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104 Airlines for America (A4A). The oldest and largest airline trade association in the United States. More information at www.airlines.org. Alternative jet fuel. Combustible liquid fuel made from non-petroleum sources that have the same performance characteristics in aircraft as todayâs commercial and military jet fuels. ASTM International. Formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), this organization is a globally recognized leader in the development and delivery of international voluntary consensus standards. More information at www.astm.org. ASTM D1655. Standard specification for aviation turbine fuels according to ASTM International. ASTM D7566. Standard specification for aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydro- carbons according to ASTM International. This was the first specification for alternative jet fuels approved by ASTM. Biodiesel. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel made via the esterification process and often made using palm, soy, rapeseed, and vegetable oil. It is normally blended with conventional diesel at up to a 20% concentration. Biomass. Any material produced by living or recently living organisms, such as wood, leaves, seeds, and algae. Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative (CAAFI). A coalition of airlines, aircraft and engine manufacturers, energy producers, researchers, international participants, and U.S. government agencies working to enhance energy security and environmental sustainability for aviation through alternative jet fuels. More information at www.caafi.org. Compressed natural gas (CNG). Natural gas is an alternative fuel that is extracted from the earth through various processes. It is used as a vehicular fuel via a system of high-pressure tanks. Defense Logistics Agency (DLA). The procurement arm of the U.S. Armed Services, responsible for securing weapons, fuel, and other material. More information at http://www.dla.mil. Emissions Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS). An FAA model utilized to assess the air qual- ity impacts of proposed airport development projects. More information at http://www.faa.gov/ about/office_org/headquarters_offices/apl/research/models/edms_model/. European Union Emissions Trading System. A âcap-and-tradeâ program to limit the total amount of certain greenhouse gases that can be emitted by different sources, including aircraft. More information at http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/index_en.htm. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). A type of biofuel produced by exposing fatty acids to methanol or another type of catalyst. Glossary
Glossary 105 Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process. A series of chemical reactions used to transform a carbon-rich feedstock, such as coal, natural gas, or biomass, into a hydrocarbon fuel such as jet fuel. Fermentation renewable jet (FRJ). Process that uses biological organisms that turn feedstocks directly into finished products such as alternative jet fuel. Green diesel. Diesel created as a result of the Fischer-Tropsch or HEFA processes, and is a drop- in fuel, though it can be blended with conventional diesel if desired. Greenhouse gases (GHG). Gases in the atmosphere that absorb heat in the atmosphere. The primary greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NOx), and ozone (O3). Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation Model (GREET). A model created by Argonne National Laboratory that aims to quantify life-cycle well-to-wheels emissions across a wide variety of vehicle types, fuel systems, and fuel pathways. GREET models over 100 different fuel pathways and over 80 vehicle/fuel combinations. More information at http://greet.es.anl.gov/main. Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA). Alternative fuel made by hydrotreating plant oils or animal fats. This process yields biofuel as well as multiple co-products. International Air Transport Association (IATA). A leading airline trade association comprised of over 240 airlines and representing 84% of world air traffic. More information at http://www. iata.org/Pages/default.aspx. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). A specialized United Nations agency, ICAOâs role is to standardize many aspects of international air travel, increasing consistency and, thus, safety. More information at http://www.icao.int/Pages/icao-in-brief.aspx. Life-cycle analysis. An analysis technique for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a productâs life. Life-cycle analysis as it applies to aviation fuel consists of estimat- ing the amounts of various substances produced (or consumed) during the complete process of obtaining and using the fuel. Life-cycle carbon footprint. Estimated carbon released during the life cycle (i.e., extraction of raw materials, processing, combustion, disposal) of a given material such as jet fuel. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Liquefied petroleum gas (propane) is an alternative fuel manu- factured via the same processes as conventional gasoline and diesel. It is easily liquefied at low pressures and a nearly direct replacement or substitute for gasoline. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Emissions standards, covering seven crite- ria pollutants, and created by the Environmental Protection Agency under authority of the Clean Air Act. More information at http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). A law, enacted in 1970, that mandates the use of Environmental Assessments and Environmental Impact Statements when the federal govern- ment intends to take action that has the potential to cause environmental change. Pyrolysis renewable jet (PRJ). Process that converts cellulosic feedstocks into a bio-crude that can be used to produce alternative jet fuel. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). Standards created under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and expanded under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. These standards establish renewable fuel volume mandates in the United States. More information at http://www.epa.gov/ otaq/fuels/renewablefuels/index.htm.
106 Assessing Opportunities for Alternative Fuel Distribution Programs Renewable Identification Number (RIN). A central component of the RFS program repre- senting units of renewable fuel that can be used for credits and trading and that demonstrate compliance with renewable fuel mandates. Voluntary Airport Low Emissions Program (VALE). An FAA program created in 2004 that provides financial assistance to airports located in non-attainment areas for the purchase of various low-emissions assets in the pursuit of meeting NAAQS. Water-energy-food nexus. Refers to the inextricable links between water, energy, and food production.
