Apron Planning and Design Guidebook (2013)

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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 96 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2013 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Design • Terminals and Facilities Apron Planning and Design Guidebook Ricondo & AssociAtes, inc. Chicago, IL Kimley-HoRn And AssociAtes, inc. Chicago, IL AiRpoRt development GRoup, inc. Denver, CO AviAtion sAfety And secuRity educAtion tRAininG, llc Chicago, IL two HundRed, inc. Denver, CO

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans­ portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter­ national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon­ sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera­ tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near­term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon­ sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera­ tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro­ gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte­ nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera­ tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100­Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International­North America (ACI­NA), the American Associa­ tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga­ nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon­ sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden­ tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro­ fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre­ pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper­ ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end­users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work­ shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport­industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 96 Project 07­09 ISSN 1935­9802 ISBN 978­0­309­28362­5 Library of Congress Control Number 2013952825 © 2013 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not­for­profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not­for­profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national­academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under ACRP 07­09 by the Ricondo & Associates, Inc. team. Ricondo & Associates, Inc. served as the prime contractor, and the team includes four subcontractors: Airport Development Group, Inc.; Aviation Safety and Security Education Training, LLC; Kimley­Horn and Associates, Inc., and Two Hundred, Inc. Ms. Colleen E. Quinn, Vice President of Ricondo & Associ­ ates, Inc. served as the principal investigator, and Mr. Mark R. Richter, Director at Ricondo & Associates, Inc. served as the associate principal investigator. The research team would like to express its gratitude to the members of the ACRP 07­09 Project Panel for their input throughout this research project. CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 96 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Theresia H. Schatz, Senior Program Officer Terri Baker, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Margaret B. Hagood, Editor ACRP PROJECT 07-09 PANEL Field of Design Jorge E. Panteli, McFarland-Johnson, Inc., Concord, NH (Chair) Mark B. Gibbs, Elko Regional Airport, Elko, NV Stacy L. Jansen, Burns & McDonnell Engineering Co., Orlando, FL James McCluskie, Reno-Tahoe Airport Authority, Reno, NV Kiran Merchant, The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, New York, NY Kenneth P. Stevens, University of Westminster, Sante Fe, NM Michael A. Meyers, FAA Liaison Stephen F. Maher, TRB Liaison

ACRP Report 96: Apron Planning and Design Guidebook provides best practices for plan­ ning, designing, and marking apron areas for all sizes and types of airports in the United States. This guidebook is intended to be used by airport operators, tenants, and planning and design consultants. The apron planning and design considerations include facility geometrics, aircraft maneuvering, apron/airfield access points, operational characteristics, markings, lighting, and aircraft fleets. In addition, the types of aprons include terminal area, deicing, general aviation, cargo, maintenance, and remote aprons and helipads. The guide­ book summarizes apron planning and design best practices for incorporating flexibility, increasing efficiency, and enhancing safety of apron facilities. Proper aprons design is critical to the safety and efficiency of aircraft and ground support equipment operations, personnel activities, and passenger movements. Aprons facilitate the on­ and off­loading of passengers and cargo, as well as aircraft servicing. Planning and design of aprons needs to consider many factors, including the operational and physical characteristics of the aircraft to be served; the maneuvering, staging, and location of ground support equipment; and the dimensional relationships of parked aircraft relative to the terminal or other facilities. There exists, however, no single document that provides consistent and thorough guid­ ance on apron planning, design, and markings. This has resulted in apron layouts and markings that not only vary from airport to airport, but within airports. As a result, this comprehensive guidebook addresses the best practices applicable to apron planning and design that will lead to enhanced operational efficiency and safety. This research was conducted under ACRP Project 07­09 by Ricondo & Associates, Inc., Kimley­Horn and Associates, Inc., Airport Development Group, Inc., Aviation Safety and Security Education Training, LLC, and Two Hundred, Inc. As part of the research, the team observed apron design and usage during visits at 12 different airports. Information gathered during their visits along with other research provided the team with an extensive understanding of specific layouts, operational procedures, and designs that perform well in supporting safe and efficient apron operations. Additional information is contained in the contractor’s final report, which provides background on the research conducted in support of the guidebook and has been posted on the ACRP Project 07­09 web page that can be found by searching the TRB website (www. trb.org) for ACRP Report 96. F O R E W O R D By Theresia H. Schatz Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Purpose of the Guidebook 2 Organization 4 Chapter 2 Apron Planning and Design Process 4 Project Approach 6 Stakeholder Involvement 7 Airport Tenants 7 Airport Management and Staff 8 Third­Party Providers 8 Agency Involvement 8 FAA 9 TSA 9 U.S. Customs and Border Protection 9 Local Police and Fire Departments 10 Federal, State, and Local Government Agencies 11 Chapter 3 Understanding the Apron Environment 11 Apron Types 11 Terminal Area Aprons 14 Deicing Aprons 17 Cargo Aprons 19 Maintenance Aprons 20 Remote Aprons 20 General Aviation Aprons 22 Helipads 24 Aircraft Maneuvering 24 Power­In, Power­Out Maneuvers 24 Power­In, Push­Back Maneuvers 26 Tug­In, Push­Back Maneuvers 26 Passenger Enplaning and Deplaning 26 Bridge Loading 30 Ground Loading 32 Remote Loading/Hardstands 34 Vehicle Roadways 34 Apron Service Roads 36 Emergency Access Roads 36 Busing on Aprons 38 Apron Equipment and Systems 38 Aircraft Towing Equipment 39 PCA Units 42 GPUs C O N T E N T S

44 Potable Water System 45 Aircraft Fueling Systems 48 Other Aircraft Servicing Vehicles 51 Baggage Vehicles 53 Cargo Loading 55 Aircraft Docking Systems 56 Deicing Equipment 58 Other Equipment 58 Types of Airline Operations 59 International Arrivals 60 Ground and Ramp Tower Control 60 Control Towers 60 Surface Management Software 61 Interface with Nonapron Areas 61 Security 63 Snow Removal and Prevention 63 Snow Removal Vehicles 63 Haul Routes and Stockpile Areas 64 Snow Melting 65 Heated Pavement 66 Pavement Deicing Products 67 Chapter 4 Apron Planning and Design 67 Planning 67 Planning Considerations 71 Apron Demand 72 Aircraft Fleet Evolution 73 Aeronautical Surfaces/Areas 82 Aircraft Clearances/Separations 91 Apron Vehicle Service Roads 93 PLBs 98 GSE Staging and Storage 104 Pavement Markings/In­Pavement Lighting 112 Signage 113 Lines of Sight 117 Jet Blast and Propeller Wash 121 SMGCS 122 Terminal Building Configurations 125 Cargo 127 General Aviation 131 Helipads 134 Technology/Planning Tools 137 Management/Operational Policies 137 Design Implications and Considerations 137 Pavement 141 Marking Materials 142 Lighting 144 Constructibility/Phasing 145 Navigational Aids

147 Related Regulations/Guidance/References 147 FAA 147 Safety Management Systems 147 Sustainability 148 VALE Program 149 Environmental Regulations 150 NFPA 150 ICAO 152 Glossary of Acronyms 154 Bibliography 156 Appendix A Planning and Design Checklists Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.