Appendixes to TCRP Report 135: Controlling System Costs: Basic and Advanced Scheduling Manuals and Contemporary Issues in Transit Scheduling (2009)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Transit Cooperative Research Program Project A-29 Controlling System Costs: Basic and Advanced Scheduling Manuals and Contemporary Issues in Transit Scheduling Appendix A Literature Review As part of the Transportation Cooperative Research Program’s (TCRP) Project A-29, a literature review was performed on studies addressing transit scheduling conducted since the publication of the last TCRP Transit Scheduling Manual. The review focused on abstracts of major studies including TCRP Report 68 – Part Time Transit Operators: The Trend and Impacts and Report 100 – Transit Capacity & Quality of Service Manual. As specified in the project scope, the original Report 30 was reviewed. Searches were performed on the internet and more specifically on the Transportation Research Board and Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) websites to find relevant documents and articles. All relevant materials were entered into a database and are presented. The table on the following page summarizes the results of the literature review. The name of the report is listed first, followed by the identification number in this literature review and the page in this report on which a fuller description can be found. Each subsequent column lists specific scheduling elements. An “X” in a column indicates that the report in question includes consideration of this scheduling element. Since this literature review focuses on research performed after the original publication of Report 30 in 1998, a bibliography at the end of the literature review lists the documents used in TCRP Report 30 and other pre-1998 materials. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-1

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review Report ID No. Page Se rvi ce S tan da rds an d P oli cie s Blo ck ing Ru nc utt ing Ro ste rin g Se rvi ce Fr eq ue nc y Pa ss en ge r L oa ds Int erl ini ng Ru nn ing /C yc le Tim es La bo r C on sid era tio ns Pa rt T im e O pe rat ors Bu s S top A na lys is Qu ali ty Co ns ide rat ion s Co mp ute r A pp lic ati on s TCRP Report 30 Basic Scheduling Manual 1 4 X X X X X X X X X TCRP Report 68 Part-Time Transit Operators: The Trends and Impacts 2 6 X X X TCRP Report 100 Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (2nd edition) 3 7 X X X Fixed-Route Transit Scheduling in the State of Florida: the State of the Industry 4 9 X X X X X Case Studies in Transit Schedule Optimization 5 10 X X X X TCRP Report 95 Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes, Chapter 9: Transit Scheduling and Frequency 6 11 X X TCRP Report 95 Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes, Chapter 10: Bus Routing and Coverage 7 12 X TCRP Synthesis 57 Computer Aided Scheduling and Dispatch in Demand Responsive Transit 8 13 X X TCRP Synthesis 34 Data Analysis for Bus Planning and Monitoring 9 14 X X X IDEA 12 Transit and Intermodal Scheduling Using Expert Systems 10 15 Urban Transit Scheduling: Framework, Review, and Examples 11 16 X X X X X X X A Flexible System for Scheduling Drivers 12 17 X Transit Extraboard Management: Optimium Sizing and Strategies 13 18 TCRP Report 30 Transit Scheduling Advanced 14 19 X X X X X X X X X TCRP Report 113 Using Archived AVL-APC Data to Improve Transit Performance and 15 20 X X X X X TCRP Web Document 23 Uses of Archived AVL- APC Data to Improve Transit Performance and Management 16 22 X X Trapeze Case Study: Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority 17 24 X X X Headway Deviation Effects on Bus Passenger Loads: Analysis of TriMet's Archived AVL-APC 18 25 X X X X Research in progress Research in progress Dan Boyle Associates, Inc. Page A-2

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review Report ID No. Page Se rvi ce S tan da rds an d P oli cie s Blo ck ing Ru nc utt ing Ro ste rin g Se rvi ce Fr eq ue nc y Pa ss en ge r L oa ds Int erl ini ng Ru nn ing /C yc le Tim es La bo r C on sid era tio ns Pa rt T im e O pe rat ors Bu s S top A na lys is Qu ali ty Co ns ide rat ion s Co mp ute r A pp lic ati on s Automated Bus Dispatching, Operations Control, and Service Reliability: The Initial TriMet 19 26 X X X X Time-Point-Level Analysis of Transit Service Reliability and Passenger Demand 20 27 X X X Service Reliability and Impacts of Computer- aided Dispatching and Automatic Vehicle 21 28 X X X Evaluation of Transit Operations: Data Applications of TriMet's Automated Bus 22 29 X X X Bus Transit Operations Control: Review and an Experiment Involving TriMet's Automated Bus Dispatching System 23 30 X Dan Boyle Associates, Inc. Page A-3

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review TCRP A-29 Literature Review ID Title 1 TCRP Report 30 - Transit Scheduling: Basic Manual Agency TRB Year 1998 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.tcrponline.org/bin/publications.pl?category=2 Key Topics Runcutting, blocking, service policy, blocking Service Standards & Policies - Yes Running/Cycle Times - Yes Blocking - Yes Labor Considerations - Yes (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - Yes Rostering - Yes Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - Yes Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - Yes Quality Considerations - No Interlining - Yes Computer Applications - No Purpose Notes Guide to aid bus schedulers in creating The project goal is to update this manual accurate bus schedules Summary The report includes 5 chapters for each manual (basic and advanced). All chapters include a study objective page, quizzes, and examples. Ch. 1: Service Policies and Schedule Development - standards and policies include route structure, service frequency, and service timing; route cycle time (roundtrip time + any layover/recovery), typical route configurations (trunk and branching, looping, short-turning), benefits of interlining (eliminate end of line loop, elimination of need for layover location, optimize cycle times, reduce transfers), types of frequencies (policy-stated that bus comes every x min, demand-freq dependent of # of passengers riding and vehicle capacity, performance-based on targeted performance standards), service timing influenced by transfer connections, trunk interlining, clock frequencies, service hierarchy. Ch. 2: Trip Generation (process of developing the master service schedule on a route) - master schedule states times that revenue service vehicles are scheduled at specific locations, customer version is the bus timetable, considerations include: span of service, maximum load points, headways, vehicle capacity and demand (calculating load) route configuration, terminal points; cycle time-# of minutes to make a roundtrip + layover/recovery time, minimum cycle time depends on agency rules on required minimum recovery time which will directly influence number of vehicles needed in service, # of vehicles=cycle time/desired headway, excess layover/recovery time can be used to maintain consistent headway, allow route deviation, modify headways, lengthen route, facilitate interlining; intermediate time points located in between terminal locations and give more information about when buses are due at specific stops, greater than 10 minutes between stops may confuse passengers, less than 6 may lead to greater risk of bus being early, usually located at major intersections or destinations; internal time points are more detailed than public schedule and help keep route on time; controlling time points dictate arrival/departure time at a specific location that affects one or more trips along a route, relief points, timed transfer considerations, Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-4

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review developing a master schedule must take into account the format used (stops listed vertically or horizontally) and specified headway Ch. 3: Blocking (developing vehicle assignments) - layover and recovery time and policy, blocking runs together (pull-out and pull-in time, number conventions, layover/recovery time allowance, hooking trips, calculating number of vehicles needed, costs of excessive layover/recovery time) Ch. 4: Runcutting (process of developing driver assignments) - Straight runs (paid all the way thru), Split runs (unpaid breaks in between), runcutting must take into account platform hrs, work place rules and regulations, report and turn-in allowance, spread time (usually for split shifts - total time between the 1st report time and final turn-in time), and make-up time (payment of time not worked added to a run to bring it to the minimum daily or weekly guarantee). How to calculate # of runs needed (total platform/target platform hrs per run), chronological block listing and how to schedule split shifts. Detailed step-by-step example given. Ch. 5: Rostering (grouping daily operator runs into weekly run packages) - typical roster mixes (weekday only, weekend plus weekday), operator developed weekly assignments (cafeteria style), agency developed weekly assignments, choose shifts generally by seniority, cost savings of each type, Operator picked - possible improved attendance, lower accidents, less complaints; Agency developed - more cost effective, can reduce overtime Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-5

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 2 TCRP Report 68 - Part Time Transit Operators: The Trends and Impacts Agency TRB Year 2001 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.tcrponline.org/bin/publications.pl?category=2 Key Topics Part Time Operators Service Standards & Policies - Yes Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations - Yes (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - Yes Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - No Interlining - No Computer Applications - No Purpose Notes Analyses the costs and benefits of using part time operators in transit operations Summary The report reviews advantages of PTOs such as avoiding overtime pay and making FTOs work split shifts. Net cost savings however are only 1-10% of total costs. Major factors influencing the effectiveness of PTO use are the difference in peak and base service and labor rules. PTOs typically reduce labor costs but do not necessarily improve schedule efficiency (p. 31). Schedule efficiency increases are seen in operators who have a large peak to base ratio since more split shift opportunities are available. Negative impacts of using PTOs include lower morale, poor labor relations due to PTO use as a bargaining chip, unattractiveness of job, and poor pay. As negatives are eliminated, more cost savings are realized. Negatives can be reduced by not requiring operators to start as PTOs and allowing PTOs to work only morning and afternoon shifts instead of requiring split shifts. By requiring PTOs to work many hours on split shifts, the attractiveness is further lowered since the operator will not be able to have a second job especially a driving job due to DOT restrictions. Training programs tailored to when PTOs can work would provide an advantage over daytime only training programs. More needs to be done to recruit and retain PTOs. Case studies include: OCTA, Denver, Portland, and more. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-6

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 3 TCRP Report 100 - Transit Capacity & Quality of Service Manual (2nd edition) Agency TRB Year 2002 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.tcrponline.org/bin/publications.pl?category=2 Key Topics Service quality, bus stop demand Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - Yes Passenger Loads - Yes Quality Considerations - Yes Interlining - No Computer Applications - No Purpose Notes Guidelines for policy makers and transit PART 3, Ch. 4 discusses paratransit QOS agencies providing the framework for measuring transit availability and quality of service from the passenger's standpoint. Summary PART 3 Chapters 2 and 3 relate to bus transit and discuss quality of service (QOS) factors such as service coverage, scheduling (span and freq), capacity, information, comfort, reliability, travel time, safety/security, cost, and appearance. Ch. 2: QOS Fundamentals Trip decision making process - Availability (where is service located, when is it available, how do you use it, is there capacity) and Comfort and Convenience (how long is the walk, reliability, security, comfort level of travel, cost, directness, trip duration). Service coverage must take into account walk time, bike access, ADA access, street pattern, bicycle facilities, and roadway environment Scheduling and Capacity are key factors for transit use - if no room available, span is too short or service is too infrequent, then not a viable option. QOS can be measured through customer satisfaction surveys and passenger environment surveys (secret shoppers) QOS must take into account agency standards and size Ch. 3: Fixed Route Transit Service Measures This chapter provides level of service scales A-F for major quality measures like frequency, service span, service coverage area, etc. Transit stops: headway frequency is major service quality measure, the more often the bus arrives, the more likely it is to attract riders; other measures are pedestrian access, bike access, ADA access, and passenger load at bus stop. Includes detailed equations for calculating QOS Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-7

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review PART 4 (technical analysis and calculations of bus stop factors). Chapter 1 deals with bus stop loading issues and calculations. The rest of Part 4 deals with bus preferential treatment techniques and applications. Loading capacity factors deal with how long it takes a bus to serve a stop including dwell time (how to calculate how long passengers take to board and alight) and clearance time (how to estimate time to get back into traffic). The faster a vehicle is able to serve a stop and allow for another bus to serve the stop, the higher the capacity. Other loading area capacity factors are passenger demand (operating margin) and traffic signals. Advantages and disadvantages of stop placement locations (near-side, far-side, mid-block) and design types (linear, saw tooth, angle, and drive through) are discussed. Person capacity of a vehicle takes into account agency policy (loading standard/limit, frequency), passenger demand (peak demand, trip length, volumes at stops), and vehicle capacity (stop capacity, vehicle capacity, etc). Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-8

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 4 Fixed Route Transit Scheduling in Florida: The State of the Industry Agency National Center for Transit Research, University of South Florida Year 2005 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.nctr.usf.edu/abstracts/abs527-01-3.htm Key Topics Scheduling, Software Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - Yes Labor Considerations - Yes (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - Yes Rostering - Yes Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - No Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes Examine scheduling practices at transit agencies in Florida and assess each agency's scheduling issues and potential need for technical assistance in schedule development Summary The document starts by reviewing the general scheduling concepts outlined in TCRP Report 30 including trip generation, blocking, runcutting, and rostering. The NCTR mailed surveys to all 25 Florida transit fixed route operators to determine scheduling practices and opinions and use of automated scheduling software. 20 of 25 responded. Software used: Trapeze (5 agencies), 3 (GIRO Hastus), 1 (Fleetnet), 14 manual scheduling. Operators noted that the use of software sped up scheduling, was easier to use than by hand, cut costs (less time spent on scheduling and greater scheduling efficiency led to a cut in the required # of drivers). Use of automated scheduling software has led to greater flexibility, functionality, and control over scheduling. Also reduces mistakes, improves vehicle and operator efficiency, reduces staff time, and leads to better reporting. Small operators are interested in software but costs are too prohibitive. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-9

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 5 Case Studies in Transit Schedule Optimization Agency GIRO (Canada) Year 1998 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.giro.ca/English/Publications/GIRO/PDF/Case%20studies Key Topics computer scheduling Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - Yes Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - Yes Rostering - Yes Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - No Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes Examine benefits through use of GIRO's HASTUS scheduling software Summary The use of HASTUS at over 175 agencies in 22 countries has resulted in cost savings and efficiency increases. HASTUS is a transit scheduling program developed by GIRO. The program allows the user to enter work rules, which greatly influence the use of labor and runcutting/blocking methods. Use of computerized programs offers fast calculation of schedules in a changing environment if immediate schedule changes due to service types or service cuts or expansions take place. Case studies were conducted in Calgary, Ottawa, Quebec, Norway, Japan, the Chunnel, and Australia. Calgary - System offered a 3% decrease in crew costs and reduced number of school trippers needed by 3.3% Sydney - Use of HASTUS reduced costs by 1-2% Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-10

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 6 TCRP Report 95 - Transit Scheduling and Frequency Agency TRB Year 2004 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.tcrponline.org/bin/publications.pl?category=2 Key Topics Passenger Response, Headways, Service Quality Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - Yes Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - Yes Interlining - No Computer Applications - No Purpose Notes Examine passenger response to frequency and scheduling changes Summary Scheduling and frequency modifications are among the most common service changes used to improve service effectiveness. Modifications can lead to decreased wait time for passengers, reliability, and additional convenience. Types of changes: Frequency changes-increasing or decreasing number of scheduled vehicle trips Service hour changes-increasing or decreasing service hour changes Frequency change with fare change Combined service frequencies-increased service due to multiple routes on a street Regularized schedules-clock face frequencies make service easy to remember and use Reliability changes-changing scheduling to more accurately reflect actual running conditions. Increased bus frequency led to increased usage but with varying results. No clear cut relationship is seen between increasing service frequency and patronage. Service elasticity averages 0.5 in general. The relationship is often blurred by the timing of fare increases as well as passengers shifting routes instead of modes due to frequency changes. Effect of fare increase is greater than frequency change if service frequency is high and effect of fare increase is lower when service is infrequent. Service frequency increases will attract more transit trips, but fare revenues seldom cover the cost of increased service. Service simplification (more direct), increased transfer coordination, and clockface/easy to use schedules also can help increase ridership. Case studies include Boston MBTA, Santa Clarita Transit, Toronto Trolley service, and Dallas Area Rapid Transit. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-11

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 7 TCRP Report 95 - Bus Routing and Coverage Agency TRB Year 2004 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.tcrponline.org/bin/publications.pl?category=2 Key Topics Passenger Response, service changes Service Standards & Policies - Yes Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - Yes Interlining - No Computer Applications - No Purpose Notes Examine passenger response to route changes and alterations including cuts and expansions Summary Routing and coverage changes may improve transit efficiency, effectiveness, and reach. Changes can attract choice riders and improve quality to those who are transit-dependent. Coverage and routing changes include: New bus transit system-starting up a new system in an unserved area Comprehensive service expansion-expanding all routes by extending service/frequency enhancements Service changes with fare changes-alterations of service with fare changes associated Service restructuring-reworking existing routes to improve efficiency Changed urban coverage-providing service to unserved areas or new development or taking away service to areas Changed suburban connections-new connections to outlying areas providing connectivity to activity centers Circulator/Distributor routes-use of shuttles to improve connectivity in downtowns or activity centers Feeder routes-routes serving employment centers or neighborhoods intended to bring passengers to express/line haul services Disadvantaged neighborhoods to jobs routes-provide areas of high unemployment access to jobs not easily reached Effect of service expansions is greater in small cities, suburbs and during off-peak times since service tends to be lower than average. Restructuring techniques that work best are emphasis on high service levels on core routes, use of consistent schedules, and more direct travel/easy transferring. Route expansions increase ridership to varying degrees depending on density. More direct routes into urban cores showed greatest gains in ridership. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-12

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 8 TCRP Synthesis 57 - Computer Aided Scheduling and Dispatch in Demand Responsive Transit Services Agency TRB Year 2004 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.tcrponline.org/bin/publications.pl?category=2 Key Topics Computer aided scheduling Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - Yes Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - No Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes Search out useful info on computer aided scheduling and dispatching, develop best practices and current knowledge, report on problems and resolutions Summary This report looks at the advantages and disadvantages associated with using computer aided scheduling in demand response operations. Problems associated with the use of software focused mainly on the initial procurement and setup. Agencies in general did not have exactly what the software required. Operators were also unprepared for the amount of time it takes to set up such programs, including staff training and ensuring that the software performs the scheduling task properly and within the agency's operating limits. The use of the software has led to greater on- time rates, increase in overall service satisfaction, and a reduction in customer reported denials. The tradeoff, however, has been increased ride times for passengers. Case studies include Charlotte Area Transit System and New Jersey Transit Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-13

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 9 TCRP Synthesis 34 - Data Analysis for Bus Planning and Monitoring Agency TRB Year 1999 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.tcrponline.org/bin/publications.pl?category=2 Key Topics Software role in data analysis Service Standards & Policies - Yes Running/Cycle Times - Yes Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - No Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes Reviews the state of data analysis including ridership, running time, and schedule adherence and what computer data systems are available Summary Data collection is key to analyzing and reviewing routes and schedules. Common passenger count technologies include farebox counts and automatic passenger counts (APC). For vehicle location data, APCs, trip time analyzers, and automatic vehicle locators (AVL) are used. APC and time analyzers offer an advantage over AVL since they record data at events (when the doors open, for example), whereas AVL records data based on a time interval. Manual collection methods are operator trip cards, point checks, ride checks, and fare checks. In order to reduce error, constant screening of data is required. This is true for both manual methods and automatic methods. Automated data collection is key to doing statistically valid analysis of running time and schedule adherence. Without automated techniques agencies rely on small sample sizes and anecdotal evidence to analyze routes. With automatic data, estimation is unnecessary. Most agencies do not know the statistical precision or accuracy of their estimates. Further investment and time spent procuring and using automatic data collection methods would help improve route analysis and could lead to improved service quality and scheduling. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-14

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 10 IDEA 12 - Transit and Intermodal Scheduling Using Expert Systems Agency TRB Year 2006 Document Status In Progress Have a copy? No Link http://www.tcrponline.org/bin/publications.pl?category=2 Key Topics Service Standards & Policies Running/Cycle Times Blocking Labor Considerations (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting Rostering Part Time Operators Service Frequency Bus Stop Analysis Passenger Loads Quality Considerations Interlining Computer Applications Purpose Notes Abstract not included Summary Report is currently being researched by TRB. Results may be beneficial to this project. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-15

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 11 Urban Transit Scheduling: Framework, Review, and Examples Agency Journal of Urban Planning and Development Year 2002 Document Status Final Have a copy? No – Available at Journal of Urban Planning and Development V. 128, Issue 4, p. 225-244 Link Key Topics Scheduling, Computer Programs Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - Yes Blocking - Yes Labor Considerations - Yes (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - Yes Rostering - Yes Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - No Interlining - Yes Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes To construct a framework and give an overview Author: A. Ceder and examples of certain practical methodologies Journal of Urban Planning and Development, Vol. 128, No. 4 aimed at solving the transit scheduling problems. P. 225-244 Summary A transit operational planning process includes 4 basic components normally performed in sequence: (1) network route design; (2) setting timetables; (3) scheduling vehicles to trips; and (4) driver assignment. This planning process is extremely cumbersome and complex and often creates confusion in its interrelationships among researchers and practitioners. The aim of this work is to construct a framework and to give an overview and examples of certain practical methodologies aimed at solving the transit scheduling problems. In the past 20 years, a considerable amount of effort has been invested in the computerization of the 4 aforementioned components. This is in order to provide more efficient, controllable, and responsive schedules. Nonetheless, despite the software used, no system is yet able to solve large scheduling problems, and manual intervention is necessary. There is a need to bridge the gap between the software system designers and the transit schedulers via the identification and organization of all the elements involved, including the current availability of data. This work emphasizes certain data needs along with examples for crystallizing and clarifying the transit scheduling undertaking. It is suggested that most of the scheduling tasks be performed automatically, but it is preferable to undertake some of them through a conversational man-computer mode. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-16

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 12 A Flexible System for Scheduling Drivers Agency Journal of Scheduling Year 2003 Document Status Final Have a copy? No – Available at Journal of Scheduling, v. 6, Issue 5, p. 437-455 Link http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1008545&dl=acm&coll=&CFID=15151515&CFTO KEN=6184618 Key Topics Using computer programming Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - No Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes Using TRACS II to provide maximum efficiency and flexible operators schedules in transit scheduling Summary Algorithmic advances and enhanced computing power have led to progress in achieving better schedules. Differences in labor rules make general software difficult. TRACS II has overcome difficulties and has been successfully implemented at a number of bus and train operations. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-17

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 13 Transit Extraboard Management: Optimum Sizing and Strategies Agency National Center for Transit Research, University of South Florida Year 2006 Document Status In Progress Have a copy? No Link http://www.nctr.usf.edu/publications.htm Key Topics Extraboard Drivers, Scheduling Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - Yes Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - No Interlining - No Computer Applications - No Purpose Notes Using extraboard driver resources most efficiently Summary Study is in progress at the NCTR in Florida. Results may be beneficial to this project. This study intends to seek ways of best using driver resources and extraboard drivers to schedule shifts most efficiently. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-18

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 14 TCRP Report 30 - Transit Scheduling: Advanced Manual Agency TRB Year 1998 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.tcrponline.org/bin/publications.pl?category=2 Key Topics Service standards and policies, blocking, runcutting, rostering Service Standards & Policies - Yes Running/Cycle Times - Yes Blocking - Yes Labor Considerations - Yes (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - Yes Rostering - Yes Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - Yes Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - Yes Quality Considerations - No Interlining - Yes Computer Applications - No Purpose Notes Like the Basic Manual, the Advanced Manual is intended for use by transit operators in schedule making and shift assignment Summary The Advanced Manual takes an in-depth look at topics mentioned in the Basic Manual and includes detailed examples and problems. Ch. 1: Service Policy and Schedule Development - ride checks to determine maximum load points and stop level activity; need to examine calculated running times, schedule adherence data, AVL data, stop inventory, and dwell time requirements to determine running times; time/loading data collection using AVL/APC, point checks, ride checks, NTD checks, trail checks, farebox and operator counts, operator interviews; based on Information, service level can be changed as well as running time adjustments. Ch. 2: Trip Generation - scheduling complex routes with different branches, route design (should serve major destinations, determine route pattern, optimize cycle time by hooking trips (short and long trips), branch interlining can lead to balanced run times, increased circulation by not using one way loops, more efficient spacing of vehicles; controlling time points are used at major trip generation points, pull-on and pull-off locations, transitioning from peak to base, adding school trips into schedule; includes rail discussion including single track and multi track operations. Ch. 3: Blocking - blocking uses same idea in complex operating environment as simple environment by hooking trips; this chapter reviews complex example, notes that certain blocks are peak only/school only, make block graphs in order to combine blocks together or rearrange. Ch. 4: Runcutting - before runcutting, review work rules and estimate # of runs; blocking is often reevaluated during runcutting to maximize efficiency, in order to runcut (1 method), split full day blocks (straight runs) into two runs, combine peak services into split runs, make chronological block listing, combining split runs (can be tricky - all labor rules must be considered), find runcut efficiency by computing ratio of pay hours to platform hours, relief location notation. Ch. 5: Rostering - how to calculate # of operators (# of runs/work days in a week), calculating days off per day type(# of operators - daily runs), examples included: analyzing efficiency, combining 4 and 5 day schedules. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-19

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 15 TCRP Report 113 – Using Archived AVL-APC Data to Improve Transit Performance and Management Agency TRB Year 2006 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.tcrponline.org/bin/publications.pl?category=2 Key Topics Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - Yes Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - Yes Passenger Loads - Yes Quality Considerations - Yes Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes Provide direction and insight on the use of AVL-APC and other add ones in analyzing bus operations including run times, schedule adherence, service quality, and load factors Summary Current AVL and APC systems gather an enormous amount of data that can help transit planning. The data is often underutilized due to a focus on real time data (system is unable to capture data for offline use) or data analysis tools are not available. This report offers guidance in 5 areas 1. Analyses that can use AVL-APC data to improve management and performance 2. AVL-APC system design that facilitates the capture of data with the accuracy and detail needed for off-line data analysis 3. Data structures and analysis software for facilitating analysis of AVL-APC data 4. Screening, parsing, and balancing automatic passenger counts 5. Use of APC systems for estimating passenger-miles for NTD reporting AVL systems gather 3 types of records: polling records, stop records, and time-point records. Polling records indicate vehicle location at a specific moment in real-time. Stop and time-point records record data about when buses depart and/or arrive at specified points. Data can be recorded by the door open point or when the vehicle arrives at a certain proximity to a stop. Stop records offer greater geographic data since data is recorded by stop instead of time-point. This includes hold times and records when the bus doesn’t stop. Stop level data can aid in planning published schedules, computer trip planning, and next bus arrival predictions. AVL and APC data also can be configured to record events such as engine on/off, radio use, lift activation, etc. This data can be useful to record or analyze pass- ups and various delays. AVL systems can store data on board or send via radio transmission. Radio transmission provides less data since the recording frequency is less often than on board storage. When used together AVL, APC, radio control head, odometer, gyroscope, door sensors, wheelchair lift sensors, farebox data, and stop enunciators can provide a huge benefit to passengers, drivers, and a wealth of information. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-20

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review The uses for the data received are far reaching. Data can be used on targeted investigations such as passenger complaints, legal claims, and payroll disputes. The ability to “playback” exactly where was at a specific time, enables easier investigation. One of the best uses of the data is for run-time analysis. This data can track schedule adherence in relation to the schedule and provide a huge sampling size as high as 85-95% of all runs instead of small samples used for manual analysis. The data can analyze the extreme values of being early or late and hence service quality by analyzing bus stop wait times for passengers. APC data can analyze passenger load factors at stops along the route allowing agencies to see where/if more or less service is needed. Also routes can become more efficient. By knowing exactly where passengers board and alight, planners can add or remove stops from routes. The data can also be used to track driver performance by analyzing if drivers are leaving on-time or departing early. Very frequent observations or accelerometers can even go as far as calculating how smooth the ride is for passengers. The recorded data is accurate enough to be used for NTD required ridechecks even if only a small sample of the fleet is equipped with APCs. Advanced/customized programming can be very helpful but the level of database expertise is often to available at transit agencies. Ideally, externally supplied software should be made modular to allow customization of data queries and report formatting allowing the agency to choose what they want/need to analyze. The software should provide the user however to manipulate and analyze the data any way they please however and give them the ability to access all the raw data. Tools developed for analyzing APC and AVL data are available on the TRB website including passenger wait time and passenger crowding analysis spreadsheets in TCRP Project H-28. Tools for analyzing running times, designing scheduled running times, and analyzing advanced data structures like multiple routes serving the same streets/stops were created as an extension of the existing software TriTAPT (Trip Time Analysis in Public Transport). Case studies include Seattle, Portland, Chicago, New Jersey, Minneapolis, Ottawa, Montreal, and The Hague and Eindhoven in the Netherlands. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-21

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 16 TCRP Web Document 23 - Uses of Archived AVL-APC Data to Improve Transit Performance and Management Agency TRB Year 2003 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=1699 Key Topics Public transportation administration and management, data and information technology, and planning Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - Yes Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - No Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes To provide a coherent framework to coordinate operations, planning, and scheduling functions in the collection and use of AVL-APC data. The purpose is also to provide potential applications of the data for analyzing fixed route services. Summary This is a companion report to TCRP Report 113, available only on the web. In order to review AVL-APC practices and uses in the industry, a literature review was performed on ITS, a mail survey was distributed to US transit agencies, a telephone survey and case studies were performed of US, Canadian, and European agencies, and a workshop was held for AVL-APC vendors. Findings and Guidance: Stop level data is generally more desirable than timepoint level data. Stop level data provides more detailed accuracy of bus location and holding and running times. Stop level data also lends itself to more accurate scheduling, can support signal priority, and can be more easily integrated with APC equipment. Location at time data is preferred to time at location data since almost all time-oriented applications are based upon arrival and departure times from locations of interest (timepoints). Summary level detail between stops is sufficient for most planning purposes. Detailed data can be stored and used for research or investigations if needed. Radio to central computer transmission allows for immediate analysis and real time tracking. It also allows for storage at a central location without having to download the data from each bus. Limitations on bandwidth, etc. can prevent radio to central computer transmission. In order to get a comprehensive review of an entire system, however, onboard data storage has the fewest limitations. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-22

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review Full coverage of the fleet is recommended for time-location data and 10%-100% coverage for passenger counters. Better analysis tools are needed to better utilize archived data from ITS. Managing AVL-APC data is time consuming and takes some level of expertise. Data needs to be checked for quality control. More standard analysis tools are necessary. As the technology becomes more available and easier to use, less staff time should be necessary. APC-AVL data can create planning and scheduling opportunities not seen in the past. More data management tools are necessary however in order to unlock the potential of the data. Opportunities: Speed profiles, simulations, updating base maps, more accurate schedules, fare collection, NTD reporting Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-23

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 17 Trapeze Case Study: Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Agency Trapeze Year 2003 Document Status Final Have a copy? No Link http://www.trapezegroup.co.uk/newsevents/cs_050216.php Key Topics Using Trapeze in scheduling to improve efficiency Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - Yes Rostering - Yes Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - No Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes Analyzing the effects of switching from manual scheduling to Trapeze for fixed route services at SEPTA Summary In order to improve efficiency and modernize scheduling, SEPTA contracted with Trapeze to use their software to schedule drivers and perform runcutting. Since the Trapeze system went live, it has delivered substantial savings in vehicle and operator costs. In some divisions, the number of runs has been reduced by as much as 3.4%, and driver pay hours are down by 1.5%. This amounts to savings of more than $900,000 per year. Service levels have not been reduced in this period. In addition to shrinking operating costs, SEPTA has also moved toward a more integrated IT environment. Web and IVR customer information and other enterprise applications, such as payroll, are fed with data from the scheduling system. It is easier to ensure that consistent data is being communicated, and easier to maintain and update the data. SEPTA partly attributes the success of the fixed route scheduling project to the strength of the training and the expertise and attentiveness of the Trapeze team. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-24

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 18 Headway Deviation Effects on Bus Passenger Loads: Analysis of TriMet’s Archived AVL-APC Data Agency Center for Urban Studies College of Urban and Public Affairs Portland State University Year 2003 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.upa.pdx.edu/CUS/publications/docs/PR126.pdf Key Topics AVL-APC data, computer applications, Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - Yes Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - Yes Quality Considerations - Yes Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes Analyze the effect of headway deviation (late buses) on passenger loads and capacity using AVL-APC data Summary Bus bunching results in frequent passenger overloads on routes. Bus bunching occurs when buses run outside of their normal headway. Due to the use of AVL-APC collectors on TriMet vehicles, TriMet was selected as the case study. Estimation results indicate that headway delays are a primary cause of passenger overloads and a modest reduction in headway delay would lead to a substantial reduction in overloads. Service regularity improvements can be more accessible using AVL-APC data and can lead to reduced waiting time and uncertainty for passengers and lower operating and capital costs for transit providers. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-25

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 19 Automated Bus Dispatching, Operations Control, and Service Reliability: The Initial TriMet Experience Agency Center for Urban Studies College of Urban and Public Affairs Portland State University Year 1999 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.upa.pdx.edu/CUS/publications/docs/PR110.pdf Key Topics AVL-APC data analysis Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - Yes Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - Yes Quality Considerations - Yes Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes Present findings on initial changes in service reliability following TriMet's deployment of new bus dispatching systems using AVL-APC technology Summary Data was analyzed to determine bus reliability improvements before AVL-APC data was implemented and after it was implemented. On-time performance increased 9.4% to 67.2%. The improvement in on-time performance was largely attributable to a substantial decline in early arrivals. Overall late arrivals actually increased 14%. The use of AVL data also led to a 15% decline in bus bunching. Improvements due to the new technology have lead to reductions in passenger wait times and in-vehicle travel times and operator running time improvements. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-26

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 20 Time Point-Level Analysis of Transit Service Reliability and Passenger Demand Agency Center for Urban Studies College of Urban and Public Affairs Portland State University Year 2001 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.upa.pdx.edu/CUS/publications/docs/SR036.pdf?bcsi_scan_EAC41357C45 D053C=0&bcsi_scan_filename=SR036.pdf Key Topics AVL-APC data Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - Yes Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - Yes Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes Provide a framework for analyzing transit service reliability and estimating passenger demand at time point level of analysis Summary Using modeling, results suggest that reducing delay variation at time points by using control actions such as vehicle holding will produce benefits to passengers in the form of more predictable service. Building enough running time into schedules will allow operators to adjust vehicle speeds and stopping activity to better maintain reliability. Delays increase as scheduled service increases. Results showed that alighting activity had a more profound impact on reliability than boarding activity. Bus stop consolidation may be a realistic option for streamlining service and preventing delays. Demographic factors like high population and employment densities and the number of zero vehicle households result in sizeable increases in ridership. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-27

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 21 Service Reliability and Impacts of Computer-Aided Dispatching and Automatic Vehicle Location Systems Agency Center for Urban Studies College of Urban and Public Affairs Portland State University Year 1999 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.upa.pdx.edu/CUS/publications/docs/PR125.pdf Key Topics AVL-APC data analysis Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - Yes Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - Yes Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes Present findings on initial changes in service Summarized in TCRP Web Document 23 reliability following TriMet's deployment of AVL- APC technology including changes in on-time performance, headway variation, and run time variation in comparison with pre-deployment levels Summary After implementation of AVL-APC technologies, on-time performance increased over 9% to 67%. Most of the improvements are seen in the decline in early arrivals and late arrivals actually increased by more than 14%. Service regularity improved with a 5% reduction in headway variation and bus bunching declined by 15%. Overall benefits of using the new technology are reduced passenger waiting times, reduced passenger in-vehicle travel times and operator running time improvements. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-28

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 22 Evaluation of Transit Operations: Data Applications of TriMet's Automated Bus Dispatching System Agency Center for Urban Studies College of Urban and Public Affairs Portland State University Year 2001 Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.upa.pdx.edu/CUS/publications/docs/PR120.pdf Key Topics Use of AVL-APC data in service analysis Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations - Yes (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - Yes Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - No Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes Employ archived trip level running time data to Summarized in TCRP 113 assess schedule efficiency and use archived data to estimate a fixed effects model addressing operator-related variations in running time Summary Scheduled recovery times typically exceed the amount that operating experience indicates would be sufficient. A substantial amount of variation in running times can be linked to variations in operator behavior. Options available to reduce operator variation include reducing reliance on part time operators who tend to contribute to greater running time variability. Also grouping together operators with similar experience improves service regularity. Additional field supervision would also contribute to improving performance. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-29

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review ID Title 23 Bus Transit Operations Control: Review and an Experiment Involving TriMet’s Automated Bus Dispatching System Agency Center for Urban Studies College of Urban and Public Affairs Portland State University Year Document Status Final Have a copy? Yes Link http://www.upa.pdx.edu/CUS/publications/docs/PR117.pdf Key Topics Use of AVL-APC data, operations control Service Standards & Policies - No Running/Cycle Times - No Blocking - No Labor Considerations - No (recovery, breaks, etc) Runcutting - No Rostering - No Part Time Operators - No Service Frequency - No Bus Stop Analysis - No Passenger Loads - No Quality Considerations - No Interlining - No Computer Applications - Yes Purpose Notes The purpose of this paper is to review Summarized in TRCP 113 operations control principles and practices reported in literature and report the results of an operations control experiment whose objective was to maintain headways on TriMet bus routes Summary First generation operations research on headway adherence concluded that holding imposes costs on passengers already on board vehicles in the form of increased travel time, imposes costs on transit providers in the form of increased running times, control points work best when the control point has light boarding activity and demand is heavy immediately after the point, headway variability increases after the control point and may prove to be detrimental in some situations. Second generation operations control research concluded that holding is more effective at earlier points along a route, human factors play an important role on control practices, short turning, stop-skipping, and deadheading are the second best solution to improve headway adherence. Based on the TriMet experiment using real-time AVL-APC data, headway regularity was substantially greater at the location of the control action and headway regularity generally tended to be better in the initial stages of the trip. Dispatchers involved in the experiment noted that there is a need and opportunity for automating real time operation control actions since dispatchers cannot always respond immediately. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-30

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review Bibliography Advances in Bus Planning Practices. Transportation Research Board, NRC, Washington D.C., 1985. Algorithms for Routing and Scheduling in Demand Responsive Transportation Systems. Research Publication GMR-944. GMC Research Labs, Warren, MI, 1970. Altoji, Joseph. Labor Supply Preferences, Hours, Constraints, and Hour Wage Trade-Offs. Nation Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper #2121, Cambridge, MA, 1987. An Optimization Model for Determining Headways for Transit Routes. Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, August 1974. Barnett, Jonathan. Development of Analytical Techniques for Risk Management Training. FTA Office of Technical Assistance & Safety, Washington D.C., 1992. Basics of Route and Service Design. BC Transit Service Planning, May 1990. Bassily, Fady F. Development of Track Maintenance Training and Maintenance Management Information System Programs. FTA Office of Technical Assistance & Safety, Washington D.C., 1992. Beseltine, F.M. et all. Working Practice in the Bus Industry: Recent Changes in Planning and Transportation Research and Computation. Vol. P319, 1989. Blau, Margaret E. A Personnel Scheduling Management System for the Washington State Department of Transportation Field Offices: An Investigation of Current Practices, Needs and Design Specifications. Washington DOT, Olympia, WA, 1988. Bodin, L. The State of the Art in the Routing and Scheduling of Vehicles and Crews. University of Maryland, College Park, MD, September 1981. Bus Route Costing Procedures: A Review. Report No. UMTA-IT-09-9014-81-1, US DOT, May 1981. Bus Transit Monitoring Manual (2 Volumes). Report No. UMTA-IT-09-9008-81-1, US DOT, August 1981. Cedar, A. and Stern, H. Graphical Person-Machine Interactive Approach for Bus Scheduling. Transportation Research Record 857, Transportation Research Board, 1982. Cedar, Avishai. Optimal Design of Transit Short-turn Trips. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, 1989. Cherwony, Walter & Polin, Lewis. Improving Transit Utilization through Pulse-Scheduling. Transit Journal (vol. 3#2), APTA, 1977. Christiansen, Kathleen. Flexible Staffing and Scheduling in U.S. Corporations. New York, 1989. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-31

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review Coffel, Bill. TRI-MET Scheduling Practices. Tri-County Metropolitan Transit District, Portland, OR, January 1993. Drake, Richard, Douglas W. Carthy. Public Transit Bus Maintenance Manpower Planning. TRB/NRC, Washington D.C., 1984. Elias, Samy E. G. A Mathematical Model for Optimizing the Assignment of Man and Machine in Public Transit “Run-Cutting”. West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 1966. Elias, Samy E. G. The Use of Digital Computers in the Economic Scheduling of Both man and Machine in Public Transportation. Special Report No. 49, Kansas City University, Manhattan, KN, 1966. Ellis, Ralph D. Developing Night Operations in Florida. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, 1992. Estimation of Operating and Maintenance Costs for Transit Systems: A Final Report. KPMG Peat Marwick Main, Washington D.C.: US DOT, FTA, 1993. Feasibility of a Complimentary Solution to the Bus Operator Scheduling Problem. West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, December 1979. Furth, P. and Wilson, N. Setting Frequencies on Bus Routes: Theory and Practice. Transportation Research Record 818, pp. 1-7, 1981. Glossary of Transit Terminology. American Public Transit Association, Washington D.C. Grant, David. Days Off Calculator Version 2.0 User’s Guide. New Orleans, 1994. Hufstedler, Gary. Incremental Runcutting. Presented at the Operations Planning Workshop, Federal Transit Administration, Washington D.C., 1993. Kuznyak, Richard et all. A Review of State-of-the-Practice of Matching Operators and Buses. Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washington D.C., 1985. Levinson, Herbert. Supervision Strategies for Improved Reliability of Bus Routes. UMTA, Washington D.C., 1991. MacDorman, Littleton C. & Dianne S. Schwager. Transit Employee Attendance Management. UMTA, Washington D.C., 1988. Maze, T.H., Kathleen Wagner. Manual for Contracting for Vehicle Maintenance Services. FTA Office of Technical Assistance & Safety, Washington D.C., 1992. Niemeyer, James M. Introduction to Fixed Route Transit Scheduling & Time Management. Blocks & Runs, Plano, TX, May 1994. Niemeyer, James M. Local Service Vehicle & Driver Scheduling: Operations Guide. Saudi Public Transport Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, April 1984. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-32

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review Operating Schedules: Training Material. Public Service Coordinated Transport, Maplewood, NJ, 1969 (Reprinted in November 1979). Parry, S. Clock Face Headways. Presented at the Operations Planning Workshop, Federal Transit Administration, Washington D.C., 1993. Perry, James L. Extraboard Scheduling, Worker’s Compensation and Operator Stress in Public Transit: Research Results and Managerial Impact. Institute for Transportation Studies, Irvine, CA, 1984. Pierce, Jon L. et al. Alternative Work Schedules. Allyn/Bacon, Boston, MA, 1989. Qiu, Jun. Bus Stop Based Schedule Database for the Transit Time Internet Access System. The Center for Urban Studies, Portland State University, Portland, OR, September 1996. Rainville, Walter S. Traffic Checking and Schedule Preparation: Part II – A Survey of Current Industry Practices, Second Report – Passenger Load Data. American Transit Association, New York, April 1949. Rainville, Walter S. Traffic Checking and Schedule Preparation: Part III – An Industry symposium, Second Report – An Industry Symposium on Passenger Load Data. American Transit Association, New York, September 1949. Rainville, Walter S. Traffic Checking and Schedule Preparation: Part III – An Industry symposium, Third Report – An Industry Symposium on Running Time Data. American Transit Association, New York, January 1950. Rainville, Walter S. Bus Scheduling Manual: Traffic Checking and Schedule Preparation. American Transit Association, New York, 1947 (Reprinted July 1982). Roberts, Kenneth R. Vehicle Scheduling and Driver Run-Cutting - RUCUS Package Overview. The Mitre Corp., Washington D.C., September 1971. Scheduling Manual. Calgary Transit Schedules Unit, 1983. Smerk, George. Human Resources in Transit Conference: A Summary of Proceedings. US DOT & FTA, Washington D.C., 1992. Summary of an Automated Scheduling System for Demand Responsive Public Transportation. The Mitre Corp., March 1974. Transit Management Programs: Course Syllabus. University of Southern California, The Institute of Safety and Systems Management, Newport Beach, CA, 1988. Transit Route and Schedule Information Methods. University of Texas at Arlington, August 1976. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Fixed Routes Scheduling/Run-Cutting Workshop. Presentation, 1993. Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-33

TCRP Project A-29 Appendix A: Literature Review Dan Boyle & Associates, Inc. Page A-34 United States Department of Transportation. Software and Source Book. Microcomputers in Transportation, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, 1986. Urban Public Transportation Glossary. Transportation Research Board, NRC, Washington, D.C., 1989. Wiggins, Martin. Traffic Checking Manual. Dallas, TX, 1987.