Best Practices Manual for Working In or Near Airport Movement Areas (2014)

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40 Air Line Pilots Association International, White Paper: Runway Incursions, A Call for Action, March 2007. This paper provides an analysis of the risk and severity of the runway incursion problem facing the U.S. air transportation system. The paper concludes with a call for action by government and industry to comprehensively address the risk of runway incursions through prompt implementation of all Com- mercial Aviation Safety Team recommended mitigations. Airbus, Flight Operations Briefing Notes, Runway and Surface Operations, Preventing Runway Incursions, May 2004. This briefing note discusses runway incursions, their associated contributing factors, and related prevention strategies. Airport Asphalt Technology Program, HMA Airport Construction Best Practice Manual, November 22, 2010. This webinar provides technical guidance and a comprehensive manual on best construction practices for HMA airport pavements. ACRP, ACRP Synthesis of Airport Practice 12: Preventing Vehicle-Aircraft Incidents During Winter Operations and Periods of Low Visibility, December 18, 2008. This synthesis examines factors affecting safe winter operations and the prevention of runway incursions by airport snow removal equipment operators. ACRP, ACRP Synthesis of Airport Practice 15: Identification of the Requirements and Training to Obtain Driving Privileges on Airfields, June 22, 2009. This synthesis explores information on the requirements and training required to obtain driving privileges on airport airfields and the differences and similarities among the various airports throughout the country. The publication also examines information on the types of training programs available to airport employees based on where the employees were authorized to drive. Airports Council International (ACI), ACI Airside Safety Handbook, Third Edition 2006, 2009. This handbook is a guide to airside safety for airside managers and builds on previous work by ACI— namely the Apron Safety Handbook. The remit of this handbook has been widened to include selected topics relating to safe operations in airside areas. Airports Council International – North America (ACI-NA), Movement Area Driver’s Best Practices, August 2011. This guide of generally recognized best practices can be used to refresh drivers’ awareness of issues associated with driving on the movement area. ACI-NA, Movement Area Driver’s Checklist, August 2011. This checklist can be used prior to entering the movement area while in a vehicle. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) Air Safety Institute, Runway Safety, https://www.aopa.org/asf/ osc/loginform.cfm?course=runway_safety&project_code=&. Accessed August 30, 2011. This website lists various best known practices for airfield safety. Included are best practices for air traffic controllers, pilots, and airport personnel. References and Bibliography

References and Bibliography 41 Boeing, Challenges to Airport Ramp & Runway Debris Control, October 2010. This paper provides an analysis of the risk and severity of the runway incursion problem facing the U.S. air transportation system. The paper concludes with a call for action by government and industry to comprehensively address the risk of runway incursions through prompt implementation of all Commercial Aviation Safety Team recommended mitigations. Eurocontrol, European Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions, Edition 2.0, April 2011. This action plan, based on the ICAO standards and recommended practices, is suitable for universal application. These recommendations will enhance runway safety by the consistent and harmonized application of existing ICAO provisions and by improving controller–pilot–vehicle driver communica- tions and working procedures at an aerodrome. FAA, AC 120-57A, Surface Movement Guidance and Control System, December 19, 1996. This advisory circular describes the standards for and provides guidance in the development of a Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (SMGCS) plan for U.S. airports where scheduled air carriers are authorized to conduct operations when the visibility is less than 1,200 feet runway visual range (RVR). An SMGCS plan facilitates the safe movement of aircraft and vehicles on the airport by establishing more rigorous control procedures and requiring enhanced visual aids. FAA, AC 150/5200-28D, Notices to Airmen (NOTAMS) for Airport Operators, January 28, 2008. This advisory circular provides guidance on using the NOTAM system for airport condition reporting. FAA, AC 150/5200-30C, Airport Winter Safety and Operations, September 5, 2007. This advisory circular provides guidance to assist airport operators in developing a snow and ice control plan, conducting and reporting runway friction surveys, and establishing snow removal and control procedures. FAA, AC 150/5200-37, Introduction to Safety Management Systems (SMS) for Airport Operators, February 28, 2007. This advisory circular introduces the concept of a safety management system (SMS) for airport operators. FAA, AC 150/5210-17B, Programs for Training of Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Personnel, September 23, 2009. This advisory circular provides information on courses and reference materials for training of ARFF personnel. FAA, AC 150/5210-18A, Systems for Interactive Training of Airport Personnel, September 29, 2008. This advisory circular provides guidance in the design of systems for interactive training of airport personnel, eligible for funding under the Airport Improvement Program (AIP) and with Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) revenues. FAA, AC 150/5210-20, Change 1, Ground Vehicle Operation on Airports, March 31, 2008. This advisory circular contains guidance to airport operators on developing ground vehicle operation training programs. FAA, AC 150/5210-21, Announcement of Availability: Airport Surface Safety Training Programs for Mechanics and Ramp Personnel, September 23, 2003. This advisory circular announces the availability of two training programs on aircraft taxi procedures and tug and tow procedures and also provides information about how to acquire these programs. FAA, AC 150/5210-24, Airport Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Management, September 30, 2010. This advisory circular provides guidance for developing and managing an airport FOD program. In addition, this document provides specifications for the equipment used in FOD removal operations. The described program addresses prevention, detection, removal, and evaluation as well as strategies and practices that can help reduce FOD at airports. The guidelines presented in this advisory circular are advisory and can be implemented at the discretion of the airport operator in accordance with the airport operator’s approved Airport Certification Manual. FAA, AC 150/5210-5D, Painting, Marking, and Lighting of Vehicles Used on an Airport, April 1, 2010. This advisory circular provides guidance, specifications, and standards for painting, marking, and lighting of ground vehicles operating in the airport AOA. The approved lights, colors, and markings

42 Best Practices Manual for Working In or Near Airport Movement Areas described in the advisory circular ensure the conspicuity of vehicles operating in the AOA from both the ground and the air. The advisory circular contains new specifications and recommendations for the painting, marking, and lighting of Towbarless Tow Vehicles. FAA, AC 150/5300-13, Change 15, Airport Design, December 31, 2009. This advisory circular provides standards and recommendations for airport design. FAA, AC 150/5340-18F, Standards for Airport Sign Systems, August 16, 2010. This advisory circular contains standards for the siting and installation of signs on airport runways and taxiways, including taxiway ending markers, location signs, runway distance remaining signs, mandatory hold signs associated with POFZ and CAT II/III operations, and many others. FAA, AC 150/5340-1K, Change 1, Standards for Airport Markings, March 22, 2011. This advisory circular contains the FAA standards for markings used on airport runways, taxiways, and aprons. FAA, AC 150/5370-13A, Off-Peak Construction of Airport Pavements Using Hot-Mix Asphalt, September 29, 2006. This advisory circular provides guidance for the planning, coordination, management, design, testing, inspection, and execution of off-peak construction of airport pavements using HMA paving materials. It also focuses on HMA airfield pavement construction and applies to other types of airfield improvements where off-peak construction is identified as the preferred delivery method. FAA, AC 150/5370-2E, Operational Safety on Airports during Construction, January 17, 2003. This advisory circular provides guidance on operational safety on airports—with special emphasis on safety during periods of construction activity—to assist airport operators in complying with Part 139, Certification of Airports. FAA, Airfield Procedures for Vehicles and Pedestrians, May 2009. This document describes procedures for vehicles and pedestrians to follow while on or near the airfield movement area. FAA, Great Lakes Region, Airport Certification Information Bulletin (ACIB), Best Practices for Winter Operations, December 13, 2010. This ACIB provides best practices for airport operators to use when performing winter operations. FAA, Great Lakes Region, ACIB, Operational Safety on Airports during Construction, January 3, 2012. This ACIB provides a brief overview of the new requirements set forth in FAA AC 150/5370-2F to maintain operational safety during construction. FAA, Great Lakes Region, ACIB, Runway Safety Best Practices During Winter Operations, January 4, 2011. This ACIB provides a best practices poster for airport operators to use when performing snow operations. FAA, Great Lakes Region, ACIB, Training Frequency: 12 CCM per Subject Area, March 1, 2011. This ACIB clarifies the requirement that the 12 consecutive calendar month requirement for recurrent training applies to each subject area individually, not a curriculum as a whole. FAA, Airport Ground Vehicle Operations, An FAA Guide, March 2008. This guide provides a general overview of safe procedures for driving on an airport. FAA, Airport Signs and Marking – Quick Reference Guide, November 2007. This guide provides a graphical outline of signs encountered on an airport and their purpose and location/convention. FAA, Airport Signs, Markings and Procedures—Your Guide to Avoiding Runway Incursions (video), date unknown. This video details the signs, markings, and procedures that vehicle drivers should follow while driving on the AOA.

References and Bibliography 43 FAA, Annual Runway Safety Report 2009, October 2009. This report presents the FAA’s progress toward performance targets for runway safety. Runway incursion trends are presented to demonstrate the relative contribution of these strategies toward improving runway safety. FAA, Annual Runway Safety Report 2010, September 2010. This report presents the FAA’s progress toward performance targets for runway safety. Runway incursion trends are presented to demonstrate the relative contribution of these strategies toward improving runway safety. FAA, CertAlert, Closing Active Runway for FOD Checks Increases Safe Operations, March 17, 2009. This CertAlert encourages quick airport action to assessing the threat posed by FOD on or near a runway. FAA, CertAlert, Driver Training Simulators, August 26, 2002. This CertAlert encourages airport operators to set up driver training programs and simulators on their airports. FAA, CertAlert, Personnel and Equipment in the Runway Safety Area, November 12, 2003. This CertAlert reinforces the requirements of 14 CFR Part 193.309(b)(4) which states that no object may be located in any safety area, except for objects that must be located in a safety area because of their function. FAA, CertAlert, Public Safety Personnel Operating in the Movement Area, March 30, 2000. This CertAlert provides recommendations for Public Safety personnel operating in the movement area to reduce runway incursions and surface incidents. FAA, CertAlert, Safety During Construction and Reducing Runway Incursions, July 1, 2009. This CertAlert (1) reminds airport operators that the summer construction period shows a historical increase in construction-related V/PDs and (2) provides actions airport operators can take to mitigate the risk. FAA, CertAlert, Safety Risks for Operating Supertugs (TLTV) in the Movement Area and Air Operations Area (AOA) when Towing Large Air Carrier Aircraft, November 25, 2008. This CertAlert provides a checklist for addressing TLTV operations at certificated airports. FAA, CertAlert, Stop Runway Incursions & Surface Incidents Now, April 18, 2006. This CertAlert provides recommendations and actions for airport operators to review and implement at their airports which may reduce runway incursions and/or surface incidents. FAA, CertAlert, Super-tug Operations on Part 139 Airports (All Surfaces), July 1, 2008. This CertAlert recommends certificated airport operators meet with each Part 121 air carrier or contractor using Supertugs to ensure a safety risk management approach is being implemented to address the potential safety concerns posed by the operation of Supertugs. FAA, CertAlert, U.S. Government Employees/Contractors Seeking Unescorted Motor Vehicle Access to the Move- ment Area at a Part 139 Certificated Airport are Required to Meet the Specific Airport’s Movement Area Access Requirements, January 10, 2007. This CertAlert clarifies the requirement for airport operators certificated under Part 139 to ensure that each U.S. Government employee/contractor seeking unescorted motor vehicle access to the airport movement area completes the airport’s movement area drivers training program prior to operating a motor vehicle on the airport movement area. FAA, CertAlert, Vehicle Pedestrian Deviation Runway Incursions, August 10, 2007. This CertAlert provides recommendations and suggestions that may be useful tools to reduce runway incursions and/or surface incidents. FAA, Southern Region, CertAlert, Airfield Self-Inspections, February 26, 2004. This CertAlert recommends that airport operators use two individuals per vehicle for airfield self- inspections.

44 Best Practices Manual for Working In or Near Airport Movement Areas FAA, Southern Region, CertAlert, AOPA Runway Safety Program, August 25, 2004. This CertAlert recommends that airport vehicle operators take the brief AOPA Runway Safety Program course. FAA, Southern Region, CertAlert, Beware of Contractors!, June 15, 2006. This CertAlert provides recommendations for airport operators to use to enhance safety on the airfield with contractors. FAA, Southern Region, CertAlert, Clarification of Training Frequency, September 23, 2010. This CertAlert reminds airport operators that each person must receive and document training in all of their required subject areas at least once every 12 consecutive calendar months. FAA, Southern Region, CertAlert, FAA Adopts ICAO Definition for Runway Incursions, November 16, 2007. This CertAlert informs airport operators that, effective October 1, 2007, the FAA will use the definition for a runway incursion that has been adopted by ICAO. FAA, Southern Region, CertAlert, Movement Area Training for FAA Employees, April 18, 2008. This CertAlert reminds airport operators that if FAA employees or contractors are working on the movement area of the airport they must undergo drivers training. FAA, Southern Region, CertAlert, Runway Incursion: A Construction Lesson Learned, the Hard Way, September 26, 2002. This CertAlert reminds airport operators that they must ensure appropriate and effective preventive procedures are established at all points that permit access to the AOA. FAA, Southern Region, CertAlert, Spring Means Construction, Air Shows, April 24, 2009. This CertAlert provides a checklist for airport operators to use during construction and air shows. FAA, Southern Region, CertAlert, V/PD Alert, October 5, 2011. This CertAlert provides a checklist for airport operators to utilize to reduce V/PDs. FAA, Communications, A Key Component of Safe Surface Operations, 2nd Edition, September 2005. This brochure outlines communication procedures for safe surface operations at towered and non-towered airports. FAA, Driving on the Airport Operations Area (video), 2001. This video details the procedures vehicle drivers should follow while driving on the AOA. FAA, Focus on Hotspots, Prevent Runway Incursions, June 2009. This brochure describes hotspots, hotspot concerns, and how to issue hotspot notices. FAA, Ground Vehicle Guide to Airport Signs & Markings, July 2009. This guide provides depictions of signs encountered on an airport and their purpose. FAA, Known Best Practices for Airfield Safety, http://www.faa.gov/airports/runway_safety/bestpractices.cfm. Accessed August 24, 2011. This website lists various best practices for airfield safety, including best practices for air traffic controllers, pilots, and airport personnel. FAA, Reducing Runway Incursions, Driving on the Airport FY 2009, December 2008. This brochure provides situation awareness tips and easy steps to avoid runway incursions. FAA, Reducing the Potential for Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviations (V/PD) and Runway Incursions, August 2007. This PowerPoint presentation emphasizes the importance of taking all possible measures to prevent runway incursions by pedestrians and ground vehicles.

References and Bibliography 45 FAA, Runway Safety – Vehicle Drivers, http://www.faa.gov/airports/runway_safety/vehicle/. Accessed August 24, 2011. This website for vehicle drivers is best suited for those personnel operating on the AOA to learn and use tools that help improve safety on the runway. It includes best practices, educational tools and resources, airport diagrams and hot spots, training and instruction, and briefings or meetings held by the Runway Safety Office. FAA, Runway-Taxiway Construction Best Practices & Lessons Learned, Revision D, May 26, 2011. This document outlines best practices and lessons learned at airports around the United States regarding construction on or near taxiways and runways. FAA, Safe Tug & Tow Operations (video), April 2011. This video presents standardized concepts, along with practices and procedures determined to be best practices by the FAA. The video addresses markings, signs and lights; phraseology and communications; typical tug and tow operations; and an FAA-developed review quiz. ICAO, Annex 13, Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation, July 2001. ICAO Annex 13 contains the international Standards and Recommended Practices for aircraft accident and incident investigation. ICAO, Annex 14, Aerodromes, Vol. 1, July 2009. ICAO Annex 14, Volume I, contains Standards and Recommended Practices that prescribe the physical characteristics, obstacle limitation surfaces, and visual aids to be provided at aerodromes, as well as certain facilities and technical services normally provided at an aerodrome. ICAO, Document 9137, Airport Services Manual, Vol. 6, 1983. This Volume includes information intended to provide guidance on the control of obstacles in the vicinity of an airport. This part of the manual includes information on obstacle surfaces, controlling obstacles at an airport, temporary hazards, obstacle survey, and airport equipment and installations that might constitute obstacles. ICAO, Document 9157, Aerodrome Design Manuals, Vol. 1 (2006), 2 (2005) & 4 (2004). Volume 1 provides guidance on the geometric design of runways and the aerodrome elements normally associated with runways and discusses runway configuration, runway length, airplane performance parameters affecting runway length, and planning to accommodate future aircraft. Volume 2 contains material on the general layout and description of the design criteria for taxiway physical characteristics, including taxiway fillets, shoulders, and strips, as well as typical apron layouts and their design require- ments. Holding bays, dual or multiple taxiways and the advantages and disadvantages of each are dis- cussed. In addition, guidance is given on taxiway fillet design and planning for future aircraft. Volume 4 provides information on the characteristics of visual aids used at airports. Topics include functional requirements of visual ground aids, surface marking and markers, approach lighting systems; light characteristics for precision approach runways and taxiways; runway lead-in lighting systems, runway and taxiway lighting, surface movement guidance and control systems, taxiing guidance signs, and obstacle lighting. ICAO, Document 9859, Safety Management Manual, 2006. This manual provides detailed guidance on the principles and practices of aviation safety management. It is designed to assist States, aircraft and aerodrome operators, and air traffic services (ATS) providers in implementing the Annex provisions with respect to safety programs and safety management systems. ICAO, Document 9870, Manual on the Prevention of Runway Incursions, 2007. This manual provides guidance to States, international organizations, aerodrome operators, ATS pro- viders, and aircraft operators on implementing runway safety programs. The manual addresses aspects such as contributory factors, establishing runway incursion prevention programs, recommendations for the prevention of runway incursions, incident reporting and data collection, classification of the severity of runway incursions. The manual includes a compendium of best practices applicable to com- munications, flight deck, air traffic control, and airside vehicles as well as references to runway safety toolkits.

46 Best Practices Manual for Working In or Near Airport Movement Areas Transport Canada, National Civil Aviation Safety Committee, Subcommittee on Runway Incursions, Final Report, September 14, 2000. This report documented the activities of the subcommittee on runway incursions and includes data related to runway incursions and preventive strategies that could be implemented. United States GAO, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Aviation, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, FAA Has Increased Efforts to Address Runway Incursions, September 25, 2008. This statement is based on the GAO’s November 2007 report issued to this Subcommittee on runway safety. GAO’s work on that report included surveying experts on the causes of runway incidents and accidents and the effectiveness of measures to address them, reviewing safety data, and interviewing agency and industry officials. This statement also contains information from FAA on recent incursions and actions taken since November 2007.