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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mohsen A. Shahawy, Ph.D., P.E., Structure Design & Rehabilita- tion, Inc., Tallahassee, Florida, was responsible for collection of the data and preparation of the report. The author acknowledges Omar Chaallal, Ph.D., P.E., and M. Hassan, Ph.D., P.E., Ãcole de Technolo- gie Superieure, Montreal, Canada, for their valuable experience and input throughout all phases of the study. Valuable assistance in the preparation of this synthesis was pro- vided by the Topic Panel, consisting of Joseph L. Hartmann, Re- search Structural Engineer, TurnerâFairbank Highway Research Cen- ter, Federal Highway Administration; Frederick D. Hejl, Senior Program Officer, Transportation Research Board; Malcolm T. Kerley, Chief Engineer for Program Development, Virginia Department of Transportation; Sudhakar R. Kulkarni, Lansing, Michigan; Michael G. Oliva, Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environ- mental Engineering, University of WisconsinâMadison; Mary Lou Ralls, State Bridge Engineer, Texas Department of Transportation; Frank M. Russo, Structural Engineer, URS Corporation; M.W. Spence, Vice President, Engineering, TidewaterâSkanska; Jerry Pot- ter, Senior Structural Engineer, Office of Bridge Technology, Fed- eral Highway Administration; and Richard Y. Woo, Director of Policy and Research, Maryland State Highway Administration. This study was managed by Stephen Maher, P.E., and Jon Williams, Managers, Synthesis Studies who worked with the consultant, the Topic Panel, and the Project 20-5 Committee in the development and review of the report. Assistance in project scope development was provided by Donna Vlasak, Senior Program Officer. Don Tippman was responsible for editing and production. Cheryl Keith assisted in meeting logistics and distribution of the questionnaire and draft reports. Crawford F. Jencks, Manager, National Cooperative Highway Re- search Program, assisted the NCHRP 20-5 Committee and the Syn- thesis staff. Information on current practice was provided by many highway and transportation agencies. Their cooperation and assistance are appreciated.