Best Practices for Crack Treatments for Asphalt Pavements (2014)

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34 1. McDonald, T., and McDonald, P., “How to Crackseal Effectively,” for Construction Pros.com, February 2012. 2. Zubeck, H., Liu, J., and Mullin, A., “Pavement Preservation Practices in Cold Regions,” University of Alaska Anchorage and University of Alaska Fairbanks, FHWA-AK-RD-12-17, 2012. 3. Orr, D. P., “Pavement Maintenance,” Cornell Local Roads Program, Ithaca, NY, CLRP No. 06-5, 2006. 4. Best Practices Handbook on Asphalt Pavement Maintenance, Chap- ter 4: Crack Treatments, Minnesota T2/LTAP, Minnesota Depart- ment of Transportation, and Minnesota Local Road Research Board, Manual 2000-04, 2000. 5. Crack Seal Manual, Montana Department of Transportation. 6. Technical Circular T-1-99, Crack Sealing Asphalt Pavements, British Columbia Ministry of Transport, 1999. 7. Project Scoping Manual, Chapter 5: Signs of Pavement Distress and Fix Selection Guidelines, Michigan Department of Transportation, 2013. 8. Al-Qadi, I. L., Masson, J. F., Yand, S. H., Fini, E., and McGhee, K. 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Chehovits, J., and Galehouse, L., “Energy Usage and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Pavement Preservation Processes for Asphalt Concrete Pavements,” First International Conference on Pavement Preservation, Chapter 1: Paper 65, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Richmond, CA, 2010. 19. Brown, E. R., “Preventative Maintenance of Asphalt Concrete Pave- ments,” Transportation Research Board, 1988. 20. Li, F., Shi, X., Zeng, W., and Xu, J., “Laboratory Evaluation and Field Investigation of Asphalt Pavement Crack Seal Band,” Transportation Research Board, 2013. 21. Yildirim, Y., Qatan, A., and Prozzi, J., “Field Manual For Crack Seal- ing in Asphalt Pavements,” Research Project 0-4061-P3, Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin, 2006. 22. Crack Treatment, Chapter 4, Maintenance Technical Advisory Guide, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, California, 2009. 23. Eaton, R. A., and Ashcraft, J., “State-of-the-Art Survey of Flexible Pavement Crack Sealing Procedures in the United States,” Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Report 92-18, Hanover, New Hampshire, 1992. 24. Masson, J.-F., Boudreau, S., and Girard, C., “Guidelines for Sealing and Filling Cracks in Asphalt Concrete Pavement: A Best Practice by the National Guide to Sustainable Municipal Infrastructure,” Fed- eration of Canadian Municipalities and National Research Council, Canada, 2003. 25. Recommended Performance Guideline for Crack Treatment, ISSA A175, International Slurry Surfacing Association, Annapolis, MD, 2012. 26. Hicks, R. G., Dunn, K., and Moulthrop, J. S., “Framework for Select- ing Effective Preventative Maintenance Treatments for Flexible Pavements,” Transportation Research Record 1597, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1997. 27. 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35 Research Record 1680, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1999, pp. 18–24. 29. Cook, J. P., and Lewis, R. M., “Evaluation of Pavement Joint and Crack Sealing Materials and Practices,” National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 38, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1967. 30. Johnson, D. R., Freeman, R. B., and Stevenson, J. R., “Cost- Effectiveness of Crack Sealing Materials and Techniques for Asphalt Pavements,” Transportation Research Record 1697, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2000. 31. Masson, J. F., and Lacasse, M. A., “A Review of Adhesion Mecha- nisms at the Crack Sealant/Asphalt Concrete Interface,” Durability of Building and Construction Sealants, National Research Council of Canada, Canada, 2000, pp. 259–274. 32. Tighe, S. L., and Gransberg, D., “Sustainable Pavement Mainte- nance and Preservation Practices: A Review of Current Practice,” Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2013. 33. Ponniah, J., and Kennepohl, G. J., “Crack Sealing in Flexible Pave- ments: A Life-Cycle Cost Analysis,” Transportation Research Record 1529, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2007. 34. Ponniah, J., “Crack Sealing in Flexible Pavements: A Life-Cycle Cost Analysis,” Report PAV-92-04, Ontario Ministry of Transport, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, 1992. 35. Chong, G. J., and Phang, W. A., “Improved Preventative Main- tenance: Sealing Cracks in Flexible Pavements in Cold Regions,” Transportation Research Record 1205, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1988. 36. Chehovits, J., and Manning, M., “Materials and Methods for Sealing Cracks in Asphalt Concrete Pavements,” Transportation Research Record 990, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1984. 37. Chong, G. J., “Rout and Seal Cracks in Flexible Pavement—A Cost- Effective Preventative Maintenance Procedure,” Transportation Research Record 1268, Transportation Research Board, Washing- ton, D.C., 1990. 38. Wang, C-P., and Weisgerber, F. E., “Effects of Seal Geometry on Adhesive Stresses in Pavement Joint Seals,” Transportation Research Record 1392, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1993. 39. Masson, J. F., and Lacasse, M. A., “Effect of Hot-Air Lance on Crack Sealant Adhesion,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 125, No. 4, 1999, pp. 357–363. 40. Masson, J. F., Lauzier, C., Collins, P., and Lacasse, M. A., “Sealant Degradation during Crack Sealing of Pavements,” Journal of Mate- rials in Civil Engineering, 1998, pp. 250–255. 41. Smith, K. L., Peshkin, D. G., Rmeili, E. H., Van Dam, T., and Darter, M. I., “Innovative Materials and Equipment for Pavement Surface Repairs, Volume 1: Summary of Material Performance and Experi- mental Plans,” SHRP-M/UFR-91-504, Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1991. 42. Hand, A. J., Galal, K. A., Ward, D. 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G., “Performance and Benefits of Mich- igan DOT’s Capital Preventive Maintenance Program,” Submitted for publication, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2014. 48. Abernathy, C., “Evaluation of Crack-Sealing Milled Pavement in the Effort to Reduce Transverse Cracking,” Annual Report 2013, Montana Department of Transportation, 2013. 49. Crack Seal Application, Pavement Preservation Checklist Series, FHWA-IF-02-005, Federal Highway Administration and Founda- tion for Pavement Preservation, Washington, D.C., 2001. 50. Application Note: Using LTPPbind V.2.1 to Improve Crack Sealing in Asphalt Concrete Pavements, FHWA-RD-03-080, Federal High- way Administration, Washington, D.C., 2003. 51. Farrar, M. J., Hajj, E. Y., Planche, J. P., and Alavi, M. Z., “A Method to Estimate the Thermal Stress Build-up in an Asphalt Mixture from a Single-Cooling Event,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 14, No. S1, pp. 201–211, Taylor and Francis, London, England, 2013. 52. TechBrief: 4-mm DSR, Western Research Institute, Laramie, Wyoming. 53. Smith, K. L., and Romine, A. R., “Materials and Procedures for Sealing and Filling Cracks in Asphalt-Surfaced Pavements— Manual of Practice,” FHWA Report No. FHWA-RD-99-147, Fed- eral Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1999. 54. Peshkin, D. G., Hoerner, T. E., and Zimmerman, K. A., “Optimal Timing of Pavement Preventative Maintenance Applications,” Report 523, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2004. 55. Chan, S., Lane, B., and Kazmierowski, T., “Pavement Preservation— A Solution for Sustainability,” Proceedings, Annual Conference of Transportation Association of Canada, 2010. 56. Masson, J. F., Woods, J. R., Collins, P., and Al-Qadi, I. L., “Accel- erated Aging of Bituminous Sealants: Small Kettle Aging,” Inter- national Journal of Pavement Engineering, Volume 9, #5, 2008, pp. 365–371. 57. 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36 Research Record 1334, Transportation Research Board, Washing- ton, D.C., 1992, pp. 25–37. 65. Wilde, W. J., and Johnson, E. N., “Effect of Crack Sealant Material and Reservoir Geometry on Surface Roughness of Bituminous Overlays,” Submitted to Transportation Research Board for 2009 Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. 66. Marquart, M., “Evaluation of Crafco Crack Sealant on Asphalt Pavements,” First Annual Report, Project H-5-085(004)041, North Dakota Department of Transportation, 1997. 67. Hozayen, H., Ponniah, J., and Svec, O., “Laboratory Evaluation of Pavement Crack Routing and Sealing Preventative Maintenance,” Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1995. 68. Halayko, L. B., “A Comparative Study of the Effects of Runway De- Icers on Crack Sealants,” Project Report, University of Manitoba, Department of Civil and Geological Engineering, 1994. 69. Fer, E., and Kavanagh, L., “2004–2006 Joint and Crack Sealant Evaluation Report,” Manitoba Transportation and Government Service, 2006. 70. Smith, K. L., and Romine, A. R., “LTPP Pavement Maintenance Materials: SHRP Crack Treatment Experiment, Final Report,” FHWA-RD-99-143, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1999. 71. Harder, I., “Rubberized Crack Seal Performance in North Peace District,” British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and High- ways, 1997. 72. Filice, J., “Study of Crack Sealant Products (Routing and Sealing),” ABRT/RD/TM-05/02, Alberta Transportation, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2003. 73. McNichol, D., “Paving the Way: Asphalt in America,” National Asphalt Pavement Association, Lanham, Maryland, 2005. 74. Al-Qadi, I. L., Ozer, H, and Yousefi, S. S., “Performance-Based Grading System for Hot-Poured Crack Sealant,” Webinar, Trans- portation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 23 October 2012. 75. Equipment Operations Safety Manual, Crafco, Inc., Chandler, Arizona, 2003. 76. Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary, J. G. Ferguson Publishing Company, Chicago, Illinois, 1978. 77. Fournier, P., “Feds Push More Use of Pavement Preservation,” Asso- ciated Construction Publications, February 2009. 78. Application Instructions: Hot-Applied Roadsaver, Polyflex, Parking Lot and Asphalt Rubber Products, Crafco, Inc., Chandler, Arizona, 2002. 79. Chehovits, J. G., “Cracks in AC Pavements,” Presentation at National Pavement Preservation Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, 2012. 80. Miller, J. S., and Bellinger, W. Y., “Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program” (Fourth Revised Edition), FHWA-RD-03-031, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2003. 81. Kelly, N. T., Personal Communication with Dale S. Decker regard- ing equipment requirements for crack sealing operations, Crafco, Inc., 2013. 82. Pavement Maintenance Manual, Nebraska Department of Roads. 83. Field Sampling from Melters Procedure, Crafco, Inc., Chandler, Arizona, 2008. 84. Al-Qadi, I. I., Ozer, H., Yousefi, S. S., and McGhee, K. K., “Valida- tion of Hot-Poured Crack Sealant Performance-Based Guidelines,” Illinois Center for Transportation Research, 2014. State Specifications (SS) 1. Work Performance Standard: Mainline Crack Route and Seal, Code 2090, Indiana Department of Transportation, Division of Mainte- nance, 2013. 2. Work Performance Standard: Mainline Crack Filling, Code 2070, Indiana Department of Transportation, Division of Maintenance, 2013. 3. Standard Operating Guideline (SOG 402-1), Tennessee Depart- ment of Transportation Division of Maintenance, 2010. 4. Plant Mix Pavement Crack Sealing, Section 403, Standard Specifi- cations, Wyoming Department of Transportation. 5. Crack Sealing Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavement, Section 451, Standard Specifications, Illinois Department of Transportation. 6. Peoria County, Illinois, Request for Quotations for Crack Sealing, 2013. 7. Crack Sealing for Roadways, Section 02501, Martin County, Florida, 2012. 8. Joint Repair and Crack Filling Maintenance Standard, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, 2007. 9. Master Agreement for Polymer Asphalt Cracksealing, Common- wealth of Kentucky, 2011. 10. Project Provisions and Specifications for Supply or Supply and Deliver Crack Fill Material in Yavapai County, Arizona, 2013. 11. Project Provisions and Specifications for Contract for Crack Sealing in Yavapai County, Arizona, 2013. 12. HMA Crack Treatment, Section 502, Standard Specifications, Michigan Department of Transportation. 13. HMA Crack Treatment and Overband Crack Fill, Special Provision 12SP502(B), Michigan Department of Transportation. 14. Warranty Work Requirements for HMA Crack Treatment (Capital Preventative Maintenance), Special Provision 12SP502(A), Michigan Department of Transportation. 15. Bituminous Pavement Crack Treatment, Special Provision SP2005 S-136, Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2008. 16. Bituminous Pavement Crack Treatment Clean and Seal, Special Provision SP2005 S-137, Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2008. 17. Pavement Crack Sealing, Section 536, Standard Specifications for Highway Construction, British Columbia Highways, Canada, 2004. 18. Crack and Joint Cleaning and Sealing (HMA Surfaces), Section 2541, Iowa Department of Transportation. 19. Cleaning and Filling Cracks for HMA Surfaces, Section 2544, Iowa Department of Transportation. Test Methods (TM) 1. Standard Method of Test for Accelerated Aging of Bituminous Seal- ants and Fillers with a Vacuum Oven, AASHTO TP 86-10, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Wash- ington, D.C. 2. Standard Method of Test for Evaluation of the Low-Temperature Tensile Property of Bituminous Sealants by Direct Tension Test, AASHTO TP 88-10, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. 3. Standard Method of Test for Measuring Interfacial Fracture Energy of Hot-Poured Crack Sealant Using a Blister Test, AASHTO TP 90-10, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. 4. Standard Method of Test for Measure Low Temperature Flexural Creep Stiffness of Bituminous Sealants and Fillers by Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR), AASHTO TP 87-10, American Asso ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. 5. Standard Adhesion of Hot-Poured Crack Sealant Using Direct Adhesion Tester, AASHTO TP 89-10, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. 6. Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Crack Seal- ing Treatments on Asphalt Surfaced Pavement, PP20-95, American

37 Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Wash- ington, D.C., reconfirmed 2000. 7. Standard Method of Test for Apparent Viscosity of Hot-Poured Crack Sealant Using Brookfield Rotational Viscometer RV Series Instrument, AASHTO TP 85-10, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. 8. Standard Practice for Melting of Hot-Applied Joint and Crack Sealant and Filler for Evaluation, ASTM D5167-13, Volume 04.03, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2013. 9. Standard Specification for Backer Material for Use with Cold- and Hot-Applied Joint Sealants in Portland-Cement Concrete and Asphalt Joints, ASTM D5249-10, Volume 04.03, American Soci- ety for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2013. 10. Standard Test Methods for Sealants and Fillers, Hot-Applied, for Joints and Cracks in Asphaltic and Portland Cement Concrete Pavements, ASTM D5329-09, Volume 04.03, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2013. 11. Standard Specification for Joint and Crack Sealants, Hot Applied, for Concrete and Asphalt Pavements, ASTM D6690-12, Volume 04.03, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2013. 12. Standard Specification for Emulsified Asphalt, ASTM D977-12b, Volume 04.03, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2013. 13. Standard Specification for Cationic Emulsified Asphalt, ASTM D2397-12, Volume 04.03, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2013.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation