Design Guidance for Intersection Auxiliary Lanes (2014)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

145 References 1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi- cials, Highway Safety Manual, Washington, DC, 2010. 2. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi- cials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Wash- ington, DC, 2011. 3. Harmelink, M., “Volume Warrants for Left-Turn Storage Lanes at Unsignalized Grade Intersections,” Highway Research Record 211, Highway Research Board, National Research Council, Washing- ton, DC, 1967. 4. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi- cials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Wash- ington, DC, 2004. 5. Neuman, T. R., Intersection Channelization Design Guide, NCHRP Report 279, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1985. 6. Fitzpatrick, K., M. A. Brewer, J. S. Gluck, W. L. Eisele, Y. Zhang, H. S. Levinson, W. von Zharen, M. R. Lorenz, V. Iragavarapu, and E. S. Park, Development of Left-Turn Lane Warrants for Unsignal- ized Intersections, NCHRP Web-Only Document 193, Transporta- tion Research Board, Washington, DC, 2013. 7. Rodegerdts, L. A., B. Nevers, B. Robinson, J. Ringert, P. Koonce, J. Bansen, T. Nguyen, J. McGill, D. Steward, J. Suggett, T. Neuman, N. Antonucci, K. Hardy, K. Courage, Signalized Intersections: Infor- mational Guide, Report No. FHWA-HRT-04-091, Federal High- way Administration, McLean, Virginia, August 2004. 8. Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity Manual, Wash- ington, DC, 2010. 9. Fitzpatrick, K., M. A. Brewer, H. S. Levinson, J. S. Gluck, M. R. Lorenz, and W. L. Eisele, Left-Turn Accommodations at Unsignal- ized Intersections, NCHRP Report 745, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2013. 10. Hadi, M. A. and J. Thakkar, “Speed Differential as a Measure to Evaluate the Need for Right-Turn Deceleration Lanes at Unsig- nalized Intersections,” Transportation Research Record 2023, Trans- portation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2007, pp. 52–62. 11. Potts, I. B., J. F. Ringert, D. W. Harwood, and K. M. Bauer, “Oper- ational and Safety Effects of Right-Turn Deceleration Lanes on Urban and Suburban Arterials,” Transportation Research Record 2023, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2007, pp. 52–62. 12. Fitzpatrick, K., M. D. Wooldridge, and J. D. Blaschke, Urban Intersection Design Guide: Volume 1—Guidelines and Volume 2— Applications, Report No. FHWA/TX-05/0-4365-P2, Texas Trans- portation Institute, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas, 2005. 13. TRB Committee on Access Management, Access Management Manual, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2003. 14. Florida Department of Transportation, “Special Marking Areas,” 2006 FDOT Design Standards, Tallahassee, Florida, 2005. 15. Torbic, D. J., J. M. Hutton, C. D. Bokenkroger, D. W. Harwood, D. K. Gilmore, M. M. Knoshaug, J. J. Ronchetto, M. A. Brewer, K. Fitzpatrick, S. T. Chrysler, and J. Stanley, Design Guidance for Free- way Mainline Ramp Terminals, NCHRP Report 730, Transporta- tion Research Board, Washington, DC, 2013. 16. Long, G., “Intervehicle Spacings and Queue Characteristics,” Transportation Research Record 1796, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2002, pp. 86–96. 17. Lee, J., N. M. Rouphail, and J. E. Hummer, “Models for Lane Uti- lization Prediction for Lane Drop Intersections,” Transportation Research Record 1912, Transportation Research Board, Washing- ton, DC, 2005, pp. 47–56. 18. Kikuchi, S., N. Kronprasert, and M. Kii, “Lengths of Turn Lanes on Intersection Approaches: Three-Branch Fork Lanes—Left-Turn, Through, and Right-Turn Lanes,” Transportation Research Record 2023, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2007, pp. 92–101. 19. Kikuchi, S. and N. Kronprasert, “Determining the Length of the Right-Turn Lane at a Signalized Intersection,” Transportation Research Record 2060, Transportation Research Board, Washing- ton, DC, 2008, pp. 19–28. 20. Gard, J. T., “Estimation of Maximum Queue Lengths at Unsignal- ized Intersections,” Compendium of Papers, Institute of Transpor- tation Engineers Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, 2001. 21. Lertworawanich, P. and L. Elefteriadou, “Determination of Storage Lengths of Left-Turn Lanes at Unsignalized Intersections Using M/G2/1 Queuing,” Transportation Research Record 1847, Trans- portation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2003, pp. 20–28. 22. Bonneson, J. A. and M. D. Fontaine, Engineering Study Guide for Evaluating Intersection Improvements, NCHRP Report 457, Trans- portation Research Board, Washington, DC. 2001. 23. Chakroborty, P., S. Kikuchi, and M. Luszcz, “Length of Left-Turn Lanes at Unsignalized Intersections,” Transportation Research Record 1500, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1995. 24. Kikuchi, S. and N. Kronprasert, “Determining Lengths of Left- Turn Lanes at Signalized Intersections Under Different Left-Turn Signal Schemes,” Transportation Research Record 2195, Transporta- tion Research Board, Washington, DC, 2010, pp. 70–81. 25. At-Grade Intersections: Planning and Design Guide, Jack E. Leisch and Associates, Evanston, Illinois (undated).

146 26. Koepke, F. J. and H. S. Levinson, Access Management Guidelines for Activity Centers, NCHRP Report 348, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1992. 27. Kikuchi, S., M. Kii, and P. Chakroborty, “Lengths of Double or Dual Left-Turn Lanes,” Transportation Research Record 1881, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2005, pp. 72–78. 28. Potts, I., D. W. Harwood, K. M. Bauer, D. K. Gilmore, J. M. Hutton, D. J. Torbic, J. F. Ringert, A. Daleiden, and J. M. Barlow, NCHRP Project 3-89: Design Guidance for Channelized Right-Turn Lanes, Final Report, Appendix B, Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, January 24, 2011. 29. Staplin, L., K. Lococo, S. Byington, and D. Harkey, Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Report No. FHWA- RD-01-103, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Virginia, 2001. 30. Potts, I. B., D. W. Harwood, and K. R. Richard, “Relationship of Lane Width to Safety on Urban and Suburban Arterials,” Trans- portation Research Record 2023, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2007, pp. 63–82. 31. Potts, I. B., J. F. Ringert, K. M. Bauer, J. D. Zegeer, D. W. Har- wood, and D. K. Gilmore, “Relationship of Lane Width to Satura- tion Flow Rate on Urban and Suburban Signalized Intersection Approaches,” Transportation Research Record 2027, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2007, pp. 45–51. 32. Connecticut Department of Transportation, Connecticut Highway Design Manual, Chapter 11-5.06, Hartford, Connecticut, January 1999. 33. Harwood, D., K. M. Bauer, I. B. Potts, D. J. Torbic, K. R. Richard, E. R. Kohlman Rabbani, E. Hauer, and L. Elefteriadou, Safety Effectiveness of Intersection Left- and Right-Turn Lanes, Report No. FHWA-RD-02-089, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Virginia, 2002. 34. Bonneson, J., K. Zimmerman, and K. Fitzpatrick, Roadway Safety Design Synthesis, Report No. FHWA/TX-05/0-4703-P1, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, Texas, 2005. 35. Potts, I. B., D. W. Harwood, D. J. Torbic, K. R. Richard, J. S. Gluck, H. S. Levinson, P. M. Garvey, and R. S. Ghebrial, Safety of U-Turns at Unsignalized Median Openings, NCHRP Report 524, Transpor- tation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2004. 36. Fitzpatrick, K., W. H. Schneider IV, and E. S. Park, “Operation and Safety of Right-Turn Lane Designs,” Transportation Research Record 1961, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2006, pp. 55–64. 37. Dixon, K. K., M. Liebler, H. Zhu, M. P. Hunter, and B. Mattox, Safe and Aesthetic Design of Urban Roadside Treatments, NCHRP Report 612, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2008. 38. Staplin, L., K. W. Gish, L. E. Decina, K. H. Lococo, D. L. Harkey, M. S. Tarawneh, R. Lyles, D. Mace, and P. Garvey, Synthesis of Human Factors Research on Older Drivers and Highway Safety, Volume II: Human Factors and Highway Safety Research Synthe- sis, Report No. FHWA-RD-97-095, Federal Highway Adminis- tration, Washington, DC, 1997. 39. Tarawneh, M. S., and P. T. McCoy, “Guidelines for Offsetting Opposing Left-Turn Lanes on Divided Roadways,” Transportation Research Record 1579, Transportation Research Board, Washing- ton, DC, 1997, pp. 43–52. 40. McCoy, P. T., G. Pesti, P. S. Byrd, and V. A. Singh, “Guidelines for Opposing Left-Turn Lane-Line Widths,” Transportation Research Record 1751, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2001, pp. 26–34. 41. Amjadi, R., TechBrief: Safety Evaluation of Offset Improvements for Left-Turn Lanes, Report No. FHWA-HRT-09-036, Federal High- way Administration, McLean, Virginia, 2009. 42. Persaud, B., C. Lyon, K. Eccles, N. Lefler, and F. Gross, Safety Evaluation of Offset Improvements for Left-Turn Lanes, Report No. FHWA-HRT-09-035, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Virginia, 2009. 43. Schurr, K. S., T. J. Foss, Jr., Offset Right-Turn Lanes for Improved Intersection Sight Distance. Report No. SPR-P1(06) P592, Nebraska Department of Roads, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2010. 44. Yan, X., and E. Radwan, “Geometric Models to Calculate Inter- section Sight Distance for Unprotected Left-Turn Traffic,” Trans- portation Research Record 1881, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2004, pp. 46–53. 45. Son, Y. T., J. Lee and S. Kim, “A Methodology to Calculate Sight Dis- tance at Skewed Intersections Considering Driver’s Field of View,” Transportation Research Record 1796, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2002, pp. 41–47. 46. Zegeer, C., D. Nabors, and P. Lagerwey (Primary Authors), PEDSAFE 2013: Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System. Office of Safety, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 2013. http://www.pedbikesafe.org/PEDSAFE/countermeasures_ detail.cfm?CM_NUM=24. Accessed on November 19, 2013. 47. Harkey, D., Effect of Intersection Angle on the Safety of Intersections. Dissertation. North Carolina State University. 2013. Accessed from: http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/8416/1/ etd.pdf. Accessed on: December 15, 2013. 48. Wortman, R. H., Capacity of Dual Left-Turn Lanes: State of the Art. Report No. FHWA-AZ87-820, Arizona Department of Transpor- tation, Phoenix, Arizona, 1987. 49. Brich, S. C., Positive Guidance Pavement Markings for Dual Left- Turn Lanes, Report No. VTRC 94-TAR7, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1993. 50. Hurley, J. W., “Utilization of Double Left-Turn Lanes with Down- stream Lane Reductions,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 124, No. 3, American Society of Civil Engineers, Washington, DC. 1998. 51. Harwood, D. W., D. J. Torbic, K. R. Richard, W. D. Glauz, and L. Elefteriadou, Review of Truck Characteristics as Factors in Road- way Design, NCHRP Report 505, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2003. 52. Cooner, S. A., S. E. Ranft, Y. K. Rathod, Y. Qi, L. Yu, Y. Wang, and S. Chen, Development of Guidelines for Triple Left and Dual Right- Turn Lanes: Technical Report, Report No. FHWA/TX-11/0-6112-1, Texas Transportation Institute, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas, 2011. 53. Brewer, M. A., S. P. Venglar, L. Ding, K. Fitzpatrick, B. Park, Opera- tions and Safety of Super 2 Corridors with Higher Volumes, Report No. FHWA/TX-11/0-6135-1, Texas Transportation Institute, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas, 2011. 54. Potts, I. B. and D. W. Harwood, “Application of European 2+1 eRoadway Designs,” NCHRP Research Results Digest 275, Trans- portation Research Board, Washington, DC, April 2003. 55. Jagannathan, R., and J. G. Bared, “Design and Operational Per- formance of Crossover Displaced Left-Turn Intersections,” Trans- portation Research Record 1881, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2004, pp. 1–10. 56. Rodegerdts, L., M. Blogg, E. Wemple, E. Meyers, M. Kyte, M. Dixon, G. List, A. Flannery, R. Troutbeck, W. Brilon, N. Wu, B. Persaud, C. Lyon, D. Harkey, and D. Carter, Roundabouts in the United States, NCHRP Report 572, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2007. 57. United States Access Board, Proposed Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities in the Public Right-of-Way, 36 CFR Part 1190, Docket No. ATBCB 2011-04. Washington, DC, July 26, 2011. http:// www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/streets-side

147 walks/public-rights-of-way/proposed-rights-of-way-guidelines. Accessed on: October 4, 2013. 58. Tarawneh, M. S., “Utilization of Auxiliary Through Lanes at Intersections of Four-Lane, Two-Way Roadways,” Transportation Research Record 1737, Transportation Research Board, Washing- ton, DC, 2001, pp. 26–33. 59. Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity Manual, Wash- ington, DC, 1997. 60. Kindler, C., R. M. Wood, D. W. Harwood, T. R. Neuman, I. B. Potts, and N. Antonucci. “Intersection Diagnostic Review Module: Expert System for Geometric Design Review of Intersections on Rural Two-Lane Highways,” Transportation Research Record 1851. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2004, pp. 3–12. 61. Kindler, C. N. D. Antonucci, I. B. Potts, T. R. Neuman, and R. M. Wood, IHSDM Intersection Diagnostic Review Model, Report No. FHWA-RD-02-045. Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Virginia, 2003. 62. Schurr, K. S., B. W. Spargo, R. R. Huff, and G. Pesti, “Predicted 95th Percentile Speeds on Curved Alignments Approaching a Stop,” Transportation Research Record 1912, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2005, pp. 1–10. 63. Nevers, B., H. Steyn, Y. Mereszczak, Z. Clark, N. Rouphail, J. Hum- mer, B. Schroeder, Z. Bugg, J. Bonneson, and D. Rhodes, Guidelines on the Use of Auxiliary Through Lanes at Signalized Intersections, NCHRP Report 707, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2011. 64. Nevers, B., H. Steyn, Y. Mereszczak, Z. Clark, N. Rouphail, J. Hummer, B. Schroeder, Z. Bugg, J. Bonneson, and D. Rhodes, Assessment of Auxiliary Through Lanes at Signalized Intersections, NCHRP Web-Only Document 178, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2011. 65. Schroeder, B., R. Hughes, N, Rouphail, C. Cunningham, K. Salamati, R. Long, D. Guth, R W. Emerson, D. Kim, J. Barlow, B. L. Bentzen, L, Rodegerdts, E. Myers, Crossing Solutions at Roundabout and Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities, NCHRP Report 674, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2010. 66. NCHRP Project 3-89: Design Guidance for Channelized Right- Turn Lanes. Project Summary Page. Accessed from: http://apps. trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=1609. Accessed on October 5, 2011. 67. NCHRP Project 3-99: Development and Application of Access Management Guidelines. Project Summary Page. Accessed from: http://144.171.11.40/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay. asp?ProjectID=2493. Accessed on October 8, 2013. 68. Colorado Department of Transportation, Colorado Roadway Design Guide, Denver, Colorado, 2005 (Updated Nov. 2011). 69. North Carolina Department of Transportation, North Carolina Roadway Design Manual, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2002. 70. Florida Department of Transportation, Manual of Uniform Mini- mum Standards for Design, Construction and Maintenance for Streets and Highways, Tallahassee, Florida, 2007. 71. Florida Department of Transportation, Intersection Design Guide, Tallahassee, Florida, 2007. 72. Federal Highway Administration. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Washington, DC, 2009. 73. Courage, K., B. Stephens, A. Gan, and M. Willis, Triple Left Turn Lanes at Signalized Intersections, Florida Department of Transpor- tation, Tallahassee, Florida, December 2002. 74. Sando, T. and R. Moses, “Influence of Intersection Geometrics on the Operation of Triple Left-Turn Lanes,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 135, No. 5, Washington, DC, 2009. 75. Ackeret, K. W., Analysis of Saturation Flows at Single, Dual, and Tri- ple Left-Turn Lanes. Dissertation. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. 1996. 76. Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity Manual, Wash- ington, DC, 1994. 77. Sando, T. and R. Mussa, “Site Characteristics Affecting Operation of Triple Left-Turn Lanes,” Transportation Research Record 1852, Washington, DC, 2003, pp. 55–62. 78. Carter, D., J. E. Hummer, R. S. Foyle, and S. Phillips, “Operational and Safety Effects of U-Turns at Signalized Intersections,” Trans- portation Research Record 1912, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2005, pp. 11–18. 79. Schroeder, B. J., C. M. Cunningham, D. J. Findley, J. E. Hummer, and R. S. Foyle, Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies, 2nd Edi- tion. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC, 2010. 80. Fambro, D. B., K. Fitzpatrick, and R. J. Koppa, “New Stopping Sight Distance Model for Use in Highway Geometric Design,” Transportation Research Record 1701, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2000, pp. 1–8. 81. Lerner, N. D., R. W. Huey, H. W. McGee, A. Sullivan, Older Driver Perception-Reaction Time for Intersection Sight Distance and Object Detection, Volume 1, Report Number FHWA/RD-93/168, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Virginia, January, 1995. 82. Fitzpatrick, K., M. A. Brewer, W. L. Eisele, Y. Zhang, J. S. Gluck, H. S. Levinson, and V. Iragavarapu, “Development of Left-Turn Lane Warrants for Unsignalized Intersections.” Transportation Research Record 2301, Transportation Research Board, Washing- ton, DC, December 2012. 83. Stover, V. G., and F. J. Koepke, Transportation and Land Develop- ment, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC, 2002. 84. Access Management, Location and Design, National Highway Insti- tute Course No. 15255. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, June 1998. 85. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi- cials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Wash- ington, DC, 2001. 86. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Washington, DC, 1990. 87. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Washington, DC, 1984. 88. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi- cials, A Policy on Design of Urban Highways and Arterial Streets, Washington, DC, 1973. 89. Fambro, D. B., K. Fitzpatrick, R. J. Koppa. Determination of Stop- ping Sight Distances, NCHRP Report 400, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1997. 90. Chang, M. S., C. J. Messer, and A. J. Santiago, “Timing Traffic Sig- nal Change Intervals Based on Driver Behavior,” Transportation Research Record 1027, Transportation Research Board, Washing- ton, DC, 1985, pp. 20–30. 91. Wortman, R. H. and J. S. Matthias, “Evaluation of Driver Behavior at Signalized Intersections,” Transportation Research Record 904, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1983. 92. Pline, J. L. (Editor), Traffic Engineering Handbook, 5th Edition, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC, 1999. 93. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi- cials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways, Washington, DC, 1965. 94. Kraft, W. H. (Editor), Traffic Engineering Handbook, 6th Edition, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC, 1999.

148 95. Gates, T. J., D. A. Noyce, L. Laracuente, and E. V. Nordheim, “Anal- ysis of Driver Behavior in Dilemma Zones at Signalized Inter- sections,” Transportation Research Record 2030, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2007, pp. 29–39. 96. Warren, A. H., J. L. Gattis, L. K. Duncan, and T. A. Costello, “Analysis of Deceleration in Through Lane Before Right Turn,” Transporta- tion Research Record 2223, Transportation Research Board, Wash- ington, DC, December 2011. 97. TRB Committee on Access Management, Access Management Manual (Draft Second Edition), Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2013. 98. Soloman, D., Accidents on Main Rural Highways Related to Speed, Driver, and Vehicle, Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, DC, July 1964. 99. Williams, W. L., “Driver Behavior During the Yellow Interval,” Transportation Research Record 644, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1977. 100. Florida Department of Transportation, “Index 301: Design Stan- dards for Turn Lanes,” Design Standards eBooklet 2014, Tallahassee, Florida, 2013. 101. Dorothy, P. and S. L. Theiken, Trade-off Considerations in High- way Geometric Design, NCHRP Synthesis 422, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2011. 102. Michigan Department of Transportation, Geometric Design Guide 670, Lansing, Michigan, 2012. 103. Michigan Department of Transportation, Road Design Manual, Lansing, Michigan, 2012. 104. Hughes, W., R. Jagannathan, D. Sengupta, J. Hummer, Alter- native Intersections/Interchanges: Informational Report (AIIR), Report No. FHWA-HRT-09-060, Federal Highway Administra- tion, Washington, DC, 2010. 105. Maze, T. H., J. L. Hochstein, R. R. Souleyrette, H. Preston, R. Storm, Median Intersection Design for Rural High-Speed Divided Highways, NCHRP Report 650, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2010. 106. Gattis, J. L. and S. T. Low, Intersection Angles and the Driver’s Field of View, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock, Arkansas, November 1997. 107. Garcia, A. and L. Libreros, “Safety Effect of the Skew Angle in Right Turn Maneuvers,” 3rd Urban Street Symposium, Seattle, Washing- ton, DC, 2007. 108. Garcia, A., “Lateral Vision Angles and Skewed Intersections Design,” 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric Design, Chicago, Illinois, 2005. 109. Ohio Department of Transportation, Location and Design Manual Volume 1—Roadway Design, Columbus, Ohio, 2012. 110. Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Facilities Development Manual, Madison, Wisconsin, June 2013. 111. Illinois Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, Bureau of Local Roads and Streets Manual, Springfield, Illinois, 2005. 112. California Department of Transportation, Highway Design Man- ual, Sacramento, California, 2012. 113. United States Access Board, Accessibility Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities in the Public Right-of-Way; Shared Use Paths, 36 CFR Part 1190, Docket No. 2013-02, RIN 3014-AA26. Washington, DC, February 13, 2013. Accessed from: http://www.access-board.gov/ guidelines-and-standards/streets-sidewalks/shared-use-paths/ supplemental-notice. Accessed on October 4, 2013. 114. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi- cials, Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities, Washington, DC, 2004. 115. Virginia Department of Transportation, Traffic Engineering Division, Guidelines for the Installation of Marked Crosswalks, Richmond, Virginia, 2012. 116. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Traffic Engineering Coun- cil Committee TENC-5A-5, Design and Safety of Pedestrian Facili- ties, Washington, DC, 1998. 117. South Dakota Department of Transportation, Road Design Man- ual, Pierre, South Dakota, 2013. 118. Iowa Department of Transportation, Design Manual, Des Moines, Iowa, 2010. 119. Georgia Department of Transportation, Design Policy Manual, Atlanta, Georgia, 2013. 120. Washington State Department of Transportation, Design Manual, Olympia, Washington, 2013. 121. Fitzpatrick, K., M. A. Brewer, P. Dorothy, and E. S. Park, Design Guidance for Intersection Auxiliary Lanes, Draft Research Report for NCHRP Project 3-102, Transportation Research Board, Wash- ington, DC, 2013. 122. Harwood, D. W., M. T. Pietrucha, M. D. Wooldridge, R. E. Brydia, and K. Fitzpatrick, Median Intersection Design, NCHRP Report 375, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1995. 123. Hummer, J. and J. D. Reid, “Unconventional Left-Turn Alterna- tives for Urban and Suburban Arterials: An Update,” Urban Street Symposium, Dallas, Texas, 1999. 124. New Jersey Department of Transportation, Roadway Design Man- ual, Trenton, NJ, 2013. 125. New Jersey Department of Transportation, Highway Design Man- ual, Trenton, NJ, 2004. 126. Sisiopiku, V. and L. Aylsworth-Bonzelet, “Application of Loons at Directional Crossovers,” Transportation Research Board 82nd Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, 2003. 127. Sisiopiku, V. and L. Aylsworth-Bonzelet, The Operation and Design of Loons at Narrow Median Crossovers, Great Lakes Center for Truck and Transit Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1998. 128. Arizona Department of Transportation, ADOT Traffic Engineering Policies, Guidelines, and Procedures. Phoenix, Arizona, 2013. 129. Florida Department of Transportation, Median Handbook Interim Version. Tallahassee, Florida, 2006. 130. Maryland Department of Transportation, State Highway Admin- istration, State Highway Access Manual—Access Point Standards. Annapolis, Maryland, 2004. 131. Virginia Department of Transportation, Road Design Manual. Richmond, Virginia, 2013. 132. Roundabout Outreach and Education Toolbox, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 2013. http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/ roundabouts/roundabouttoolbox/ Accessed September 2, 2013. 133. Mauro, R. and M. Guerrieri, “Right-turn Bypass Lanes at Round- abouts: Geometric Schemes and Functional Analysis,” Modern Applied Science, Vol. 7, No. 1, Toronto, Ontario, 2013. 134. Al-Ghandour, M., B. Williams, W. Rasdorf and B. Schroeder, “Roundabout Performance Analysis When Introducing Slip Lanes,” 1st International Conference on Access Management, Athens, Greece, 2011. 135. Rodegerdts, L., J. Bansen, C. Tiesler, J. Knudsen, E. Myers, M. John- son, M. Moule, B. Persaud, C. Lyon, S. Hallmark, H. Isebrands, R. B. Crown, B. Guichet, and A. O’Brien, Roundabouts: An Infor- mational Guide, NCHRP Report 672, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2010.

149 136. Fortuijn, L. G. H., “Turbo Roundabouts—Design Principles and Safety Performance,” Transportation Research Record 2096, Trans- portation Research Board, Washington DC, 2009. 137. Mauro R. and M. Cattani, “Potential Accident Rate of Turbo- Roundabouts,” 4th International Symposium on Highway Geo- metric Design, Valencia, Spain, 2010. 138. Giuffre, O., A. Grana and S. Marino, “Turbo-roundabouts vs. roundabouts performance level,” SIIV 5th International Congress, Rome, Italy, 2012. 139. Giuffre, O., M. Guerrieri and A. Grana, “Turbo-roundabout Gen- eral Design Criteria and Functional Principles: Case Studies from Real World,” 4th International Symposium on Highway Geomet- ric Design, Valencia, Spain, 2010. 140. Vasconcelos, A., A. Silva and A. Seco, “Capacity of Normal and Turbo-roundabouts: Comparative Analysis,” Institute of Civil Engineers Proceedings, London, United, Kingdom, 2012. 141. Silva, A., S. Santos and M. Gaspar, “Turbo-roundabout Use and Design,” CITTA 6th Annual Conference on Planning Research, Coimbra, Portugal, 2013. 142. Russell, E., E. D. Landman and R. Godavarthy, Accommodat- ing Oversize/Overweight Vehicles at Roundabouts, Report No: K-Tran: KSU-10-1, Kansas Department of Transportation, Topeka, Kansas, 2013. 143. Park, L. and D. Pierce, “Roundabouts and the Accommodation of Large Trucks: A Motor Carrier Perspective,” TRB Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, 2013.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation