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CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ ii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... iii Summary..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Approach .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2 Review of Current Programs .......................................................................................................... 6 Background ............................................................................................................................................................................... 6 IPCC Guidelines ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Other Approaches ................................................................................................................................................................. 12 Transportation in the Supply Chain ............................................................................................................................. 16 Defining the Carbon Footprint of Transportation in the Supply Chain ........................................................ 21 Comparison to Current Programs ................................................................................................................................. 24 Recommendation .................................................................................................................................................................. 25 3 Qualities of An Effective Tool ...................................................................................................... 27 Greenhouse Gas Programs, Methods, and Tools ..................................................................................................... 27 Performance Frameworks ................................................................................................................................................ 30 Identifying Criteria ............................................................................................................................................................... 35 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................... 41 4 Evaluation of Current Programs ................................................................................................ 44 Analytic Hierarchy Process .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Evaluating Current Programs.......................................................................................................................................... 51 5 Developing a Decision Tool ......................................................................................................... 56 Decision Tool .......................................................................................................................................................................... 56 Three-Tier Approach........................................................................................................................................................... 57 Elements ................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 Example Scenarios ............................................................................................................................................................... 65 Task List .................................................................................................................................................................................... 78 6 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 85 Appendix A List of Programs and Sources Reviewed ........................................................... A-1 Appendix B Workshop Materials ................................................................................................. B-1 Appendix C List of Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................. C-1 i
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Micro-Macro Gap in Freight Modeling ...................................................................... 18 Figure 2: Logical Network Representation ................................................................................ 18 Figure 3: Network Operator View ................................................................................................. 19 Figure 4: Terminal Operations in the Logistics Network ..................................................... 19 Figure 5: Virtual Network ................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 6: Life Cycle Phases of Transport .................................................................................... 23 Figure 7: Classification of GHG Accounting Types .................................................................. 28 Figure 8: View of GHG Protocol Hierarchy ................................................................................. 29 Figure 9: SmartWay Tool Uses ........................................................................................................ 31 Figure 10: Tradeoffs Between Criteria ........................................................................................ 33 Figure 11: Breadth and Depth......................................................................................................... 36 Figure 12: Precision ............................................................................................................................. 36 Figure 13: NTM Methodology .......................................................................................................... 38 Figure 14: Goal, Criteria, and Alternatives in AHP .................................................................. 44 Figure 15: Relative Importance of Criteria ................................................................................ 47 Figure 16: Evaluating an Existing Program ............................................................................... 51 Figure 17: Proposed Three-Tier Architecture ........................................................................... 58 Figure 18: GHG Protocol Tool Screenshot ................................................................................... 59 Figure 19: SmartWay Shipper Tool Activity Data Entry Screen ......................................... 59 Figure 20: NTM Basic Freight Calculator Data Entry .............................................................. 60 Figure 21: EcoTransIT World Web Interface .............................................................................. 61 Figure 22: EcoTransIT World Results ............................................................................................ 61 Figure 23: Delivery Scenario ............................................................................................................ 77 Figure 24: Schedule for Basic Tool Development..................................................................... 82 Figure 25: Schedule for Advanced Tool Development ........................................................... 83 ii
LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Comparison of 100-Year GWPs ........................................................................................ 7 Table 2: Comparison of Principles ................................................................................................ 40 Table 4: Criteria Preference ............................................................................................................. 46 Table 5: Absolute Criteria Measures ............................................................................................ 49 Table 6: Scores of Criteria Measures ............................................................................................ 50 Table 7: Fuel Emission Factors ....................................................................................................... 67 Table 8: Well-to-Wheel Emissions Factors ................................................................................ 68 Table 9: Comparison of Results for 1000 Gallons Consumed ............................................. 69 Table 10: Estimated Emissions for a 1000 Mile Distance .................................................... 71 Table 11: Results for a 10000 short ton-mile Shipment ....................................................... 72 Table 12: Distance Comparison ..................................................................................................... 74 Table 13: Data for Boeing 737-400 .............................................................................................. 74 Table 14: Comparison of Intermodal CO2 Estimates ............................................................. 76 Table 15: Scope of Reviewed Programs and Tools ............................................................... A-1 iii Table 3: The Fundamental Scale..................................................................................................... 45