In-Service Performance of Traffic Barriers (2003)

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A-1 APPENDIX A BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION The following pages contain a list of reports and papers concerning in-service performance evaluations of roadside safety features. The reports are arranged first by the general type of feature discussed in the report (e.g., bridge railings, guardrails, guardrail terminals, median widths, etc.). Reports addressing specific systems are listed chronologically within each general barrier category. If several devices are addressed in one report, the report is listed several times, once for each type of device. In addition to reports of specific in-service evaluations, reports and papers providing recommendations for performing in-service evaluations are included in the “Procedures and Recommendations” section. BRIDGE RAILS Frangible-Tube Bridge Railing K.R. Lane, “An Energy Absorbing Frangible-Tube Bridge Barrier System - FINAL REPORT,” Report No. 361-F-77-2, Connecticut DOT, Wethersfield, Connecticut, April 1977. Service Level One Bridge Railing C.A. Leonin and R.D. Powers, “ In-Service Evaluation of Experimental Traffic Barriers: An Interim Report,” Report No. FHWA-DP64/EP7-1, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., April 1986. CRASH CUSHIONS Advanced Dynamic Impact Extension Module (ADIEM) N. Busche, “Evaluation of the ADEIM,” Report WI/FEP-08-95, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison, W.I., January 1997. Connecticut Impact Attenuation System (CIAS) J.F. Carney IIII and A.L. Donald, “Accident Experience With the Connecticut Crash Cushion: 1977-1980,” Research Report No. 343-16-80-19 Conn-DOT, Wethersfield, CT, December 1980. C.A. Leonin and R.D. Powers, “ In-Service Evaluation of Experimental Traffic Barriers: An Interim Report,” Report No. FHWA-DP64/EP7-1, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., April 1986. E.C. Lohrey, “Field Evaluation of the Connecticut Impact-Attenuation System at Four High-Hazard Locations,” Report No. 876-F-88-2 Conn-DOT, Wethersfield, CT, March 1988. Guardrail Energy Absorbing Terminal (GREAT) M.T. Stanley and M.P. Strong, “Accident Performance of Selected Impact Attenuation Devices,” Experimental Evaluation Project 170-3(10), North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, June 1989.

A-2 Hydro-cell Crash Cushions D.G. Bowers and J.H. Hudson, “Photographic Surveillance of Highway Safety Devices - Report I,” ConnDOT, Wethersfield, CT, March 1973. D.G. Bowers, “Vehicle Behavior Under Real Conditions at Impact-Attenuation Devices - Final Report,” ConnDOT, Wethersfield, CT, June 1975. R.D. Carlson, J.R. Allison and J.E. Bryden, “Performance of Highway Safety Devices,” Report FHWA-NY-77-RR 57, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, December 1977. Inertial Sand Barrels D.G. Bowers and J.H. Hudson, “Photographic Surveillance of Highway Safety Devices - Report I,” ConnDOT, Wethersfield, CT, March 1973. D.G. Bowers, “Vehicle Behavior Under Real Conditions at Impact-Attenuation Devices - Final Report,” ConnDOT, Wethersfield, CT, June 1975. R.D. Carlson, J.R. Allison and J.E. Bryden, “Performance of Highway Safety Devices,” Report FHWA-NY-77-RR 57, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, December 1977. Narrow Connecticut Impact Attenuation System (NCIAS) E.C. Lohrey, “Three (3)-Year Field Evaluation of the Narrow Connecticut Impact- Attenuation System (NCIAS), Final Report,” Report No. 1221-F-94-3 Conn-DOT, Wethersfield, CT, August 1994. Tire-Sand Inertial Barrier E.F. Button, “Performance of a Tire-Sand Inertial Barrier System in Connecticut - Final Report,” Report No. 343-F-77-6 Conn-DOT, Wethersfield, CT, May 1977. GUARDRAILS AND MEDIAN BARRIERS International Barrier Corporation Median Barrier (IBC) C.A. Leonin and R.D. Powers, “ In-Service Evaluation of Experimental Traffic Barriers: An Interim Report,” Report No. FHWA-DP64/EP7-1, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., April 1986. D.B. Woodham, “IBC Median Barrier Demonstration,” Report No. CDOH-DTP-R-86-7, Colorado Department of Highways, Denver, CO, September 1986. D.B. Woodham, “IBC Median Barrier Demonstration,” Report No. CDOH-DTP-R-86-15, Colorado Department of Highways, Denver, CO, September 1989. V.J. Marks, “Evaluation of an International Barrier Corporation Barrier,” Project HR-532, Iowa Department of Transportation, Ames, IA, November 1990. Modified Thrie Beam Guardrail C.A. Leonin and R.D. Powers, “In-Service Evaluation of Experimental Traffic Barriers: An Interim Report,” Report No. FHWA-DP64/EP7-1, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., April 1986.

A-3 D.B. Woodham, “ In-Service Evaluation of Highway Safety Appurtenances: Experimental Project No. 7,” Interim Report, Colorado Department of Highways, Denver, CO, October 1986. D.B. Woodham, “ In-Service Evaluation of Highway Safety Appurtenances: Experimental Project No. 7,” Report No. CDOH-DTD-R-88-7, Colorado Department of Highways, Denver, CO, March 1988. D.B. Woodham, “Roadside Appurtenances: A Post Script,” Unpublished Report, Colorado Department of Highways, Denver, CO, 1990. Self-Restoring Barrier (SERB) C.A. Leonin and R.D. Powers, “ In-Service Evaluation of Experimental Traffic Barriers: An Interim Report,” Report No. FHWA-DP64/EP7-1, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., April 1986. D.B. Woodham, “ In-Service Evaluation of Highway Safety Appurtenances: Experimental Project No. 7,” Interim Report, Colorado Department of Highways, Denver, CO, October 1986. M.P. Strong, “The Evaluation of a Self-Restoring Barrier Rail Installation,” Demonstration Project #64, North Carolina Department of Transportation, December 1986. M.P. Strong and M.T. Stanley, “The Evaluation of a Self-Restoring Barrier Rail Installation, Summary Final Report,” Demonstration Project #64, North Carolina Department of Transportation, October 1988. D.B. Woodham, “ In-Service Evaluation of Highway Safety Appurtenances: Experimental Project No. 7,” Report No. CDOH-DTD-R-88-7, Colorado Department of Highways, Denver, CO, March 1988. D.B. Woodham, “Roadside Appurtenances: A Post Script,” Unpublished Report, Colorado Department of Highways, Denver, CO, 1990. Quickchange Movable Concrete Median Barrier . M.T. Stanley, “ Interim Report #1 - In Service Performance of the Quickchange Movable Concrete Barrier System,” Report No. 170-3(18)-1, June 1989. M.T. Stanley, “ Interim Report #2 - In Service Performance of the Quickchange Movable Concrete Barrier System,” Report No. 170-3(18)-2, March 1993. B.H. Cottrell, Jr., “Evaluation of a Movable Concrete Barrier System,” Report No. FHWA/VA 94-R10, FHWA, Washington, D.C., January 1994. Thrie-Beam Guardrail System R.L. Blost, “Traffic Barrier Systems Initial Report - Installation of a Thrie Beam Guardrail,” Demonstration Project No. 64, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing, MI, February 28 1986. Weak-post Box Beam Guiderail J. VanZweden and J.E. Bryden, “ In-Service Performance of Highway Barriers,” Report No. NYSDOT-ERD-77-RR51 New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, July 1977. R.D. Carlson, J.R. Allison and J.E. Bryden, “Performance of Highway Safety Devices,” Report FHWA-NY-77-RR 57, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, December 1977. J.G.F. Hiss, Jr. and J.E. Bryden, “Traffic Barrier Performance,” Report No. FHWA/NY/RR92/155 New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, May 1992. Weak-post Cable Guardrails J. VanZweden and J.E. Bryden, “ In-Service Performance of Highway Barriers,” Report No. NYSDOT-ERD-77-RR51 New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, July 1977.

A-4 R.D. Carlson, J.R. Allison and J.E. Bryden, “Performance of Highway Safety Devices,” Report FHWA-NY-77-RR 57, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, December 1977. N. Schneider, “Cable Guardrail Performance Evaluation Through the Use of Accident Statistics,” FHWA, Iowa Division Office, Ames, IA, August 16 1979. A.B. Tyrell and J.E. Bryden. “Performance of Cable Median Barrier On the Palisades Interstate Parkway,” New York State DOT, January 1989. J.G.F. Hiss, Jr. and J.E. Bryden, “Traffic Barrier Performance,” Report No. FHWA/NY/RR92/155 New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, May 1992. Weak-post W-Beam Guardrail J. VanZweden and J.E. Bryden, “ In-Service Performance of Highway Barriers,” Report No. NYSDOT-ERD-77-RR51 New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, July 1977. R.D. Carlson, J.R. Allison and J.E. Bryden, “Performance of Highway Safety Devices,” Report FHWA-NY-77-RR 57, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, December 1977. J.G.F. Hiss, Jr. and J.E. Bryden, “Traffic Barrier Performance,” Report No. FHWA/NY/RR92/155 New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, May 1992. GUARDRAIL TERMINALS Blunt and Exposed Ends J.L. Gattis, J.P. Varghese, and L.E. Toothaker, “Analysis of Guardrail-end Accidents in Oklahoma,” Transportation Research Record No. 1419, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.,1992. Breakaway Cable Terminal (BCT) R.F. Baker, “Breakaway Cable Terminal Evaluation,” New Jersey DOT, Trenton, NJ, May 1980. E.K. Ratulowski, “ In-Service Safety Performance - Breakaway Cable Terminal - Indiana,” Federal Highway Administration, Indiana Division, Indianapolis, IN, October 1980. J.G. Pigman, K.R. Agent, and T. Creasey, “Analysis of Accidents Involving Breakaway- Cable-Terminal End Treatments,” Report No. UKTRP-84-16, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, June 1984. J.G. Pigman and K.R. Agent, “Performance of Breakaway Cable Terminals End Treatments,” Transportation Research Record. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1988. J.G. Pigman, K.R. Agent, and T. Creasey, “Performance of Guardrail End Treatments in Traffic Accidents,” Report No. KTC-91-1, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, March 1991. B. DuBois, South Carolina DOT, “Report on the Application of Impact Attenuators as Guardrail End Treatments,” South Carolina Department of Transportation, January 1994. M.A. David and L.S. Schroeder, “Accident Analysis of Michigan Breakaway Cable Terminals (BCT),” FHWA Michigan Division, May 1994. Brakemaster W.G. Outcalt, “In-Service Evaluation of Highway Safety Devices Experimental Project No. 7,” Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, CO, April 1994. B. DuBois, South Carolina DOT, “Report on the Application of Impact Attenuators as Guardrail End Treatments,” South Carolina Department of Transportation, January 1994.

A-5 R.R. Snyder, “ In-Service Evaluation of the Brakemaster and CAT Crash Cushions,” Research Project No. FHWA-PA-94-001+90-058, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Harrisburg, PA, September 1995. D. L. Bischoff, “Brakemaster Guardrail Terminal,” Report WI/FEP-04-96, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison, WI, April 1996. Colorado Type 3F Bullnose C.A. Leonin and R.D. Powers, “ In-Service Evaluation of Experimental Traffic Barriers: An Interim Report,” Report No. FHWA-DP64/EP7-1, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., April 1986. D.B. Woodham, D.B., “ In-Service Evaluation of Highway Safety Appurtenances: Experimental Project No. 7,” Interim Report, Colorado Department of Highways, Denver, CO, October 1986. D.B. Woodham, “ In-Service Evaluation of Highway Safety Appurtenances: Experimental Project No. 7,” Report No. CDOH-DTD-R-88-7, Colorado Department of Highways, Denver, CO, March 1988. D.B. Woodham, “ In-Service Evaluation of Highway Safety Appurtenances: Experimental Project No. 7,” Interim Report, Colorado Department of Highways, Denver, CO, October 1986. D.B. Woodham, “In-Service Evaluation of Highway Safety Appurtenances: Experimental Project No. 7,” Report No. CDOH-DTD-R-88-7, Colorado Department of Highways, Denver, CO, March 1988. Concrete Median Barriers L.L. Seamons and R.N. Smith, “Past and Current Median Barrier Practice in California,” Report No. CALTRANS-TE-90-2, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA, June 1991. S. Holmes, “Highway 401: Median Barrier Planning Report,” Ministry of Transportation, Ontario, Toronto, Canada, June 1993. Crash Cushion Attenuating Terminal (CAT) and Vehicle Attenuating Terminal (VAT) J.G. Pigman, K.R. Agent, and T. Creasey, “Performance of Guardrail End Treatments in Traffic Accidents,” Report No. KTC-91-1, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, March 1991. D.E. Gendron, “VAT & CAT Attenuating Terminals,” Report No. R-87-2-90, Indiana Department of Transportation, West Lafayette, IN, August 1992. S.A. Kalevela, “Construction Report For Crash Cushion Attenuating Terminal,” Report No. AZ-SP-9303, Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix, AZ, June 1993. K.R. Agent and J.G. Pigman, “Performance of the Crash Cushion Attenuating Terminal (CAT) In Traffic Accidents,” Report No. KTC-93-32, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, December 1993. W.G. Outcalt, “In-Service Evaluation of Highway Safety Devices Experimental Project No. 7,” Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, CO, April 1994. R.R. Snyder, “In-Service Evaluation of the Brakemaster and CAT Crash Cushions,” Research Project No. FHWA-PA-94-001+90-058, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Harrisburg, PA, September 1995. W.G. Outcalt, “In-Service Evaluation of Highway Safety Devices Experimental Project No. 7,” Report No. CDOT-DTD-R-93-17, Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, CO, December 1993. B. DuBois and South Carolina DOT, “Report on the Application of Impact Attenuators as Guardrail End Treatments,” South Carolina Department of Transportation, January 1994. M.T. Stanley, “Performance Evaluation of Selected Traffic Barrier End Treatments - Interim Report #1,” Report No. FHWA-EP-07-NC-01, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, January 1991.

A-6 M.T. Stanley, “Performance Evaluation of Selected Traffic Barrier End Treatments - Interim Report #2,” Report No. FHWA-EP-07-NC-02, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, July 1992. M.T. Stanley, “Performance Evaluation of Selected Traffic Barrier End Treatments - Final Report,” Report No. FHWA-EP-07-NC-03, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, March 1993. ET-2000 S. Easton, “In-Service Evaluation of the ET-2000 Guardrail End Treatment,” Informal Presentation, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., January 9, 1996. FHWA Texas Division, “Guardrail Extruder Terminal, Process Review - Final Report,” FHWA Texas Division, April 1996. M. Evans, D. Foche and Ohio Department of Transportation, “Safety Performance Of The ET-2000 Guardrail End Treatment In Ohio,” Ohio DOT, Columbus, OH, July 24, 1996. Modified Eccentric Loader Breakaway Cable Terminal (MELT) E. McDevitt, “Modified Eccentric Loader Terminal Unit,” Federal Highway Administration, New Hampshire Division, July 1994. SENTRE C.A. Leonin and R.D. Powers, “In-Service Evaluation of Experimental Traffic Barriers: An Interim Report,” Report No. FHWA-DP64/EP7-1, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., April 1986. A.S. Noureldin, “Final Report, SENTRE Guardrail End Treatments, Experimental Project NO. 7,” Indiana Department of Highways, West Lafayette, IN, February 1988. M.T. Stanley, “Evaluation of the SENTRE Guardrail Anchor System,” Experimental Project 170-3, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, October 1988. D.J. Lattin, “SENTRE And TREND Attenuator Field Installations,” Report FHWA-AZ-8802/8803, FHWA and Arizona DOT, Phoenix, AZ, February 1990. M.T. Stanley, “Evaluation of the SENTRE Guardrail Anchor System, Final Report,” Experimental Project 170-3, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, April 1990. TREND D.J. Lattin, “SENTRE And TREND Attenuator Field Installations,” Report FHWA-AZ-8802/8803, FHWA and Arizona DOT, Phoenix, AZ, February 1990. M.T. Stanley, “Performance Evaluation of Selected Traffic Barrier End Treatments - Interim Report #1,” Report No. FHWA-EP-07-NC-01, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC January 1991. M.T. Stanley, “Performance Evaluation of Selected Traffic Barrier End Treatments - Interim Report #2,” Report No. FHWA-EP-07-NC-02, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, July 1992. M.T. Stanley, “Performance Evaluation of Selected Traffic Barrier End Treatments - Final Report,” Report No. FHWA-EP-07-NC-03, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, March 1993. Turned-Down End Treatments J.S. Fortuniewicz, J.E. Bryden, K.C. Hahn and R.G. Phillips, “Evaluation of an End Treatment For Heavy-Post Median Barriers,” Report No. FHWA/NY/RR-83/103, New York State Department of

A-7 Transportation, April 1983. L.I. Griffin III, “An Analysis Of Accidents On Turned Down Guardrail Ends In The State Of Texas (Calendar Year 1989),” Report 9901-H, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX, May 1991. K.R. Agent and J.G. Pigman, “Performance of a Modified Turned-Down End Treatment in Traffic Accidents,” Report KTC-92-11, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, August 1992. GEOMETRIC FEATURES AND LAYOUT Bridge Approaches K.R. Agent, “Accidents Associated With Highway Bridges,” Report No. 427, Kentucky Bureau of Highways, Lexington, KY, May 1975. W.A. Schwall, “Upgrading of Bridge Approach Guardrail on Primary Roads in Iowa,” Federal Highway Administration, Iowa Division, June 1989. Median Cross-over Accidents L.L. Seamons and R.N. Smith, “Past and Current Median Barrier Practice in California,” Report No. CALTRANS-TE-90-2, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA, June 1991. J.M. Lynch, N.C. Crowe, Jr. and J.F. Rosendahl, “Across Median Accident Study,” North Carolina Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, July, 1993. S. Holmes, “Highway 401: Median Barrier Planning Report,” Ministry of Transportation, Ontario, Toronto, Canada, June 1993. Side Slope Geometry J.L. Botha, “Cost Effective Side-Slope Safety Countermeasures for Alaska,” State of Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, May 1991 PROCEDURES AND RECOMMENDATIONS J.D. Michie and M.E. Bronstad, “Location, Selection, and Maintenance of Highway Traffic Barriers,” National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 118, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1971. J.D. Michie, “Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Appurtenances,” National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 230, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1981. R.D. Powers, “In-Service Evaluation of Safety Appurtenances: Problems and Solutions (Abridgement),” Transportation Research Record No. 970, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1984. D. Solomon and H. Boyd, “Model Procedure for In-Service Evaluation of Roadside Safety Hardware,” Report FHWA-IP-86-8, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., April 1986. H.E. Ross, Jr., D.L. Sicking, and R.A. Zimmer, “Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features,” National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 350, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1993.

A-8 SIGN AND LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS Frangible Base Supports R.D. Carlson, J.R. Allison and J.E. Bryden, “Performance of Highway Safety Devices,” Report FHWA-NY-77-RR 57, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, December 1977. Slipbase Supports R.D. Carlson, J.R. Allison and J.E. Bryden, “Performance of Highway Safety Devices,” Report FHWA-NY-77-RR 57, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY, December 1977.