of which support social science research. Research in these divisions is also supported on basic processes underlying national problems such as energy resources, inflation, and employment.

Independent Agencies 459 Division of Behavioral and Neural Sciences The Division of Behavioral and Neural Sciences is responsible for the support of basic research on the mechanisms and functions of nervous systems and the development and determinants of behavior. Research grants to individual scientists are the primary mechanism of support, but the division also provides some funds for facilities and equipment, doctoral dissertation research, international travel, and special re- search conferences and workshops. The division's seven programs are described below. ANTHROPOLOGY This program supports research in cultural and social anthropology, archaeology, and physical anthropology. LINGUISTICS This program supports research on the syntactic, seman- tic, phonological, and phonetic properties of individual languages and of language in general. Research is also supported on the acquisition of language by children, the psychological processes in the production and perception of speech, the biological foundations of language, the social influences on and effects of language and dialect variation, and the formal and mathematical properties of language models. MEMORY AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES This program supports research on the processes of learning, thought, and cognitive development, in- cluding topics such as memory, attention, concept formation, imagina- tion, reading, problem solving, decision making, and intelligence from a variety of theoretical perspectives. NEUROBIOLOGY This program is concerned with research on all as- pects of nervous systems, their function and development at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and behavioral levels. Subareas in- clude neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neuroendocrinology, neuropharmacology, neurophysiology, and neuropsychology. PSYCHOBIOLOGY This program is concerned with the structure, func- tion, development, and evolution of behavior and its genetic, environ- mental, hormonal, and motivational determinants. Topics include stimulus control, preferences and aversions, conditioning, ingestive and reproductive behavior, migration and homing, and the social and communicative behavior of animals.

460 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY AND PERCEPTION This program is concerned with lransdiie!ion. encoding, and perception of stimuli by organisms. All sensory systems are included: those of sight, hearing, taste, and smell; equilibrium, kinesthesis, proprioception, touch, temperature, pain; the perception of motion, spatial relations, and objects; and as- pects of environmental perception. SOCIAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY This program supports laboratory and field research in all areas of human social behavior including group dynamics, social influence, and interpersonal rela- tions. The program includes research on developmental processes in children and adults, with emphasis on social, personality, and emo- tional development. Division of Social Sciences The Division of Social Sciences is responsible for the support of basic research in each of eight areas of social science. Interdisciplinary studies, combining social with natural sciences or engineering, are supported occasionally. The division awards research grants as well as some funds for equipment, data banks, and international meetings. The division's eight programs are listed below. ECONOMICS This program supports research in all areas of economic research directed toward improving understanding of economic proc- esses and the measurement of economic relationships. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL SCIENCE ThJS program SUppOrtS TC- search regarding spatial and locational aspects of human organization and activity. LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCES This program supports research on legal institutions, mechanisms, principles, and personnel. The research is interdisciplinary, typically combining legal subject matter with social science methodology. POLITICAL SCIENCE Research supported by this program is aimed at understanding political processes by which societies coordinate ac- tivities through governments. SOCIOLOGY This program supports research in sociology and demog- raphy and research concerned with explanations of the nature and behavior of social organizations and institutions.

Independent Agencies 461 SPECIAL PROJECTS AND SOCIAL INDICATORS This program provides support for the construction, renovation, or remodeling of specialized research facilities; the design or purchase of specialized research equipment; the development of computer-based data centers and other types of research-resource undertakings; multidisciplinary research. The Social Indicators program provides support for research in sociol- ogy, social psychology, economics, and other fields aimed at the objec- tive measurement of social change and changes in the quality of life. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE This program provides support for research in the history of science and technology; the philosophy of science; and pertinent philosophical analyses of the relation of science to other human activities. SCIENCE POLICY RESEARCH This program supports research on science policy, concentrating on social processes affecting the conduct of sci- entific research. For Further Information See Social and Behavioral Science Programs in the National Science Foundation, As- sembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences, National Research Council, 1976; and Di- rectorate for the Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences Program Report: Behav- ioral and Neural Sciences and Division of Social Sciences Grant List, which are two publications of NSF. DIRECTORATE FOR APPLIED SCIENCE AND RESEARCH APPLICATIONS Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 I9.357 1976 28.454 1977 26.952 19,357 1.385 28.454 1.975 26.952 2.090 I.385 20.742 1.975 30.429 2.090 29.042 The Directorate for Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) was designed to apply science and technology to the solution of selected national problems. In fiscal 1976 and 1977, at the time of the Study Project survey, RANN was organized according to five major program areas:

462 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES o Resources, o Environment, o Productivity, o Intergovernmental Science and R&D Incentives, and o Exploratory Research and Technology Assessment. The Study Project classified nearly all the social knowledge production and application in these programs as research, and the programs de- scribed in this section are those supporting social knowledge produc- tion at the time of the survey. In 1977, RANN was reorganized and renamed the Directorate for Applied Science and Research Application (ASRA). The new directorate will have the following units: the Office of the Assistant Director, the Division of Problem Analysis, the Division of Integrated Basic Re- search, the Division of Applied Research, the Division of Problem- Focused Research Applications, and the Division of Intergovernmental Science and R&D Incentives. The Division of Applied Research is organized in two sections: the Applied Social and Behavioral Sciences Section and the Applied Physical, Mathematical and Biological Sci- ences Section. Research Research in the RANN programs is aimed at discovering how to apply scientific and technological knowledge and at assessing selected na- tional problems. The programs in RANN that support social knowledge production are described below. PRODUCTIVITY This program is the largest social research activity in RANN. It has three major divisions: Public Sector Productivity, Public Policy, and Private Sector Productivity—each of which supports some social research. Public Sector Productivity Social research is conducted on tele- communications, governance and social services at different govern- mental levels, and the delivery of services and technology. Public Policy In this division there is research conducted on the measurement of economic productivity, the effect of regulation, the equity and distribution of public policy, and public-private sector rela- tions. Private Sector Productivity This division also has a small social research component supporting research on access to technology.

Independent Agencies 463 RESOURCES This program has three subprograms: Resource Systems, Renewable Resources, and Nonrenewable Resources. Those research activities that are not social have been excluded. Resource Systems This program is primarily concerned with sys- tems analysis and policy analysis of resource needs, utilization, and policies, such as an assessment of tax and energy policy in the petro- leum industry. Renewable Resources and Nonrenewable Resources These two programs are focused on describing the demand for resources, the incentives for resource development, and the barriers to that develop- ment, particularly as they pertain to foods and minerals. ENVIRONMENT This program area includes research on chemical threats to the environment, regional environmental management, earthquake engineering, weather modification, and societal response to natural hazards. Social research includes topics such as the analysis of environmental management strategies, land use allocation policy, regu- latory codes, and the economic and social costs of natural disasters. INTERGOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE AND R&D INCENTIVES ThJS program area is designed to provide for local and state governments some incen- tives and models for using science and technology in the formulation of government programs and policies. Research is conducted on needs assessments, financial management, increasing the efficiency of city operations, and the allocation of government resources. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY This program area is de- signed to draw attention to the long-range social, environmental, and economic effects of new technology and to possible technological solu- tions to national problems. Issues studied include the effect on produc- tivity of new environmental regulations and the implications of an economy in which resources are scarce. Policy Implementation Demonstrations The Intergovernmental Science and R&D Incentives program has sup- ported work classified as policy implementation demonstrations, which promote the use of incentives for R&D and models of R&D use in local and state governments, such as setting up a model interstate scientific and technical information clearinghouse. For Further Information See Abstracts ofNSF/RANN Research Reports: Private Sector Productivity, and Inter- governmental Programs, Abstracts of Publications 1967-1975, both publications of NSF.

464 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- I','.elop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 1.000 992 1976 2.000 1.600 1977 2.000 1.000 1.992 4.506 21.769 12.608 38.883 40.875 3.600 1.500 13.362 250 15.112 18.712 3.000 2.000 11.700 1.700 15.400 18.400 The Directorate for Science Education has four major responsibilities: to support improvements in science education, to help ensure an adequate supply of scientists, to support research and development on science education, and to help make science information available to the public. In 1976 the directorate was reorganized to permit somewhat greater emphasis on research on science education and citizen in- volvement in and understanding of science, and somewhat less empha- sis on the development of new curricula. There are four major divisions in the directorate: o the Division of Science Education Resources, which helps schools, colleges, and universities to improve their instructional pro- grams; o the Division of Science Manpower Improvement, which provides fellowships, traineeships, and grants for students; o the Division of Science Education Development and Research, which supports work on curriculum development and other course improvements as well as some research; and o the Office of Science and Society, which is the program for in- creasing public understanding of science, the availability of scientific knowledge, and knowledge of the relationship between social values and science. Research The Directorate for Science Education has supported independent re- search by undergraduates, through its student-oriented programs (in the Division of Science Manpower Improvement), and, beginning in 1976, social research on the implications for ethics and human values of science and technology (in the Office of Science and Society). An example of the latter is work on the ethical issues involving the use of

Independent Agencies 465 behavior modification programs in prisons and hospitals. In 1977, a new program for research on science education was added to the Divi- sion of Science Education Development and Research; it is not, how- ever, included in the Study Project survey. Other topics of research include minorities in science and the learning of science. Policy Formulation Demonstrations The Study Project classified two programs as policy formulation dem- onstrations. WOMEN IN SCIENCE This program is designed to increase the flow of women into scientific professions by identifying barriers to their entry and testing educational activities, incentives, and retraining programs that might correct the underrepresentation of women in scientific fields. PROBLEM ASSESSMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS ThlS program, supported in 1975 and 1976, has been ended. In 1977, activities de- signed to identify problems, policy issues, and research needs were incorporated into the new Research on Science Education program. The goal of these projects was to improve science education by testing new programs and approaches to education in science. Policy Implementation Demonstrations An activity previously called Educational Program Restructuring was reorganized in 1976 and assigned to two programs in the Division of Science Education Resources. IMPROVEMENT OF pRE-coLLEGE INSTRUCTION This program helps state and local school authorities acquire information about alternative in- structional practices and materials and is testing and evaluating new methods of instruction. IMPROVEMENT OF SCIENCE FACULTY RESOURCES This program SUp- ports work on improving college-level course content, structure, and environments. Grants to faculty members have been made for revising teaching materials and acquiring new equipment for lecture demonstra- tions and laboratories.

466 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES Development of Materials One of the primary activities in the Directorate for Science Education has been curriculum development, an area with three major compo- nents: o development, testing, and evaluation of elementary and secondary school instructional materials so as to improve science courses; o development and evaluation of technological innovations, such as the use of computers in teaching; and o development and testing of innovative undergraduate and graduate programs in science education, such as the creation of course modules and novel delivery systems for off-campus instruction. Dissemination Two programs are involved in dissemination. INSTRUCTIONAL IMPROVEMENT IMPLEMENTATION This program aims at disseminating precollege materials. COLLEGE FACULTY SHORT COURSES Through this program, short courses for college teachers are held at central locations in several geographic regions. DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL, AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Applicalion Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 11.335 845 1.842 14.022 14.022 1976 9.598 800 1.470 11.868 11.868 1977 7.500 500 2.050 10.050 10.050 The Directorate for Scientific, Technological, and International Affairs is responsible for conducting studies and collecting data on science resources, administering international science activities, undertaking science and technology policy analysis, and providing advice on how

Independent Agencies 467 new science and technology can better serve national and international economic and social objectives. In fulfilling these functions, the di- rectorate carries out the following programs: o International Cooperative Scientific Activities; o Science Information Activities; and o Science Assessment, Policy and Planning, a program group area that includes Science Resources Studies, which collects data and analyses on scientists in various fields, Policy Research and Analysis, which studies the pertinence of science and technology to alternative policies, and NSF Planning and Evaluation, which involves planning and assessment of NSF programs. Research Social research is supported in three program areas. SCIENCE INFORMATION This program supports research on informa- tion science, such as the use of computers and the transfer of technological information, and access improvement, such as com- puterized editing, as well as policy research, such as library-publisher relationships and research on the use of new information technology. SCIENCE RESOURCES This program collects and publishes data about scientists and engineers. Research is supported to evaluate the implica- tions and meaning of this kind of data, such as analyses of historical trends in basic and applied research and analysis of changes in the age distribution of scientists and its relation to employment activities. POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS This program is designed, not to sup- port research per se, but to improve analysis of science policy and technological development. Examples are analyses of the role of sci- ence and technology in developing public policy and the analysis of the costs and benefits of technological innovation. Program Evaluation This activity is undertaken by the NSF Planning and Evaluation pro- gram, primarily to evaluate NSF'S own programs. Some support is given to development of better methods for evaluating programs and some to intramural evaluation, such as analysis of the NSF grants award decision process.

468 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES General Purpose Statistics The major responsibility of the Science Resource program is to collect data on human, financial, and other resources for science and technol- ogy. Major data collection efforts include studies of the employment, type of work, and professional characteristics of scientists and en- gineers. A major area of data collection is federal funding for academic science and other scientific activities. DIRECTORATE FOR ASTRONOMICAL, ATMOSPHERIC, EARTH, AND OCEAN SCIENCES Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- men t of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrabons Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 300 300 300 1976 300 300 300 1977 710 710 710 Research The Directorate for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences has two program areas that support social knowledge produc- tion. ARCTIC RESEARCH This program supports some socioeconomic re- search related to resource exploration and economic growth in the Arctic. The current emphasis is on obtaining information about the economic benefits and social changes associated with energy develop- ment in Alaska. CLIMATE DYNAMICS This program supports research on the ecological, political, social, and economic effects of a changing global climate.

Independent Agencies 469 SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthou sands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- (ion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 172 260 432 45 45 477 1976 o 3M 935 935 1977 55D 295 845 M5 The purpose of the Small Business Administration (SBA) is to counsel, assist, and protect the interests of small businesses. The activities of the SBA include: financial loans and investments to small businesses; procurement assistance; management assistance; and disaster loans. In addition, the SBA ensures that small business concerns receive a fair proportion of government purchases, contracts, and subcontracts. Research The research activities of the Small Business Administration have been concentrated in the following areas: o economic analysis and research studies concerning tax policies, competitive restraints, financial resources, the state of small business in the economy, trade, procurement, crime, and other selected topics related to small business. o development of economic and business indicators related to small businesses, with emphasis on the national and regional position of small business. These include such measures as employment, the gross national product, sales, the number of businesses, and regional and metropolitan distribution of business. The SBA prepares and publishes economic profiles of the United States for each of the 10 SBA regions. o analyses of the economic environment, with emphasis on the iden- tification of problems and opportunities for small businesses. o other studies focusing on the effect of energy regulations, pollu- tion regulations, and consumerism on small firms. Program Evaluation Emphasis has been placed on evaluating agency programs. Analytical techniques and systems have been developed to measure the benefits and costs of SBA programs and assess agency progress toward

470 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES achievement of SBA goals. Program evaluations are specifically struc- tured to determine the social and economic effect of assistance to the small business community. For Further Information Write Small Business Administration, 1441 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20416. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- Uon Dem- Evalu- Purpose (ation Dem- ment of I Won Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 7.600 134 7.734 82 1,301 1,383 9.117 1976 8.200 60 9360 Ml 1.245 1.346 9.606 \vn 11.100 57 11.157 120 1.110 1.230 12.387 The Smithsonian Institution conducts a variety of activities: (1) it main- tains exhibits representative of the arts, American history, aeronautics and astronautics technology, anthropology, geology, and biology; (2) it acquires and preserves for reference and study purposes millions of items of scientific, cultural, and historical importance; (3) it conducts research in the natural and physical sciences and in the history of cultures, technology, and the arts; and (4) it presents performances of American arts and crafts and supports education programs at all levels and participates in the exchange of scientific information. Research The Smithsonian supports and conducts social research in a variety of areas. As a repository of the national collections documenting the his- torical and technological achievements of the American people, the Smithsonian serves as a center for the study of American civilization. Topics of research include: anthropology and ethnic studies; the his- tory of art, design, science, and technology; American history, mate- rial, and folk culture; and studies of fundamental political, social, and intellectual issues relating to critical contemporary problems. Much of the Smithsonian's research on the human experience is conducted through the Center for the Study of Man, which coordinates research on a series of important anthropological and human science programs. The activities described below are supported by the center.

Independent Agencies 471 THE AMERICAN INDIAN This program supports research on surviving American Indian tribes. URGENT ANTHROPOLOGY This program awards research grants for study in geographical areas that are undergoing rapid environmental change as a result of urbanization, improved communications, and better transportation. Its objective is to salvage and preserve informa- tion in selected rapidly changing areas before time and events eliminate opportunities to understand the cultures that exist there. CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH This program coordinates the efforts of numerous anthropologists and other human scientists in the develop- ment of new comparative information on contemporary world prob- lems. An investigation of the cultural effects of rising world land values is now being planned. IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC STUDIES This program is concerned with the "peopling" of America as an ongoing process. It has carried out basic research in Panama, the Caribbean area, Canada, and the United States. The program has studied ethnic groups and the causes and effects of immigration. The program is also exploring the problem of illegal immigrants and evaluating data from agencies with information about immigration from the Pacific Islands. A limited amount of social research is conducted at the Chesapeake Center for Environmental Studies. The center is examining the political dimensions of interaction between governmental and technical groups concerning ecosystem actions on the Chesapeake Bay. The center also examines the effect of land use patterns on the environment. Program Evaluation The Smithsonian supports a small number of program evaluations of its activities in cultural affairs. Development of Materials In the Center for the Study of Man, the American Indian program prepares educational materials concerning Indians for individuals, schools, and communities. Educational materials are also developed by the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education in the Smithso- nian.

472 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES Dissemination The Smithsonian Institution supports a major program of scientific and technical information dissemination. In addition, it frequently supports conferences. In 1976, the institution supported a series of conferences on "Kins and Communities: The Peopling of America." One of the conferences in that series examined the role of family institutions in shaping America during its first 200 years. Another conference in 1976 focused on "The United States and the World." In addition to these activities, the Smithsonian is authorized by the National Museum Act to conduct technical assistance activities, which are aimed at advancing the curatorial profession. For Further Information Write Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Jefferson Drive, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20560. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- men t of Dissem- Year search onMrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 388 388 443 443 831 1976 358 3» 1.000 614 1.614 1.972 1977 249 M9 3.700 832 4.532 4.781 The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a government-owned corpo- ration that conducts a unified program of resource development geared to the advancement of economic growth in the Tennessee Valley re- gion. The authority's program activities include flood control, naviga- tion development, electric power production, fertilizer development, recreation improvement, forestry and wildlife development, and com- munity development. Policy Formulation Demonstrations The TVA is funding a small policy formulation demonstration to test methods of technology transfer in the Tennessee Valley. The program

Independent Agencies 473 is testing the feasibility of providing the latest computer technology to local governments in the region to assist them in providing municipal services. Policy Implementation Demonstration A major activity of the TVA is promoting the concept of regional and community development. To demonstrate the concept of community development, the TVA is supporting a new rural community in Alabama. The purpose of the Elkmont Rural Village is to demonstrate an example of an alternative rural living opportunity. The planned village will also demonstrate how anticipated future housing demands might be met by providing a small, planned residential community with a full range of public services as a competitive alternative to unplanned strip development in rural areas. The Elkmont Rural Village project is also promoting open land uses in the village that will safeguard rural amenities while making available facilities and services required to support a population concentration. The Study Project's dollar figures represent only TVA'S contribution to the project. Dissemination The TVA supports a technical assistance program in the valley. This program provides information concerning local government manage- ment, telecommunications, and community development to cities in the valley. Areas of municipal management information include solid waste management and fire protection. For Further Information Write Tennessee Valley Authority, Room 410, New Sprankle Building, Knoxville, Tenn. 37902.

474 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES U.S. ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT AGENCY Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthou sands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrauons Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 153 153 153 1976 I80 I80 180 1977 415 415 415 The U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) assists the President and the secretary of state in the formulation and implementa- tion of arms control and disarmament policies that will promote the national security of the United States and its relations with other coun- tries. The agency participates in discussions and negotiations with the Soviet Union and other countries on issues related to arms control and disarmament. Research The Arms Control and Disarmament Agency supports a limited amount of social research on strategic arms limitation, mutual and balanced force reductions and conventional arms control, and nuclear nonprolif- eration. The projects described below have been supported by the agency. ANALYSIS OF TRENDS IN NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION ThJS Study examined alternative trends in nuclear proliferation and analyzed the problems that might result over the next 20 years. STUDY OF THE TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MILITARY EXPENDITURE LIMITA- TIONS This project examined the feasibility of military expenditure lim- itations as a multilateral arms control device. The study included an analysis of Soviet attitudes and motivations with respect to limiting military expenditures. SOVIET SALT DECISION MAKING This study examined the Soviet foreign affairs decision-making process. The results will be a model that may be useful in the formulation of U.S. negotiating strategy in the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks II.

Independent Agencies 475 QUALITATIVE CONSTRAINTS ON CONVENTIONAL ARMAMENTS ThlS prOJ- ect investigated the implication of measures that would place con- straints on the qualitative aspects of conventional arms, with a view to determining the military, political, and economic factors bearing on the desirability and feasibility of such measures. For Further Information Write U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Department of State Building, Washington, D.C. 20451. U.S. CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Malerials ination Total TOTAL 1975 1.531 65 798 2,394 1.750 1.111 2.861 5.255 1976 1.581 235 645 2.461 2.000 1.148 3.148 5.609 1977 1.470 636 2.106 1.333 1.068 2.401 4.507 The basic purpose of the U.S. Civil Service Commission (csc) is to administer a merit system of federal employment. Initially, the com- mission's job was largely restricted to recruiting and examining. To- day, the modern merit system includes not only recruiting and examin- ing but also employee development and training, intergovernmental personnel programs, personnel management, and equal employment opportunity. Research The commission's social research is conducted largely in-house and centers around two areas: occupational analysis and personnel meas- urement. The commission conducts research on occupational analysis for the following purposes: o to develop position classification standards to place persons in their correct lines of work and grade levels; o to develop qualification standards for evaluating the knowledge, skills, and abilities of applicants for federal employment;

476 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES o to develop appropriate selection procedures for evaluating appli- cants for federal employment; and o to compare work in the federal government with similar work in private industry as a basis for adjusting salary levels in the federal service. Personnel measurement studies include research concerning written and other tests for federal, state, and local examinations. The purpose of this research is to support the day-to-day operation of the commis- sion and ensure equal employment opportunity. Improvements in the test have made it possible for handicapped persons (such as the blind and the deaf) to compete with others for federal employment. Other studies have dealt with the subject of the fairness of tests (e.g., cultural bias) to minority groups. Program Evaluation The Intergovernmental Personnel Program was evaluated in fiscal 1975 and fiscal 1976. Both individual projects and the program as a whole were evaluated. General Purpose Statistics The Civil Service Commission has the responsibility for collecting statistics on the number and characteristics of the federal civilian work force, payroll data, turnover data, and other statistics on civilian em- ployment. In addition to an annual report on the statistics listed above, the commission responds to requests from the Congress and other agencies for special information on the federal work force. Data are also collected and published on the number of blue-collar and white- collar employees, number of women employed, and minority group employment in the federal government. Policy Implementation Demonstrations The Civil Service Commission administers the intergovernmental per- sonnel program, which aims to improve personnel management and training in state and local governments. Policy implementation demon- strations are supported to assist state and local governments in improv- ing their personnel and management systems through the adaptation of new or improved techniques and procedures. The state of Washington has received funds to demonstrate an improved job selection system

Independent Agencies 477 for higher education personnel. Other states and localities have been funded to conduct demonstrations to show new procedures that will improve equality of opportunity throughout their personnel systems and the productivity of employees and demonstrate new approaches to improving management effectiveness. Development of Materials The commission supports the development of testing instruments that are used in the evaluation of individuals for selection and advancement in the federal civil service systems. Instruments developed include tests of written ability, knowledge and interest tests, performance tests, rating schedules, simulation exercises, computer-assisted tests, performance rating schedules, job analysis forms, oral interview schedules, and organizational assessment questionnaires. For Further Information Write U.S. Civil Service Commission, 1900 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20415. U.S. INFORMATION AGENCY Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 194 291 485 485 1976 208 312 520 520 1977 208 312 520 520 The U.S. Information Agency (USIA) has the responsibility for the conduct of overseas information and cultural programs to promote a greater understanding of the United States and its government, people, customs, traditions, and domestic and foreign policies. The USIA uses a wide variety of communication techniques—from personal contact to television satellites—to explain the United States and its policies. The agency advises those responsible for the formulation and implementa- tion of foreign policies on the probable effect of those policies on foreign opinion. In October 1977, the President proposed that the USIA and the State Department's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs be consoli-

478 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES dated in a new Agency for International Communication. The purpose of the reorganization is to expand informational, and cultural inter- change in the world. Research The USIA has an Office of Research that designs and conducts survey research studies to identify the nature and structure of the audience with which the USIA seeks to communicate. These studies also seek to measure the attitudes of the USIA audience toward American foreign policies, American society, and specific issues that the USIA treats in its programs. The office systematically applies social science research techniques to develop cumulative assessments of its research and the effect of selected high priority media products and field programs. The USIA also prepares studies on other nations' overseas informational and cultural programs. Program Evaluation The USIA conducts research surveys to assess the reach and effective- ness of USIA programs in foreign countries. These evaluation studies assist the agency in tailoring local programs to the target audience. In addition, information is provided for program operations and manage- ment decision making. For Further Information Write U.S. Information Agency, 1750 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20547.

Independent Agencies 479 VETERANS ADMINISTRATION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstraiions ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 1.505 1.085 635 3225 652 652 3.877 i«76 1.584 2.486 266 747 5.083 1.589 1.589 6.672 W77 1.485 I.'HI 1355 4.681 1.163 1.163 5.844 The Veterans Administration (VA) administers laws covering a wide range of benefits for former members and dependents of the Armed Forces. In addition, the VA administers the largest organized health care delivery system in the United States. The VA'S medical programs involve a widespread system of nursing homes, clinics, and more than 170 hospitals. Research The largest portion of the VA'S research is in the area of biomedical and prosthetic research. Social research is, however, supported in the areas described below. AGING These studies examine behavioral patterns associated with aging and the delivery of geriatric services. Specific studies have looked at attitudes toward retirement and improvements in geriatric out-placement procedures. DRUGS Psychological studies of veteran drug addicts have been funded. Behavioral research has also been supported on early drug screening programs. ALCOHOLISM Research studies have examined the behavioral aspects of alcoholism. Studies have attempted to define the development of prealcoholism and alcoholism. SOCIAL WORK The goal of this research has been to raise the quality of care and quality of life for those persons served by VA facilities. Re- search has examined the methods of delivering social work services as well as patient satisfaction with the quality of care provided.

480 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES Policy Formulation Demonstrations The VA supports demonstrations to test new systems for delivering health care services. Pilot programs are funded that are intended to lead to direct improvement in the clinical care of patients and service delivery. One policy formulation demonstration tested a novel admis- sion and triage system to find out whether patient care could be im- proved by conserving scarce resources. Another demonstration examined the economic and clinical effectiveness of a biomedical monitoring system. General Purpose Statistics The Veterans Administration collects statistics on the size, demo- graphic and economic characteristics, and geographic distribution of the veteran population and their families, both current and projected. Data on beneficiaries and benefit payments under veteran's programs are also collected and analyzed. In addition, the VA collects data on the access and quality of VA health care services. Health care statistics are collected in order to identify the demand for VA health care services. Policy Implementation Demonstrations In addition to policy formulation demonstrations, the VA supports demonstrations at individual hospital sites with the expectation that the practice or concept will be adopted at others. An example of such a demonstration is a counseling program connected with drug and al- cohol treatment programs. Geriatric social work programs have also been demonstrated in VA hospitals. For Further Information See Medical Research in the Veterans' Administration, U.S. House of Representalives, 94th Congress, 1st session, House Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House Committee Print No. 5, or write Veterans Administration. 810 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20420.