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1 Contents List of Figures and Tables .................................................................................................................................... 2 Author Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 1 Background .......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Federal Recognition of Tribes as Sovereign Nations .......................................................................... 6 1.4 Unmet Transportation Needs on Tribal Lands .................................................................................... 7 1.5 Project Scope and Objectives .............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2 Research Approach .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Research Approach .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Research Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.3 Research Process by Phase and by Task .................................................................................... 10 2.2 Research Design for Data Collection and Analysis ........................................................................... 17 2.2.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Identification of 3Cs Practices and Issues .................................................................................. 19 2.2.3 Refinement of 3Cs Practices and Issues ..................................................................................... 20 2.2.4 Validation of 3Cs Practices and Issues ...................................................................................... 22 Chapter 3 Findings and Applications .................................................................................................................. 23 3.1 Literature Review .............................................................................................................................. 23 3.1.1 Descriptive Statistics .................................................................................................................. 23 3.1.2 Identification of Implementation Practices ................................................................................ 23 3.1.3 Literature Review Findings ........................................................................................................ 31 3.2 Content Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.1 Communication, Cooperation, and Coordination ...................................................................... 32 3.2.2 Issues and Practices .................................................................................................................... 32 3.3 Case Studies ...................................................................................................................................... 35 3.4 Delphi Study â Round 1 .................................................................................................................... 35 3.4.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 35 3.4.2 Results ........................................................................................................................................ 38 3.5 Delphi Study â Round 2 .................................................................................................................... 39 3.5.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 39 3.5.2 Results ........................................................................................................................................ 41 Chapter 4 Conclusions, Recommendations, and Suggested Research ................................................................ 42 4.1 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 42 4.2 Recommendations and Other Contributions ...................................................................................... 42 4.3 Systemic Barriers............................................................................................................................... 44 4.4 Suggested Research ........................................................................................................................... 44 References ........................................................................................................................................................... 46 Appendices ......................................................................................................................................................... 47 Appendix A: Analysis of Delphi Study, Round 1 ................................................................................... 47 Exhibit A.1: Communication practices ............................................................................................... 47 Exhibit A.2: Coordination practices .................................................................................................... 54 Exhibit A.3: Cooperation practices ..................................................................................................... 61 Appendix B: Analysis of Delphi Study, Round 2.................................................................................... 66 Exhibit B.1: Communication practices ............................................................................................... 66 Exhibit B.2: Coordination practices .................................................................................................... 67 Exhibit B.3: Cooperation practices ..................................................................................................... 68