Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports (2012)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY AAFEX (2010), Project Summary, Conference Proceedings, October 2010 Aatmeeyata, D. S. and Kaul, M. S. (2009), Traffic generated non-exhaust particulate emissions from concrete pavement: A mass and particle size study for two-wheelers and small cars, Atmospheric Environment Volume 43, pp. 5691–5697 ACRP (2008), Summarizing and Interpreting Aircraft Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Data; Airport Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board ACRP (2009), ACRP Report 11: Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories, Transportation Research Board, http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_rpt_011.pdf accessed May 2011 ACRP (2011a), Project 02-17: Measuring PM Emissions from Aircraft, Auxiliary Power Units, Tires and Brakes, http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2788 accessed January 2011 ACRP (2011b), ACRP Report 46: Handbook for Analyzing the Costs and Benefits of Alternative Aviation Turbine Engine Fuels at Airports, Transportation Research Board, http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_rpt_046.pdf accessed June 2011 AEA (2008), Road Transport Emissions from Biofuel Consumption in the UK, AEA Technology, Report Ref. AEAT/ENV/R/2662 for The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Welsh Assembly Government, the Scottish Executive and the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland, http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat15/0901151441_NAEI_Road_Transport_Biofuels_report_2008_v1.pdf AEA (2009), An Airside Vehicle Strategy Assessment for Heathrow, Final Report, Final Report Issue Number 3 for BAA plc, AEA Technology, Project Ref. ED46237, October 2009 Anderson, et al., (2011), Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment (AAFEX), NASA/TM-2011-217059, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, February 2011 AQEG (2005), Particulate matter in the United Kingdom, Air Quality Expert Group. Defra, London. ISBN 0- 85521-143-1, Defra Publication PB10580. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/publications/particulate- matter/index.htm (accessed August 2010) Argonne (2005), Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems – A North American Study of Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Criteria Pollutant Emissions, Argonne National Laboratory ASTM (2010), Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM D1655-10 ASTM (2011), Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM D7566-11a, www.astm.org/Standards/D7566.htm (accessed August 2011) ATL (2010), Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport 2008 Air Emissions Inventory, January 28, 2010 Auer, A. H. (1978) Correlation of Land Use and Cover with Meteorological Anomalies, Journal of Applied Meteorology, pp. 636-643 BAA (2007), Heathrow Local Air Quality Action Plan 2007-2011, BAA Heathrow, http://www.heathrowairport.com/assets//B2CPortal/Static%20Files/Action_Plan.pdf Beardsley, M. (2006), Fuels & Fuel Effects in MOVES2006, EPA Office of Transportation & Air Quality presentation to FACA Meeting, August 2008

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 55 Beyersdorf, A. and Anderson, B. (2009), An Overview of the NASA Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment (AAFEX), TAC-2 Proceedings, Aachen and Maastricht, June 2009 BCAA (2006), Task 5: Investigating Air Emission Impacts on the Community – Particle Deposition from Airport Activities. Final Report, Broward County Aviation Authority (BCAA), Clean Airport Partnership, Inc., and Environmental Consulting Group, Inc., November 2006 Bulzan, D., Anderson, B. and Wey, C. (2010), Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions Results of the NASA AAFEX. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea and Air, June 2010, Glasgow, Scotland CAAFI (2010), Glossary, http://www.caafi.org/resources/glossary.html (as of August 2010) CARB (2006a), EMFAC2007 Emissions Model User’s Guide, November 2006, http://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/onroad/latest_version.htm CARB (2006b), OFFROAD2007 Emissions Model User’s Guide, November 2006, http://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/offroad/offroad.htm CDM (in progress), Airport Ground Support Equipment (GSE) Inventory and Emission Reduction Strategies, ACRP Project 02-16, http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2787 Census (2000), U.S. 2000 Census http://www.census.gov/statab/ccdb/cit1040a.txt Champagne, D. (1971), Standard Measurement of Aircraft Gas Turbine Exhaust Smoke; American Society of Mechanical Engineers Cheng, M-D., Corporan, E., DeWitt, M. J. and Landgraf, D. (2009), “Emissions of Volatile Particulate Components from Turboshaft Engines Operated with JP-8 and Fischer-Tropsch Fuels,” Aerosol and Air Quality Research, Vol. 9 (2), pp. 237-256 Corporan, E. and Cheng, M-D. (2010), Emissions Characteristics of Military Helicopter Engines with JP-8 and Fischer–Tropsch Fuels, Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 26 (2), March-April 2010, pp.317-324 Corporan, E. et al., (2007), Emissions Characteristics of a Turbine Engine and Research Combustor Burning a Fischer-Tropsch Jet Fuel, Energy and Fuels, 21, pp. 2615-2626 CSSI, Inc. (2009), Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) User’s Manual Rev. 7, Federal Aviation Administration Dieselnet (2010), United States emissions standards for nonroad diesel engines, (available at online information service http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/nonroad.php), summarizing Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 40 Protection of Environment” Part 89 “Control of emissions from new and in-use nonroad compression-ignition engines. (accessed 2010) Dodson, R., Houseman, E.A., Morin, B. and Levy, J. (2009), An Analysis of Continuous Black Carbon Concentrations in Proximity to and Airport and Major Roadways, Atmospheric Environment, Vol 43 pp. 3764-3773 Energy Efficiency News (2009), US airport tests wind-powered electric vehicle, http://www.energyefficiencynews.com/power-generation/i/2074/ (accessed August 2010) ENVIRON (2008), Teterboro Airport Detailed Air Quality Evaluation, Project #08-14159A Final Report European Aviation Safety Agency (2009), Specifications attached to the Invitation to Tender: Studying, sampling and measuring of aircraft particulate emissions II – SAMPLE II EEA (2005), EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook – 2006, European Environment Agency (EEA) technical report No 11/2006, http://reports.eea.europa.eu/EMEPCORINAIR4/en/

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 56 EEA (2009, 2007 and 2005), CORINAIR Emissions Inventory Guidebook, European Environment Agency, available from www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009 EPRI (2007), Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Volume 1: Nationwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Electric Power Research Institute, 2007 Fanning, E., Yu, R.C., Lu, R. and Froines, J. (2007), Monitoring and Modeling of Ultra-fine Particles and Black Carbon at the Los Angeles International Airport, Report to CARB and CalEPA, ARB Contract #04-325 Finneran, M., Chicken Fat Biofuel: Eco-friendly Jet Fuel Alternative? March 25, 2011, http://www.nasa.gov/topics/aeronautics/features/aafex2.html FOCA (2007a), Aircraft Piston-Engine Emissions Summary Report, Report 33-05-003, Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA), Switzerland, June 2007 FOCA (2007b), Aircraft Piston-Engine Emissions Summary Report Appendix 4: Nanoparticle Measurements and Research for Cleaner AvGas, Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA), Switzerland (2007) Gaffney, J.S. and Marley, N.A. (2009), The impacts of combustion emissions on air quality and climate – From coal to biofuels and beyond, Atmospheric Environment 43, pp. 23–36 GAL (2009), London Gatwick Airport: Air Quality Management Action Plan 2009-2011, Gatwick Airport Limited http://www.gatwickairport.com/Documents/business_and_community/Misc/Air_Quality_Action_Plan_Final.pdf Goodrich, M. (2009), Biofuel for Jets Could Cut Carbon Emissions Over 80 Percent, Michigan Tech news media, May 2009; http://www.admin.mtu.edu/urel/news/media_relations/884/ Grace, J., 2011. Air Force Tells Biofuels Industry to “Bring It,” National Defense, January 2011. http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2011/January/Pages/AirForceTellsBiofuelsIndustrytoBringIt.aspx Hileman, Wong, Ortiz, et al., (2008), The feasibility and potential environmental benefits of alternative fuels for commercial aviation, 26th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences Hileman, J. I. et al., (2009), Technical Report: Near-Term Feasibility of Alternative Jet Fuels, http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/2009/RAND_TR554.pdf Hill J, Nelson E, Tilman D, Polasky S and Tiffany D (2006), Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2006 July 25; 103(30): pp.11206–11210 Hu, S., Fruin, S., Kowaza, K., Mara, S., Winer, Al, and Paulson, S. (2009), Aircraft Emission Impacts in a Neighborhood Adjacent to A General Aviation Airport in Southern California. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 43 pp. 8039-8045 Hurley, C. (1993), Smoke Measurements Inside a Gas Turbine Combustor, Proceedings of the 29th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit Monterey IATA (2010), Fact Sheet on Alternative Fuels, http://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/fact_sheets/Pages/alt_fuels.aspx (accessed September, 2010) ICAO (1993), International standards and recommended practices, International Civil Aviation Organization, Environmental Protection, Annex 16, Volume II Aircraft engine emissions, 2nd edition ICAO (2007), Airport Air Quality Guidance Manual Preliminary Edition 2007, http://www.icao.int/icaonet/dcs/9889/9889_en.pdf, International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO (2010), Engine Exhaust Emissions Databank, Available at http://www.caa.co.uk/default.aspx?catid=702, (last accessed December 2011)

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 57 ICAO (2011), Airport Air Quality Guidance Manual First Edition 2011, Doc 9889, ISBN 978-92-9231-862-8, International Civil Aviation Organization John, W. (2006), Revisions to Smoke Number Data in Emissions Databank, QinetiQ UK, February 2006 JNC (2006), Final Report to the European Commission for the preparation of the 2005 review of Directive 98/70/EC as amended by Directive 2003/17/EC relating to the quality of gasoline and diesel fuels, Report prepared for the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (Ispra), February 2006 Kavalov, B. and Peteves, S. D. (2005), Status and perspectives of biomass-to-liquid fuels in the European Union, Report prepared for the European Commission Directorate-General Joint Research Centre Kinsey, J. (2009), Characterization of Emissions from Commercial Aircraft Engines during the Aircraft Particle Emissions eXperiment (APEX) 1 to 3, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Kojima, M. and Johnson, T. (2005), Potential for biofuels transport in developing countries, Report for Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP), UNDP and The World Bank, Washington D.C.,U.S.A., www.esmap.org/filez/pubs/31205BiofuelsforWeb.pdf Krahl, J. et al., (2009), Comparison of exhaust emissions and their mutagenicity from the combustion of biodiesel, vegetable oil, gas-to-liquid and petrodiesel fuels, Fuel, Volume 88, Issue 6 pp. 1064-1069 Lapuerta, M., Armas, O., Ballesteros, R. and Fernandez, J. (2005), Diesel emissions from biofuels derived from Spanish potential vegetable oils, Fuel, Volume 84, pp. 773–780 Lapuerta, M., Armas, O. and Rodriguez-Fernandez, J. (2008), Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science Volume 34, pp. 198–223 LAS (2010), Southern Nevada Supplemental Airport Environmental Impact Statement Air Quality Technical Report (unpublished), May 31, 2010 LAS (2011), Estimated Emissions spreadsheet provided by Mark E. Silverstein with stationary source emissions data, LAS, November 2011 Lau, C. R., Stromgren, J. T. and Green, D. J. (2010), 2010 TRB ACRP Synthesis 21: Airport Energy Efficiency and Cost Reduction, A Synthesis of Airport Practice Lobo, P., Whitefield, P.D., Hagen, D.E., Rye, L.J., Blakey, S., Wilson, C.W., Williams, P., Christie, S., Raper, D., Uryga-Bugajska, I. and Pourkashanian, M. (2011), SAE E31 Methodology Development and Association PM Emissions Characteristics of Aircraft APUs burning Conventional and Alternative Aviation Fuels. The PARTNER Project 34 Final Report. PARTNER-COE-2011-005, July 2011 Massport (2008), 2008 Boston Logan International Airport Environmental Data Report, Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport) Massport (2010), Air Quality Monitoring Study Baseline Year Report, Logan International Airport, Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), August 2010 MHT (2009), Manchester-Boston Regional Airport 2007 Air Emissions Inventory, February 4, 2009 Miake-Lye, R. C. et al., (2009), Effects of Alternative Fuels on Hydrocarbon and Particle Emissions from Aircraft Engines, TAC-2 Proceedings, June 22 – 25, 2009, Aachen and Maastricht Missouri University of Science and Technology (in progress), Measuring PM Emissions from Auxiliary Power Units, Tires and Brakes, ACRP Project 02-17, http://144.171.11.40/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2788

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 58 Missouri University of Science and Technology (2011a), PARTNER Project 20 Emissions Characteristics of Alternative Aviation Fuels website: http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/partner/projects/project20.html (accessed April 2011) Missouri University of Science and Technology (2011b), PARTNER Project 9 Measurement of Emissions website: http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/partner/projects/project9.html (accessed April 2011) Missouri University of Science and Technology (2011c), PARTNER Project 17 Alternative Fuels website: http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/partner/projects/project17.html (accessed April 2011) MOU (2008), Memorandum of Understanding Between the Attorney General of the State of California and the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority Regarding the San Diego International Airport Master Plan, May 5, 2008 Muncrief, R. L., Cruz, M. D., Harold, M. P. and Rooks, C. W. (2007), Combining Biodiesel and EGR for Low- Temperature NOx and PM Reductions, University of Houston Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, paper presented at Diesel Engine-Efficiency and Emissions Research conference, Detroit, Michigan Nam, E. and Srivastava, S. (2006), Brake and Tire Emissions in MOVES, EPA Office of Transportation & Air Quality presentation to FACA Meeting, August 2008 Natural Gas Vehicles for America (2011), Facts about Natural Gas, http://www.ngvamerica.org/about_ngv/ website accessed June 2011 Norton, P. et al., (1998), Emissions from Trucks using Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Fuel, Paper presented at International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition, San Francisco, California Petzold, A. et al., (2005), Particle emissions from aircraft engines – a survey of the European project PartEmis, Meteorologische Zeitschrift Petzold, A., Marsh, R. et al., (2009), Study on sampling and measurement of aircraft particulate emissions SAMPLE – Final Report, European Aviation Safety Agency PHL (2010), Philadelphia International Airport Capacity Enhancement Program Air Quality Technical Report, August, 2010 PPC (2010), Working Plan for Airport Cooperative Research Program Project 02-23 Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Ratliff, G. et al., (2009), PARTNER Project 15 – Aircraft Impacts on Local and Regional Air Quality in the United States, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Emissions at Airports, PPC, July 2010 Resources for the Future (2010), Energy, Greenhouse Gas, and Economic Implications of Natural Gas Trucks, http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/RFF-BCK-Krupnick-NaturalGasTrucks.pdf Krupnick A, accessed June 2010 RIAC (2009), T.F. Green 2008 Air Emissions and Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Rhode Island Airport Corporation (RIAC), March 2009 RI DEM (2008), Characterization of Ambient Air Toxics in Neighborhoods Abutting T.F. Green Airport and Comparison Sites, Final Report, Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (RI DEM), Office of Air Resources, http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/benviron/air/pdf/tfgfinrp.pdf, April 2008 Ristovski, Z. D., Morawska, L., Bofinger, N. D. and Hitchins, D. J. (1998), Submicrometer and Supermicrometer Particulate Emission from Spark-Ignition Vehicles, Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 9, pp 3845 – 3852 Smith Electric Vehicles (2010), Babcock Airports, http://www.smithelectricvehicles.com/casestudies_babcock.asp (accessed August 2010)

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 59 SAE (2004), E-31 Aircraft Exhaust Emissions Measurement Committee, Nonvolatile Exhaust Particle Measurement Techniques (AIR 5892 Rev A), Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), SAE International SAN (2009), San Diego County Regional Airport Authority Air Quality Management Plan (Appendix A – Criteria Pollutant & Greenhouse Gases Baseline Emissions Inventory), Final Draft, Prepared by C&S Companies, KB Environmental Sciences, Inc. and Synergy Consultants, Inc., for San Diego County Regional Airport Authority, http://www.san.org/documents/AQMP/SAN%20AQMP%20Draft%20Final%20Report.pdf, November 2009 SCAQMD (2000a), Air Monitoring Study in the Area of Los Angeles International Airport, South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) SCAQMD (2000b), General Aviation Airport Air Monitoring Study, Draft Report, South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), February 2010 TNO (2004), Compatibility of pure and blended biofuels with respect to engine performance, durability and emissions: A literature review, Report prepared for the Dutch Ministry for Spatial Planning, Housing and the Environment, December 2004 TreeHugger (2008), Free Hybrid Electric Buses at Tokyo’s Haneda Airport, (http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/08/hybrid-electric-bus-tokyo.php (accessed August 2010) Unal, A. et al., (2005), Airport-Related Emissions and Impacts on Air Quality: Application to the Atlanta International Airport, Atmospheric Environment Vol 39 pp. 5787-5798 Underwood, B. (2007), Revised Emissions Methodology for Heathrow Base Year 2002, Report to the UK Department for Transport, AEAT/ENV/R/2193 Final (November 2007) http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/consultations/archive/2008/heathrowconsultation /technicalreports/emissionmethodology.pdf Underwood, B. Y., Walker, C. T. and Peirce M. J. (2010), Heathrow Airport emission inventory 2008/9, AEA, AEAT/ENV/R/2906 Issue 1 Unique (2004), Aircraft Ground Handling Emissions at Zurich Airport Methodology and Emission Factors, 2004, Unique (Flughafen Zürich AG), http://www.zurich-airport.com/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-580/ Unique (2006), Ground Power Unit (GPU) Exhaust Emissions at Zurich Airport, 2006, Unique (Flughafen Zürich AG), http://www.zurich-airport.com/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-580/ U.S. Air Force (2002), Aircraft/Auxiliary Power Units/Aerospace Ground Support Equipment Emission Factors, IERA-RS-BR-SR-2003-0002, October 2002 U.S. DOE (2009), U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2009, Report No. DOE/EIA- 0384(2009), Release Date August 2010. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html (accessed August 2010) U.S. DOE (2010), Alternative Fuels website: www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (accessed August 2010) U.S. DOE (2011), Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report, U.S. Department Of Energy, January 2011. Available at http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/afpr_jan_11.pdf (accessed March 2011) U.S. Energy Information Administration (2010), Annual Energy Review 2009, Report No. DOE/EIA-0384 (2009), http://www.eia.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html (Release Date August 19, 2010) U.S. Energy Information Administration (2011), Annual Energy Outlook 2011, April 26, 2011, Report Number: DOE/EIA-0383(2011)

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 60 U.S. EPA (1980), AP-42 Supplement 10 for Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third edition, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), February 1980 U.S. EPA (1999), Technical Support Document for Development of Airport Ground Support Equipment Emission Reductions, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-420-R-99-007, May 1999 U.S. EPA, 2002a) AirData, 2002 Emissions Inventory for Metropolitan Statistical Area. Available at http://www.epa.gov/oar/data/geosel.html (accessed August 2011) U.S. EPA (2002b), A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Draft Technical Report, EPA420-P-02-001 U.S. EPA (2003a), MOBILE6.1 Particulate Emission Factor Model Technical Description, Final Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA420-R-03-001, M6.PM.001, January 2003 U.S. EPA (2003b), User’s Guide to MOBILE6.1 and MOBILE6.2 Mobile Source Emission Factor Model, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA420-R-03-010, August 2003 U.S. EPA (2004a), Clean Air Nonroad Diesel – Tier 4 Final Rule, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/2004fr.htm U.S. EPA (2004b), Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling – Compression- Ignition, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA420-P-04-009 U.S. EPA (2005), User’s Guide for the Final NONROAD2005 Model, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA420-R-05-013, December 2005 U.S. EPA (2008), NONROAD2008a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/OMS/nonrdmdl.htm (accessed August 2010) U.S. EPA (2009a), Nonroad Diesel Equipment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/index.htm (accessed August 2010) U.S. EPA (2009b), Development of Emission Rates for Heavy-Duty Vehicles in the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (Draft MOVES2009), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Draft Report Ref. EPA-420-P-09-005 U.S. EPA (2009c), Draft Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) 2009 Software Design and Reference Manual, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-420-B-09-007, March 2009 U.S. EPA (2009d), Suggested Nationwide Average Fuel Properties, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA- 420-B-09-018, April 2009 U.S. EPA (2010a), Green Book Non-attainment Areas for Criteria Pollutants, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/index.html (as of September 7, 2010) U.S. EPA (2010b), AirData: Access to Air Pollution Data, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/oar/data/ (as of September 7, 2010) U.S. EPA (2010c), Modeling and Inventories, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models.htm (as of August 2010) U.S. EPA (2010d), Prevention of Significant Deterioration for PM2.5 – Increments, Significant Impact Levels and Significant Monitoring Concentrations, Federal Register: October 20, 2010, Volume 75, Number 202 U.S. EPA (2010e), Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling – Compression- Ignition, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-420-R-10-018, NR-009d, July 2010

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 61 U.S. EPA (2010f), Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) User Guide for MOVES2010a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-420-B-10-036, August 2010 U.S. EPA (2010g), Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42 available from the Clearinghouse for Inventories & Emissions Factors, www.epa.gov/ttn/chief (accessed August 2010) U.S. EPA (2011a), National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html (accessed May 2011) U.S. EPA (2011b), Policy Assessment for the Review of the Particulate MatterNational Ambient Air Quality Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 452/R-11-003, April 2011, http://www.epa.gov/ttnnaaqs/standards/pm/data/20110419pmpafinal.pdf U.S. EPA (2011c), Green Book Non-attainment Areas for Criteria Pollutants, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://epa.gov/oaqps001/greenbk/rindex.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/index.html (as of August 25, 2011) U.S. FAA (2006a), Order 1050.1E Change 1: Environmental Impacts, Policies and Procedures, U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) U.S. FAA (2006b), Inherently Low Emission Airport Vehicle Pilot Program Final Report, U.S. Federal Aviation Administration Office of Airports Community and Environmental Needs Division, http://www.faa.gov/airports/environmental/vale/media/ileav_report_final_2005.pdf U.S. FAA (2009), Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) Version 5.1.2, Technical Manual, November 2009 U.S. FAA (2009a), Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) User’s Manual, Version 5.1.2, November 2009 U.S. FAA (2010a), Voluntary Airport Low Emission Program Technical Report, Version 6, Federal Aviation Administration U.S. FAA (2010b), Vale Program Grant Summary FY2005–FY2010, Federal Aviation Administration, http://www.faa.gov/airports/environmental/vale/media/VALE_grant_summary.pdf, September 2010 U.S. FAA (2010c), Philadelphia International Airport Capacity Enhancement Program Final Environmental Impact Statement and Draft General Conformity Determination, Federal Aviation Administration, April 2010 U.S. FAA (2010d), Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) and All-Cargo Data for U.S. Airports, Federal Aviation Administration, http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/ (accessed October 2010) U.S. FAA (2010e), FAA 5010 Airport Data, Federal Aviation Administration, http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/airportdata_5010/menu/index.cfm (accessed October 2010) U.S. FAA (2010f), FAA Aviation Performance Metrics, Federal Aviation Administration, http://aspm.faa.gov/ (site updated Nov 10) U.S. FAA (2010g), Voluntary Airport Low Emissions Program (VALE), Federal Aviation Administration, http://www.faa.gov/airports/environmental/vale/ (accessed August 2010) U.S. FAA (2010h), Voluntary Airport Low Emissions Program Technical Report, Version 7, December 2nd, 2010, http://www.faa.gov/airports/environmental/vale/media/vale_techreport_v7.pdf (accessed July 2011)

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 62 U.S. FAA and RIAC (2010), T.F. Green Airport Improvement Program Environmental Impact Statement: Air Quality Technical Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Rhode Island Airport Corporation, July 2010 Volpe (2010), Evaluation of methods for computing aircraft particulate matter (PM) emissions, http://www.volpe.dot.gov/air/aq-faa.html (accessed September 2010) Wang, W. G., Lyons, D. W., Clark, N. N., Gautam, D. M. and Norton, P. M. (2000), “Emissions from Nine Heavy Trucks Fueled by Diesel and Biodiesel Blend without Engine Modification,” Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol 34, pp 933- 939 Wayson, R., Fleming, G., Kim, B. (2003), A Review of Literature on Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft; DTS-34-FA22A-LR1, Federal Aviation Administration Wayson, R; Fleming, G; Iovinelli, R. (2009), “Methodology to Estimate Particulate Matter Emissions from Certified Commercial Aircraft Engines,” Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association Webb, S., Whitefield, P.D., Miake-Lye, R.C., Timko, M.T., and Thrasher, T.G. (2008), Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports, ACRP Report 6, U.S. TRB, http://144.171.11.107/Main/Public/Blurbs/160036.aspx Westerdahl, D., Fruin, S.A., Fine, P.L., and Sioutas, C. (2008), The Los Angeles International Airport as a Source of Ultra-fine Particles and Other Pollutants to Nearby Communities, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 42 pp. 3143- 3155 Whitefield, P.D. et al., (2008), Summarizing and Interpreting Aircraft Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Data, ACRP Report 9, U.S. TRB, http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/Summarizing_and_Interpreting_Aircraft_Gaseous_and_160507.aspx Whitefield, P., Hagen, D. and Lobo, P. (2009), Inter-comparisons of PM Emissions from CFM56 Engines Burning Bio-, FT and Conventional Fuels, Cambridge Particle Meeting, Cambridge, UK, http://www- diva.eng.cam.ac.uk/energy/nickparticle/particle_meeting_09/PWhitefield(MST)_alternative_aviation_fuels.pdf, March 2009 Whitefield, P., Lobo, P., and Hagen, D. (2011), Aircraft-generated PM Emissions: APU, Tire Smoke and Brake PM Emissions Generated by In-service Commercial Transports and Comparison of PM emissions from Hydro-treated Renewable Jet Fuel (HRJ), and JP8. Presented at Cambridge Particle Meeting, University of Cambridge, UK, May 13, 2011. Accessed on June 17, 2011 from: http://www.cambustion.com/sites/default/files/instruments/cambridgeparticlemeeting/2011/PWhitefield%26PLobo( Missouri)_2011_Aircraft_PM_Emissions.pdf Whitefield, (in progress), P. D., PARTNER Project 37 Non-volatile particulate matter; Missouri University of Science and Technology Whyte, R. (1982), Alternative Jet Engine Fuels, NATO Advisory Group for Research and Development

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 63 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS The following abbreviations and acronyms are defined in this document. Term Definition AAFEX Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program AEDT Aviation Environmental Design Tool AERMAP AERMAP is a terrain preprocessor for AERMOD AERMET AERMET is a meteorological data preprocessor for AERMOD AERMOD American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model AF Alternative fuel emission factors ratio AIR Aerospace Information Report APEX Aircraft Particle Emissions eXperiment APU Auxiliary Power Unit AQEG Air Quality Expert Group ARP Aerospace Recommended Practice ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATL Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport B5 Biodiesel – 5% B10 Biodiesel – 10% B15 Biodiesel – 15% B20 Biodiesel – 20% B85 Biodiesel – 85% B100 Pure Biodiesel BA British Airways BOS Boston Logan International Airport BTL Biomass-to-liquids CAAFI Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative CAEP Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection CHP Combined Heat and Power CI Compression-ignition CNG Compressed Natural Gas CO Carbon Monoxide CO Carbon Dioxide 2 CARB Californian Air Resources Board CORINAIR Core Inventory of Air Emissions CTL Coal-to-liquids DEM Department of Environmental Management DEM Digital Elevation Model DEN Denver International Airport DFW Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 64 Term Definition DRI Data Rating Index DTW Detroit Metropolitan Airport E5 Ethanol – 5% E10 Ethanol – 10% E15 Ethanol – 15% E85 Ethanol – 85% EDMS Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System EEA European Environmental Agency EfW Energy from Waste EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature EI Emission index (typically related to fuel flow and in g/kg fuel) EI Emission index for non-volatiles n EI Emission index for black carbon bc EIS Environmental Impact Statement EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation Program EMFAC Emissions Factors Model EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAA Federal Clean Air Act FAT Fresno Yosemite International Airport FOA First-Order Approximation FT Fischer-Tropsch GA General aviation GHG Greenhouse Gas GPU Ground Power Unit GSE Ground Support Equipment GTL Gas-to-liquids H2SO Sulfuric Acid 4 HC Hydrocarbon HDD/CDD Heating Degree Days/ Cooling Degree Days HDV Heavy-Duty Vehicle HPN Westchester County Airport HRJ Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet Fuel IATA International Air Transport Association ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ILEAV Inherently Low Emission Airport Vehicle IEPA Illinois Environmental Protection Agency LAS Las Vegas McCarran International Airport LAX Los Angeles International Airport LDV Light Duty Vehicle

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 65 Term Definition LL Low Lead LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LNK Lincoln Airport LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LTO Landing and Takeoff M85 Methanol MHT Manchester-Boston Regional Airport MOBILE Older U.S. road vehicle emission model (superseded by MOVES) MOVES Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (New U.S. regulatory road vehicle emission model) MSP Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAEI National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory NCDC National Climatic Data Center NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NGV Natural Gas Vehicle NMVOCs Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds NO Nitrogen Dioxide 2 NOx Oxides of Nitrogen O Ozone 3 ORD Chicago O'Hare International Airport P Penetration factor – associated with AF above PARTNER Partnership for Air Transportation Noise and Emissions Reduction Pb Lead PHL Philadelphia International Airport PHL CEP Philadelphia International Airport Capacity Enhancement Program PHX Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport PM Particulate mater PM Ultra-fine particulate matter (<0.1 micrometer diameter) 0.1 PM Coarse particulate matter (<10 micrometer diameter) 10 PM Fine particulate matter (<2.5 micrometer diameter) 2.5 PMvol Volatile particulate matter PMsec Secondary particulate matter PMnonvol Non-volatile particulate matter PN-EI Particle Number Emission Index PPC/AEA Project Performance Corporation/AEA PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration program PSDH Project for the Sustainable Development of Heathrow PVD Providence TF Green Airport RIAC Rhode Island Airport Corporation SAE Society of Automotive Engineers

Airport Cooperative Research Program Project ACRP 02-23: Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports 66 Term Definition SAN San Diego International Airport SDCRAA San Diego County Regional Airport Authority SEA Seattle-Tacoma International Airport SIMMOD Airport and Airspace Simulation Model SIP State Implementation Plan SMF Sacramento International Airport SN Smoke Number SO Sulfur Dioxide 2 SO Sulfate 4 SO Oxides of Sulfur x SPK Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene TAAM Total Airspace and Airport Modeler THC Total Hydrocarbons TRB Transportation Research Board ULS Ultra-Low-Sulfur Fuel U.S.G.S. United States Geological Society UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe VALE Voluntary Airport Low Emission Program VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled VOC Volatile Organic Compound