INDEX
A
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 38
American Museum of Natural History, 38
American Type Culture Collection, 71
Army Corps of Engineers, 36, 78, 148
Audubon Societies, 42
Australia
biodiversity organizations, 65
Environmental Resources Information Network, 97
B
Biodiversity Research Consortium, 39
Biological assessment
development of protocols, 79
Biological data and information, 54, 121
access for researchers, 95
benefits, 53
dispersed locations, 57, 115, 161
needs, 94
online access, 161
organization, 97
public needs, 95
sources, 106
use by decision-makers, 93, 95, 97
use by public/private organizations, 55, 95
Biological diversity
data management, 104
decline, 65
development of a data model, 105
difficulties in minimizing threats, 44
inventories of rich areas, 158
maintenance and enhancement, 61
Biological indicators
ecological trends, 87
importance, 87
monitoring and assessment, 87
standards, 87
Biological resources, 31, 59, 61
anticipation of conflicts, 56
assessment, 28
challenging issues, 56
definition, 26
detecting trends, 80
distribution, 57
dynamics, 52
effects of climate change, 85
effects of suburbanization, 65
esthetic experiences, 46
evaluation, 61
identifying changes, 80
improved management of, 54
information base for decisions, 57
information needs, 84
information flow, 111
inventorying and monitoring, 55
management, 29, 49, 50, 52, 54, 72, 90
management and preservation, 133
national and international networks, 39
objectives for assessment, 64
products of practical value, 121
programs directed at understanding, 28
regional management systems, 124
scientific basis for management, 31, 55
synergistic focus, 51
values and services, 26
Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends, 112
Biota
documentation and assessment, 31
lack of basic knowledge, 27
preservation, 59
specimen and data collections, 67
Birds of North America, 65
Bishop Museum, 38
Botanical Society of America, 42
Breeding Bird Survey, 106, 112, 120
British Columbia
regional management system, 125
Bureau of Land Management, 32, 139
inclusion in NBS, 28
organization, 133
Bureau of Mines
inclusion in NBS, 28
Bureau of Reclamation
inclusion in NBS, 28
C
California, 158
example of regional cooperation, 125
regional management system, 125
California Academy of Sciences, 38
Canada
biological survey, 51
biological surveys, 42
atmospheric concentration, 47
buffering by natural processes, 45
Caribbean
biological surveys, 51
Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity program (CARICOMP), 40
decline in reef corals, 73
scientific expertise, 42
Carnegie Commission on Science and Technology, 148
Census Bureau
Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing, 107
Center for Biological Conservation, 39
Center for Plant Conservation, 40, 72
Central America
biological surveys, 51
scientific expertise, 42
Climate change, 47
preparations for dealing with, 54
Classification systems, 74, 111
limitations, 76
predictive, 64
Collections, 38, 64, 67, 69-72, 84, 96, 103, 107, 109, 144, 147, 157
inventory of specimens and data, 69
Committee on the National Institute for the Environment, 148
Communities and ecosystems, 60
effects of alien species, 86
effects of climate change, 47
effects of human settlement, 65
evaluation, 157
functional integrity, 87
inventorying threatened, 158
rate of change, 86
types, 64
Conservation
information needs, 96
Cooperative programs
role in NPBS, 39
Costa Rica
National Biodiversity Institute (INBio), 65, 97
D
Data and information
ability to provide, 52
challenges in computerization, 96
coordination and management, 106
custodianship, 109
dissemination, 117
ensuring scientific quality, 119
examples of necessary products, 121
formal review, 119
historical information needs, 85
horizontal integration, 111
inherent incompleteness, 56
judicious use, 50
local application, 133
management, 112
management office, 160
management in NBS, 112
methods of exchange, 117
national network, 161
needs, 94
NPBS management programs, 162
organization, 51
policies and programs, 93
preparing manuals and guides, 159
problem-specific nature, 53
quality assurance, 117
range, 50
scale of application, 50
sharing, 108-120
software tools, 118
standards, 106
supplied by the NPBS, 117
technical reports, 117
usability, 106
vertical integration, 111
Data management, 51
functional requirements, 110
NPBS objective, 108
Databases
assessment of exiting, 157
Center for Plant Conservation, 40
computerized, 160
conservation, 106
custodianship, 109
damage from interruptions, 52
development, 103
distributed queries, 111
environmental and socioeconomic, 107
flexible system design, 112
Flora of North America, 39
functional requirements, 110
Human Genome Project, 108
impediments to integration, 106
learning from others, 108
national and international, 75
NBS goals, 116
network interfaces, 110
NPBS development and organization, 31
queries on different scales and levels of organization, 111
regional and statewide efforts, 161
requirements for NPBS, 94
specimen-based, 38
state level, 37
taxonomic, 106
The Nature Conservancy, 39
transformation, 109
use in ecosystem classification, 75
Decision-making, 59
available information, 54
communication of research findings, 94
information needs, 97
need for reliable information, 49, 93
role of NBS, 139
value and economic influences, 57
Delaware River basin, 39
Department of Agriculture, 117, 133, 140
Agricultural Research Service, 35
Forest Service and Soil Conservation Service, 35
systematics research laboratories, 70
Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 35
Department of Energy, 70
Department of the Interior (DOI), 5, 40, 70, 105, 124, 127, 128, 133, 140, 141, 160
cooperative research units, 144
diverse bureau mandates, 125
formation of NBS, 28
internal reorganization, 151
land management bureaus, 125, 141
National Biological Survey, 123
proposed National Biological Status and Trends Program, 112
role in NPBS, 32
Development
effect on natural resources, 124
Diversification, 51
E
Ecological diversity
esthetic experiences, 47
Ecological productivity
effects of climate change, 47
Ecological services
decline due to pollution, 45
maintenance, 45
management and conservation, 45
replacement by technology, 45
Ecological Society of America, 42
Ecology, 51
Ecosystems
alteration and degradation, 27
availability of short-term information, 47
determining highest priority, 157
documentation and assessment, 31, 53
environmental services, 25, 45
impact of changes, 79
inventorying, 158
location and size, 53
maintenance, 59
management, 71
modification from exotic species, 48
reducing undesirable effects, 45
research, 50
sensitivity to change, 54
structure and dynamics, 53
terrestrial and aquatic, 77
understanding location, 76
Endangered Species Act, 125, 139, 145
backlog of listing candidates, 26
embodiment of national policy, 43
recovery programs, 26
Environmental Protection Agency, 36, 78, 79, 133, 140, 149, 154
Biodiversity Research Consortium, 39
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, 107
research programs, 144
Environmental research, 70
interdisciplinary, 60
needs, 149
problems facing, 149
species inventories and classification, 70
Evolutionary biology, 51
F
Federal Coordinating Council on Biological Survey, 142, 144, 148, 153, 155
Federal Geographic Data Committee, 107
Fertilizers, 45
Field Museum of Natural History, 38
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act, 154
Flora of North America, 65, 106, 113
information available from, 39
Florida Everglades, 158
Florida Museum of Natural History, 38
Freshwater Imperative, 40, 107
Functional integrity
communities and ecosystems, 87
definition, 27
Fungi, 44, 46, 59, 69-71, 81, 83, 87
G
Gap analysis
database, 106
program completion, 159
Gene sequences, 44
Gene splicing, 48
Geographic Information Systems, 104, 155
Global Change Research Program, 112
Great Lakes Fisheries Assessment, 112
Great Lakes Fisheries Councils, 139
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 73
Greenhouse gases, 47
H
Habitats
management and preservation, 25, 46, 47
variation in data needs, 53
Hawaii, 158
extinctions due to alien species, 86
native forests, 73
Human activities
biological impact, 44
contribution to decline in natural resources, 27
effects on climate change, 47
effects on species, 65
environmental effects, 45, 48, 159
most affected geographic locations, 161
I
insectaria, 72
Interagency Task Force on Water Quality Monitoring, 107
Interagency Working Group and Data Management for Global Change, 107
Interior Geographic Data Commit tee, 105, 107
International Joint Commission on the Great Lakes databases, 39
Invisible present, 86
Izaak Walton League, 42
K
L
Land use decisions, 53
economic and biological effects, 57
Lichens, 71
Living collections, 72
M
Maps and mapping, 104
deficiencies, 104
Marine environments
lack of knowledge, 71
Massachusetts Audubon Society, 39
Medicines, 48
Metropolitan areas
expansion, 27, 44, 46, 51, 156
ecological impacts of expansion, 95
low density land use, 45
percent of population, 51
Mexico
Microbial diversity, 44
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 139
Migratory birds, 45
Minerals Management Service, 28, 139
Missouri Botanical Garden, 38
Montana
regional management system, 125
Moths of North America, 65
Museums, 144
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 38
American Museum of Natural History, 38
Bishop Museum, 38
California Academy of Sciences, 38
efficient use of resources, 55
existing relevant programs, 30
Field Museum of Natural History, 38
Florida Museum of Natural History, 38
integration with NBS, 29
Missouri Botanical Garden, 38
National Museum of Natural History, 38
New York Botanical Garden, 38
role in NPBS, 38
N
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Audubon Society, 39
National biological information system, 97
National Biological Status and Trends program, 112, 116, 162
National Biological Survey
as information facilitator, 53
cooperative agreements, 144
cooperative research units, 144
coordination, 144
coordination within DOI, 138
critical role of state agencies, 133
data and information policies, 93
field and state coordination, 139
focus of information management, 160
formation, 28
FY 1994 budget justification, 28
FY 1995 budget, 154
mandate, 128
mix of scientific disciplines, 155
National Partnership for Biological Survey, 60, 61, 103
need for extramural research, 143
need for objective science, 128
publication and electronic communication capabilities, 162
purpose, 129
recommended organizational structure, 134
relationship with management experts, 127
requirements for director, 129
research on ecological requirements, 73
research priorities, 156
role and function of, 125
scientific focus, 133
scientific work, 129
separation from the political process, 129
staff capabilities, 142
staff needs, 142
strategic implementation plan, 152
National Biotic Resource Information System
development of, 103
National Center for Atmospheric Research, 108, 109
National Commission on the Environment, 148
National Environmental Council, 149
National Environmental Protection Act, 43
National Heritage database, 106
National Institute for the Environment, 149
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 112
National Institutes of Health, 70
National Marine Fisheries Service, 148
Biological Survey Unit, 38
National Marine Sanctuaries, 133
National Museum of Natural History, 38
National Ocean Service, 148
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 35, 105, 107, 140, 154
agency responsibilities, 43
research programs, 70, 73, 144
National Park Service, 32
agency responsibilities, 43
cooperative research units, 144
impact of personnel transfers, 154
inclusion in NBS, 28
National Partnership for Biological Survey, 63
abilities of, 31
ability to communicate information, 52
accountability among participants, 152
benefits, 53
benefits to biodiversity prospecting, 48
biota analysis, 67
budgetary considerations, 140, 141, 145, 146
cataloguing of information, 54
comprehensive structure, 57
computerized databases, 160
contributions to information development and use, 54
coordinating role, 80
coordination, 132
data and information policies, 93
data and information supply, 117
data standards, 106
description of, 29
desired characteristics, 49
development of credible information base, 56
elements of, 32
federal level coordination, 55
federal programs, 155
framework for information assessment, 56
framework for multidisciplinary research, 50
funding stability, 155
identifying target areas, 78
implementation, 123
information from, 50
information management plan, 160
information products, 53
institutional components, 32
leadership role of the NBS, 32
limits to, 56
long-term effect, 133
management of institutional relationships, 123
means for effective organization, 49
need to set information priorities, 55
needs for scientific credibility, 49
online data dictionaries, 120
pilot projects, 90
print products, 121
product communication, 121
product communication goals, 121
responsibilities toward selected taxa, 69
risk of label, 57
role of cooperative programs, 39
role of DOI, 32
role of federal agencies, 32, 35
role of foreign biological entities, 42
role of museums, 38
role of native american groups, 40
role of NBS, 32
role of nongovernment organizations, 39
role of private interests, 40
role of Puerto Rico and other U.S. territories and lands, 40
role of scientists, 42
role of Smithsonian Institution, 37
role of the National Science Foundation, 143
role of the Smithsonian Institution, 37
scientific credibility, 49
scientific focus, 133
scientific information standards, 119
species distribution assessment, 69
stimulation of research, 50, 76
strategic implementation plan, 152
strategy for development, 52
strengths, 51
taxonomic research, 65
timely and accessible information, 94
use of information, 52
users and participants, 32, 65
uses of information gathered, 93
vegetation characterization, 75
National Research Council
Committee on Environmental Research, 148
National Science Board
recommendations, 146
National Science Foundation, 36, 143, 146
FY 1995 budget, 154
peer review, 147
research programs, 154
role in biodiversity research, 146
National Spatial Data Infrastructure, 104
building blocks of, 107
involvement of NPBS, 105
National Water Quality Information System (NWIS), 107
National Wetlands Inventory, 112
National Wildlife Refuges, 133
Native Americans
role in NPBS, 40
New York Botanical Garden, 38
Nongovernment organizations
relevant programs, 30
role in NPBS, 39
Nonrenewable resources, 44, 46, 51
Nutrient cycling, 71
Nutritional sources, 48
O
Office of Environmental Quality, 149
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement inclusion in NBS, 28
P
Pacific Northwest forests, 125
Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program, 112
Pesticides, 45
data model systems, 161
goals, 90
regional collaboration, 70, 157
scope, 91
study of key species, 74
Pittman-Robertson Act, 145
assimilating of pollutants, 25, 61
biological impacts, 95
biological indicators, 79
negative effects, 45
nonpoint, 79
of wetlands, 45
recognizing warning signs, 79
sensitivity of organisms to, 86
Population biology, 74
Population genetics, 51
Populations
distribution and abundance, 60
Private landholders
role in NPBS, 40
Private sector
conservation efforts, 26
existing relevant programs, 30
Public lands
acquisition, 26
Puerto Rico, 42
biological resources, 40
role in NPBS, 40
R
Regional Collaborative Projects, 90
Regional management system
complications in achieving, 125
Research, 60
broadening programs, 159
comparative, 51
communication of results, 118
coordination, 140
different perspectives, 104
domestic and international, 51
ecosystems, 73
environmental indicators, 158
federal spending, 146
human settlement patterns, 51
interdisciplinary, 60
restoration methods, 77
selected species, 73
short-term plan, 157
species diversity, 50
stability and financial support, 52
stimulating and coordinating, 50
stimulation of appropriate, 50
taxonomic, 65
type and scope, 50
Resources
human and financial, 61
identification of target areas, 78
inventorying, 158
marine environments, 49
of rivers, 78
pilot project, 78
potential candidate areas, 158
priorities, 78
research efforts, 159
research on methods, 77
Restoration biology, 77
Rivers
need for national inventory, 78
Russia
S
Setting priorities, 59-61
data management, 160-162
for implementation, 151
general considerations, 62
multiple criteria, 61
personnel and administrative management, 153, 155, 156
research and inventory programs, 156, 158, 159
Smithsonian Institution, 154
National Biodiversity Center, 37
research programs, 144
role in NPBS, 37
specimen-based databases, 38
Standard Methods for Measuring Biological Diversity, 113
Social sciences, 51
Society for Conservation Biology, 42
Soils
contamination and erosion, 48
decontamination, 48
South Pacific
Spatial analysis
new opportunities, 104
Spatial data, 103
collection and documentation of, 105
fuller use, 105
production, 104
Spatial interactions, 97
Species
changes in distribution and abundance, 87
criteria for study, 72
international distribution, 51
knowledge of natural history, 72
population biology, 64
relevance to environmental issues, 73
understanding ecological requirements, 72
where they occur, 72
Species distributions, 96
Species diversity, 57
Species viability, 44
State biological surveys, 36, 65, 106, 107
integration with NBS, 29
State Heritage Programs, 37, 39, 119
Statistical design and evaluation, 51
information, 55
measurement, 57
monitoring, 86
need for information, 44
predictive models, 159
Strategic implementation plan, 152
Systematics, 51
Systematics Agenda 2000, 107
T
Taxa
appropriate for immediate study, 69
classification, 70
determining highest priority, 157
discovery and classification, 69
establishment of collections and information, 70
field guides, 159
need for U.S. specialists, 71
Taxonomists
register of specialists, 157
The Nature Conservancy, 37, 39, 74
Biodiversity Research Consortium, 39
Heritage Program, 113
Toxicology, 51
Trends
mapping and monitoring, 74
U
United States
species, 65
taxonomic research, 65
Universities, 144
Cornell University, 38
existing relevant programs, 30
integration with NBS, 29
Ohio State University, 38
role in NPBS, 38
University of California, 38
University of Kansas, 38
University of Michigan, 38
University of Texas, 38
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 32, 78, 139
agency responsibilities, 43
Biodiversity Research Consortium, 39
Biological Survey Unit, 38
cooperative research units, 144
impact of personnel transfers, 154
inclusion in NBS, 28
Standard Methods for Measuring Biological Diversity, 113
U.S. Forest Service, 78, 140, 148, 154
agency responsibilities, 43
Biodiversity Research Consortium, 39
U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 139
Biodiversity Research Consortium, 39
inclusion in NBS, 28
leadership role, 73
National Mapping Division (NMD), 107
Water Resource Division, 133
U.S. Global Change Data and Information System (GCDIS), 107
V
Virgin Islands, 42
W
Wallop-Breaux Act, 145
Waterfowl Inventory, 112