Quantifying Aircraft Lead Emissions at Airports (2015)

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8. REFERENCES Atwood, D. 2007. High-Octane and Mid-Octane Detonation Performance of Leaded and Unleaded Fuels in Naturally Aspirated, Piston, Spark Ignition Aircraft Engines. Federal Aviation Administration Technical Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-TN07/5. Atwood, D. 2009. Full-Scale Engine Detonation and Power Performance Evaluation of Swift Enterprises 702 Fuel. Federal Aviation Administration Technical Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-08/53. Atwood, D. and J. Camirales. 2004. Full-Scale Engine Knock Tests of 30 Unleaded, High-Octane Blends. Federal Aviation Administration Technical Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-04/25. Atwood, D. and K. Knopp. 1999. Evaluation of Reciprocating Aircraft Engines with Unleaded Fuels. Federal Aviation Administration Technical Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-99/70. British Petroleum. 2011. Material Safety Data Sheet No. SAV2103 for 100LL Aviation Gasoline (low benzene) Produced by Air BP Fuels. Carr, E., M. Lee, K. Marin, C. Holder, M. Hoyer, M. Pedde, R. Cook, and J. Touma. 2011. “Development and Evaluation of an Air Quality Modeling Approach to Assess Near-field Impacts of Lead Emissions from Piston-engine Aircraft Operating on Leaded Aviation Gasoline.” Atmospheric Environment 45: 5795–5804. Chevron Global Aviation. 2003. Material Safety Data Sheet No. 2647 for 100LL Avgas Produced by Chevron Aviation. Conor Pacific Environmental Technologies, Inc. 2000. Airborne Particulate Matter, Lead and Manganese at Buttonville Airport. Prepared for Environment Canada under CPE Project 041-6710. Final Report. ConocoPhillips. 2010. Material Safety Data Sheet No. 001769 for 100LL Aviation Gasoline Produced by ConocoPhillips. Continental Motors, Inc. August 2011. Continental Aircraft Engine Operator’s Manual. TSIO-360 Series of Engines, Publication X30583. Coordinating Research Council, Inc. 2010. Research Results: Unleaded High Octane Aviation Gasoline. CRC Report No AV-7-07. CRC Project No. AV-7-07. -160-

Coordinating Research Council, Inc. 2011. Investigation of Reduced TEL Content in Commercial 100LL Avgas. CRC Report No. 657, CRC Project No. CA-67-2010, Rev. A. Eastern Research Group (ERG). 2011. Documentation for Aircraft Component of the National Emissions Inventory Methodology. ERG No.:0245.03.402.011. Harris, A. and C. Davidson. 2005. “The Role of Resuspended Soil in Lead flows in the California South Coast Air Basin.” Environmental Science and Technology 39: 7410–7415. Harrison, R.M. and W.T. Sturges. 1998. “The measurement and interpretation of Br/Pb ratios in airborne particles.” Atmospheric Environment 17: 311–328, 1998. ICF International and T&B Systems. 2010. Development and Evaluation of an Air Quality Modeling Approach for Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft Operating on Leaded Aviation Gasoline. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-420-R-10-007. Kenny, L., G. Beaumont, A. Gudmundsson, A. Thorpe, and W. Koch. 2005. “Aspiration and sampling efficiencies of the TSP and louvered particulate matter inlets.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring 7: 1–7. Lejano, R. and J. Ericson. 2005. “Tragedy of the Temporal Commons: Soil-Bound Lead and the Anachronicity of Risk.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 48:2, 301–320. Lycoming Engines. January 1977. “Operator’s Manual, Avco Lycoming O-320 and IO- 320 Series Engines (Revised). Lycoming Engines. Undated. “Lycoming Operator’s Manual, O-540 and IO-540 Series Engines. Lycoming Engines. July 2008. (L)IO-360-M1A Operation and Installation Manual,” Lycoming. Petersen, T. 2008. Aviation Oil Lead Content Analysis. Report # EPA 1-2008. Available at http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/avgaslead.pdf Petro-Canada. 2009. Material Safety Data Sheet for Aviation Gasoline 100LL Produced by Petro-Canada. 12/29/2009 Phillips Petroleum. 1996. Material Safety Data Sheet for 100LL Avgas Produced by Phillips 66 Petroleum. -161-

Piazza, B. 1999. Santa Monica Municipal Airport: A Report on the Generation and Downwind Extent of Emissions Generated from Aircraft and Ground Support Operations. Prepared for the Santa Monica Airport Working Group. Shell Energy North America. 2003. Material Safety Data Sheet No. 402095M-0 for 100LL Avgas Produced by Motiva Enterprises LLC. South Coast Air Quality Management District. 2010. General Aviation Airport Monitoring Study. Final Report, prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Switzerland Federal Office of Civil Aviation. 2007. Aircraft Piston Engine Emissions. Supporting Data. Switzerland Federal Office of Civil Aviation. 2009. Guidance on the Determination of Helicopter Emissions. First Edition 0/3/33/33-05-20. Townsend, A.T., Z. Yu, P. McGoldrick, and J.A. Hutton. 1998. “Precise lead isotope ratios in Australian Galena samples by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 13: 809–813. U.S EPA. 1977. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors (AP-42). Third Edition. U.S. EPA. 1992. Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation Volume IV: Mobile Sources. EPA420-R-92-009. U.S. EPA. 1998. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Lead and Lead Compounds. EPA-454/R-98-006. U.S. EPA. June 10, 2002. 40 CFR Part 51 – Consolidated Emissions Reporting: Final Rule. Published at 67 FR 39602. U.S. EPA. 2004. User’s Guide for the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model – AERMOD. EPA- 454/B-03-001. U.S. EPA. 2008. Lead Emissions from the Use of Leaded Aviation Gasoline in the United States. Technical Support Document. EPA420-R-08-020. U.S. EPA. June 2012. 2008 National Emissions Inventory, Version 2: Technical Support Document (DRAFT). U.S. EPA. June 2013. Program Update on Airport Lead Monitoring. EPA-420-F-13- 032, 4pp. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/nonroad/aviation/420f13032.pdf Young, T., D. Heraman, G. Sirin, and L. Ashbaugh. 2002. “Resuspension of Soil as a Source of Airborne Lead near Industrial Facilities and Highways.” Environmental Science and Technology 36: 2484–2490. -162-